Effective Management of Severe Burn Injury Complicated by Acute Kidney Injury in a Patient with Preexisting Chronic Kidney Disease.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common and severe complication in severe burns. Preexisting chronic kidney disease (CKD) can make the management more challenging. We present the management strategy adopted in such a case, highlighting the adaptations in fluid resuscitation, dialysis, and septicemia prevention. The case involved the 2nd and 3rd degree burns covering 53% body surface, in a patient with preexisting CKD and hypertension. Despite initial fluid resuscitation, the patient developed AKI. Sustained low-efficiency dialysis (SLED) was started, along with nutritional support using buttermilk diet. Aggressive antibiotic prophylaxis was initiated based on wound swabs culture and sensitivity. Wound debridement was deferred and daily dressing with silver nitrate gel and moisture-retaining film was used. Debridement and grafting were performed on postburn days 43 and 65. The patient was discharged after 80 days, with healed wounds. Our approach included meticulous fluid and nutrition supplementation coupled with SLED and appropriate wound management coupled with aggressive antimicrobial prophylaxis to prevent septicemia.

An uncommon presentation of segmental Becker's nevus involving the T4 dermatome.

This case report explores a rare manifestation of Becker's nevus, where the patient exhibited an unusual dermatomal distribution featuring a hyperpigmented, irregular patch with associated hypertrichosis on the T4 segment. While Becker's nevus is a well-known dermatological condition typically observed in the upper back region, instances of dermatomal distribution are exceptionally uncommon. This case presents a unique occurrence of segmental Becker's nevus, highlighting the atypical presentation of this condition.

Enhancing milk quality assessment with watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) urease immobilized on VS2-chitosan nanocomposite beads using response surface methodology.

An eco-friendly hydrothermal method synthesized VS2 nanosheets. Several spectroscopic and microscopic approaches (TEM) were used to characterize the produced VS2 nanosheet microstructure. VS2, Chitosan, and nanocomposite were used to immobilize watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) urease. Optimization using the Response Surface Methodology and the Box-Behnken design yielded immobilization efficiencies of 65.23 %, 72.52 %, and 87.68 % for chitosan, VS2, and nanocomposite, respectively. The analysis of variance confirmed the mathematical model's validity, enabling additional research. AFM, SEM, FTIR, Fluorescence microscopy, and Cary Eclipse Fluorescence Spectrometer showed urease conjugation to the matrix. During and after immobilization, FTIR spectra showed a dynamic connectivity of chemical processes and bonding. The nanocomposite outperformed VS2 and chitosan in pH and temperature. Chitosan and VS2-immobilized urease were more thermally stable than soluble urease, but the nanocomposite-urease system was even more resilient. The nanocomposite retained 60 % of its residual activity after three months of storage. It retains 91.8 % of its initial activity after 12 reuse cycles. Nanocomposite-immobilized urease measured milk urea at 23.62 mg/dl. This result was compared favorably to the gold standard p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde spectrophotometric result of 20 mg/dl. The linear range is 5 to 70 mg/dl, with a LOD of 1.07 (±0.05) mg/dl and SD of less than 5 %. The nanocomposite's ksel coefficient for interferents was exceptionally low (ksel < 0.07), indicating urea detection sensitivity. Watermelon urease is suitable for dairy sector applications due to its availability, immobilization on nanocomposite, and reuse.

Studies on α-amylase inhibition by acarbose and quercetin using fluorescence, circular dichroism, docking, and dynamics simulations.

This study looked at the effects of acarbose (ACA) and quercetin (QUE) on α-amylase activity, employing QUE and ACA to measure enzyme activity. The study observed that both drugs suppressed α-amylase activity, with greater inhibition reported at higher concentrations. The use of tryptophan residues as an intrinsic fluorescence probe permitted the observation of conformational changes in α-amylase, with CD measurements utilized to explore the secondary structure in the presence of QUE and ACA. Docking studies revealed an effective interaction between α-amylase, quercetin and acarbose, with a higher binding energy. Finally, a trajectory analysis was done to establish the stability and volatility of these complexes. These findings have potential significance for the development of new α-amylase-related therapeutics.

Immobilization of α-amylase onto functionalized molybdenum diselenide nanoflowers (MoSe2-NFs) as scaffolds: Characterization, kinetics, and potential applications in starch-based industries.

