Stress response in tomato as influenced by repeated waterlogging.

Introduction: Plants respond to water stress with a variety of physiological and biochemical changes, but their response varies among species, varieties and cultivars. Waterlogging in tomato reduces plant growth, degrade chlorophyll and increase concentration of oxidative parameters. Priming can alleviate stress in plants caused by waterlogging enabling plants to be more tolerant to an additional stress in the current or even subsequent generation. The aim of this study was to evaluate tomato genotypes for their sensitivity to waterlogging stress applied during early vegetative growth and at full flowering stage. Materials and methods: The study included two local genotypes, Trebinjski sitni (GB1126) and Zuti (GB1129), and the reference variety Novosadski jabucar (NJ), which is the variety most commonly used in Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. The activity of class III peroxidase (POX), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were measured spectrophotometrically, and for quantification of individual phenolic compounds, targeted approach was adopted, using UHPLC/DAD/(-)HESI-MS2 instrument (Dionex UltiMate 3000 UHPLC system with a DAD detector, configured with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer TSQ Quantum Access Max (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Germany)). Results and discussion: Oxidative parameters (H2O2 and MDA) exhibited an increase in content in leaves of tomato plants that underwent waterlogging stress compared to control plants. Moreover, oxidative parameters showed positive correlation with proteins and phenolics content. The obtained correlations can indicate that one of the response strategies of tomato plants to waterlogging is the increased synthesis of proteins and phenolic compounds. The POX activity was not correlated with other parameters except with the polyphenols. A positive correlation was shown between POX activity and the content of phenolic compounds, indicating their independent roles in the removal of ROS. Changes in the phenolic profiles after the exposure of plants to waterlogging stress are recorded, and these changes were more severe in leaves and fruits of GB1129 and NJ genotypes than in GB1126. Thus, genotype GB1126 is the most efficient in maintaining the phenolic profiles of leaves and fruits, and therefore of the nutritive and organoleptic qualities of fruits following the exposure to waterlogging. Also, genotype GB1126 exhibited the ability to maintain the content of oxidative parameters during waterlogging at certain growth stages, implying certain waterlogging tolerance. Conclusion: Waterlogging triggered stress memory but not at all growth stages. The most pronounced stress memory was obtained in fruit samples in the phase of full fruit maturity on the 1st truss. This study shed light on the defense mechanisms of tomato plants to repeated waterlogging stress from the perspectives of the changes in the composition of major phenolics, and pointed to the 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid and rutin as the chemical markers of the waterlogging stress tolerance in tomato. However, it remains to be determined whether this modulation has a positive or negative effect on the overall plant metabolism. Further investigations are needed to fully elucidate the benefits of waterlogging pretreatment in this context.

Clinical characteristics, diagnosis, treatment, and outcome of patients with liver abscess due to Aspergillus spp: a systematic review of published cases.

BACKGROUND: Aspergillus spp liver abscess is a relatively rare entity and thus far no systematic review has been performed examining patients' demographics, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, management, and outcome. METHODS: We performed a systematic review of the literature using MEDLINE and LILACS databases. We searched for articles published in the period from January 1990 to December 24, 2022, to identify patients who developed liver abscesses due to Aspergillus spp. RESULTS: Our search yielded 21 patients all of whom had invasive aspergillosis confirmed on liver biopsy. Of these patients 81% were adults, and 60% were males. The majority (86%) of patients were immunocompromised and 95% had symptomatic disease at the time of diagnosis. The most common symptoms were fever (79%), abdominal pain (47%), and constitutional symptoms (weight loss, chills, night sweats, fatigue) (38%). Liver enzymes were elevated in 50%, serum galactomannan was positive in 57%, and fungal blood cultures were positive in only 11%. Co-infection with other pathogens preceded development of apsergillosis in one-third of patients, and the majority of the abscesses (43%) were cryptogenic. In the remaining patients with known source, 28% of patients developed liver abscess through dissemination from the lungs, 19% through the portal vein system, and in 10% liver abscess developed through contiguous spread. The most common imaging modality was abdominal computerized tomography done in 86% of patients. Solitary abscess was present in 52% of patients while 48% had multiple abscesses. Inadequate initial empiric therapy was prescribed in 60% of patients and in 44% of patients definite treatment included combination therapy with two or more antifungal agents. Percutaneous drainage of the abscesses was done in 40% of patients, while 20% required liver resection for the treatment of the abscess. Overall mortality was very high at 38%. CONCLUSION: Further studies are urgently needed for a better understanding of pathophysiology of liver aspergillosis and for developement of newer blood markers in order to expedite diagnosis and decrease mortality.

