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Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with a heightened risk of cardiovascular and renal complications. While glycemic control remains essential, newer therapeutic options, such as SGLT2 inhibitors, offer additional benefits beyond glucose reduction. This review delves into the mechanisms underlying the cardio-renal protective effects of SGLT2 inhibitors. By inducing relative hypoglycemia, these agents promote ketogenesis, optimize myocardial energy metabolism, and reduce lipotoxicity. Additionally, SGLT2 inhibitors exert renoprotective actions by enhancing renal perfusion, attenuating inflammation, and improving iron metabolism. These pleiotropic effects, including modulation of blood pressure, reduction of uric acid, and improved endothelial function, collectively contribute to the cardiovascular and renal benefits observed with SGLT2 inhibitor therapy. This review will provide clinicians with essential knowledge, understanding, and a clear recollection of this pharmacological group's mechanism of action.
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Background: Acute cardiac complications post-chemotherapy is rare. Stress cardiomyopathy, one of these complications, should be considered in differential diagnoses as its symptoms closely resemble those of acute myocardial infarction and can lead to mortality. Objective: The objective of this paper is to describe Takotsubo syndrome (TTS) as an acute complication following combined chemotherapy in a patient with significant thromboembolic burden and metastatic cervical cancer. Case: A 61-year-old female patient with a diagnosis of metastatic cervical cancer experienced acute chest pain. Elevated troponin levels and abnormalities in the electrocardiogram initially suggested an acute myocardial infarction, occurring after a chemotherapy session involving Carboplatin and Paclitaxel infusion. Although initial treatment targeted myocardial infarction, further diagnostic evaluations including coronary angiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging revealed no coronary artery disease but identified features consistent with stress cardiomyopathy, indicative of Takotsubo syndrome (TTS). This diagnosis led to an improvement in symptoms and a resolution of the acute changes observed. Conclusion: Stress cardiomyopathy, particularly TTS, is being increasingly recognized as an acute complication associated with combined chemotherapy regimens. The potential cardiotoxic effects of these chemotherapy agents demand careful monitoring and evaluation in patients undergoing oncological treatment, underscoring the importance of integrating cardioprotective strategies into the management of these patients.
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Resumen La onda P en el electrocardiograma representa exclusivamente la despolarización de las aurículas puesto que la repolarización auricular queda oculta en el QRS. Sin embargo, cuando la repolarizacón auricular se hace evidente en el electrocardiograma se convierte en un elemento clave para el diagnóstico de algunas enfermedades. Diferente sucede en la repolarización ventricular; la repolarización auricular adopta el mismo sentido de la despolarización ya que sigue un sentido cráneo-caudal y se da desde el epicardio hacia el endocardio.
Abstract The P wave on the electrocardiogram exclusively represents atrial depolarisation, since atrial repolarisation is hidden in the QRS complex. However, when atrial repolarisation becomes evident in the electrocardiogram, it is a key element for the diagnosis of some diseases. Unlike what happens in ventricular repolarisation, atrial repolarisation adopts the same direction as depolarisation since it follows a craniocaudal course and it goes from the epicardium towards the endocardium.