Suppurative Thrombosis of the Portal Vein (Pylephlebits): A Systematic Review of Literature.

Suppurative portal vein thrombosis (pylephlebitis) is an uncommon condition usually associated with an intra-abdominal infection or inflammatory process. In this study, we aimed to synthesize data on previously published cases according to the PRISMA guidelines. A total of 103 patients were included. Patients were more commonly male (71.8%) and had a mean age of 49 years. The most common infection associated with pylephlebitis was diverticulitis (n = 29, 28.2%), and Escherichia coli was the most isolated pathogen (n = 21, 20.4%). Blood cultures were positive in 64 cases (62.1%). The most common site of thrombosis was the main portal vein (PV) in 59 patients (57.3%), followed by the superior mesenteric vein (SMV) in 40 patients (38.8%) and the right branch of the PV in 30 patients (29.1%). Sepsis developed in 60 patients (58.3%). The mortality rate in our review was 8.7%, and independent risk factors for mortality were the presence of pertinent comorbidities (OR 5.5, p = 0.02), positive blood cultures (OR 2.2, p = 0.02), and sepsis (OR 17.2, p = 0.049).

Community-associated Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pericarditis in an immunocompetent patient.

Background: Pericarditis caused by Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a rare infection, often seen in patients with chronic kidney disease, immunosuppression, or previous pericardial disease. The presentation can be dramatic with acute illness leading to septic and/or obstructive shock due to pericardial tamponade. Occasionally disease can have a more protracted, indolent, subacute clinical course. Case report: We report a case of a 57-year-old male patient with a previous history of smoking and moderate alcohol use who presented with progressive dyspnea and cough. He was found to have a disseminated MRSA infection with pericarditis complicated by pericardial tamponade. Urgent pericardiocentesis yielded 1.1 liters of purulent fluid that grew MRSA. MRSA was also isolated from the blood and pleural fluid. The patient underwent left thoracotomy, decortication, and pericardial window and completed 3 weeks of intravenous vancomycin therapy, concluding in an excellent outcome. Conclusion: Bacterial pericarditis is an exceptionally rare form of pericarditis which been traditionally associated with chronic medical conditions requiring a prolonged healthcare stay. However, it has lately been observed in healthy individuals with social habits such as smoking and alcohol consumption. Bacterial pericarditis must be recognized in a timely fashion and managed aggressively to prevent a devastating outcome. A multidisciplinary approach is advised, which includes a combination of pericardial drainage and aggressive antibiotic therapy. Such treatment often yields a positive outcome and good long-term prognosis.

Primary Lymphocutaneous Nocardia brasiliensis in an Immunocompetent Host: Case Report and Literature Review.

Nocardia spp. is a Gram-positive, partially acid-fast aerobic bacterium usually associated with infection in immunocompromised people. The most common sites of infection are the skin, lungs, and the brain, however disease can disseminate and affect every organ. Clinical manifestations of cutaneous disease are varied and frequently misdiagnosed. We present a case of an immunocompetent 66-year-old man who sustained a left finger injury while gardening. He was misdiagnosed on several occasions and treated with inappropriate antibiotics against Streptococcus spp. and Staphylococcus spp. When infection spread cutaneously, sporotrichoid (lymphocutaneous) nocardiosis was suspected and the patient was started on appropriate therapy with Bactrim which resulted in a cure. We also summarize the literature on lymphocutaneous infection by Nocardia brasiliensis. By reporting this case, we want to raise awareness among clinicians about unusual causes of cellulitis, the differential diagnosis of lymphocutaneous infection and the importance of obtaining a detailed exposure history to assist in the prompt diagnosis of nocardiosis.