The current study presents the application of molybdenum diselenide nanoflowers (MoSe2-NFs) as an innovative substrate for immobilizing α-amylase by glutaraldehyde activation. This approach results in the development of a nanobiocatalyst that exhibits remarkable advantages compared to a standalone enzyme. Several physical methods, such as fluorescence microscopy, FT-IR, SEM, TEM, XRD, AFM, and Raman spectroscopy, were used to confirm that α-amylase was successfully attached to MoSe2-NFs. By employing the Box-Behnken design of the RSM, the parameters were optimized, resulting in an immobilization efficiency of roughly 87.33%. The immobilized variant of α-amylase demonstrated superior thermostability, pH stability, reusability, and storage stability in comparison to the soluble enzyme. The catalytic activity of α-amylase was highest when immobilized on MoSe2-NFs at the same pH and temperature as the soluble enzyme. However, there was an expansion in the range of parameters in which this activity was observed. Furthermore, the immobilized enzyme exhibited a retention of nearly 80% residual activity following 12 successive reuses. The immobilized enzyme exhibited around 82% residual activity after being stored for 120 days. It is possible that the immobilization process changed the Michaelis-Menten constant, which means that the substrate could no longer reach certain active sites on the enzyme because it had become longer. The study's findings suggest that the α-amylase-MoSe2-NFs system could be useful in industry because it can work in a wider range of temperature and pH conditions. Furthermore, the intrinsic non-toxic characteristics of the matrix, along with its ability to be kept for prolonged periods and recycled, render nano biocatalysts very well-suited for the effective synthesis of maltose in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Continuous fermentation using high cell density cell recycle system for L-lactic acid production.

For complete utilization of high glucose at ∼100 g/L, a high cell density (HCD) continuous fermentation system was established using Lb. delbrueckii NCIM 2025 for the bioproduction of lactic acid (LA). An integrated membrane cell recycling system coupled with the continuous bioreactor, aided to achieve the highest 34.77 g/L h LA productivity and 0.94-0.98 g/g yield. ∼34 times higher productivity was observed (in comparison to batch fermentation conducted in this study), when the continuous operations were carried out at the maximum dilution rate and wet cell weight i.e. 0.36 h-1 and 230 g/L, respectively. These results show the potential of this method for large-scale lactic acid production because it not only produces high titers but also ensures that glucose is used effectively. The method's superior performance in comparison to earlier studies suggests it as an affordable and sustainable alternative for the production of LA.

In Silico Structural and Functional Insight into the Binding Interactions of the Modeled Structure of Watermelon Urease with Urea.

Urease (EC 3.5.1.5) is an amidohydrolase. This nickel-dependent metalloenzyme converts urea into NH3 and CO2. Despite their vital role in plants, the structure and function of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) urease are unknown. We used third- and fourth-generation gene prediction algorithms to annotate the C. lanatus urease sequence in this investigation. The solved urease structure from Canavalia ensiformis (PDB ID: 4GY7) was utilized as a template model to identify the target 3-D model structure of the unknown C. lanatus urease for the first time. Cluretox, the C. lanatus urease intrinsic disordered area identical to Jaburetox, was also found. The C. lanatus urease structure was docked with urea to study atom interaction, amino acid interactions, and binding analyses in the urease-urea complex at 3.5 Å. This study found that amino acids His517, Gly548, Asp631, Ala634, Thr569, His543, Met635, His407, His490, and Ala438 of C. lanatus urease bind urea. To study the molecular basis and mode of action of C. lanatus urease, molecular dynamics simulation was performed and RMSD, RMSF, Rg, SAS, and H-bond analyses were done. The calculated binding free energy (ΔG) for the urea-urease complex at 100 ns using the MM/PBSA method is -7.61 kJ/mol. Understanding its catalytic principles helps scientists construct more efficient enzymes, tailor fertilization to boost agricultural output, and create sustainable waste management solutions.

α-Amylase purified and characterized from fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) showed substantial anti-biofilm activity against Staphylococcus aureus MTCC740.

Starch hydrolyzing α-amylase from germinated fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) has been purified 104-fold to apparent electrophoretic homogeneity with a final specific activity of 297.5 units/mg. SDS-PAGE of the final preparation revealed a single protein band of 47.5 kDa, supported by LC/MS analysis and size-exclusion chromatography on the Superdex 200 (ÄKTA-FPLC). α-Amylase exhibited maximum activity at pH 5.5. An activation energy (Ea) of 9.12 kcal/mol was found to exist in the temperature range of 20 to 90 °C. When substrate concentrations were evaluated between 0.5 and 10 mg/mL, the Km and Vmax values for starch were observed to be 1.12 mg/mL and 384.14 µmol/min/mg, respectively. The major substrate starch exhibited high specificity for fenugreek α-amylase. In the presence of EDTA (5 mM), the activity was lost, however, it could be largely reversed with the addition of calcium. Furthermore, an effort was made to assess the ability of fenugreek seed-derived partially purified (DEAE-cellulose enzyme) and purified α-amylase to disperse inside 48 h-old biofilms of Staphylococcus aureus MTCC740. The outcomes clearly demonstrated that the purified and partially purified α-amylase both exhibited strong biofilm dispersion activity.

High cell density continuous fermentation for L-lactic acid production from cane molasses.

Commercial production of lactic acid (LA) utilizes mostly glucose or lactose coupled with yeast extract (YE) as a supplement. With sugars, nitrogen, and vitamin supplementation being most of the LA production costs, the use of inexpensive molasses, a by-product of the sugar industry, can provide considerable cost savings. There are just a few publications on the production of LA from molasses; consequently, the present investigation was conducted using molasses supplemented with yeast extract. The research was done in a continuous-flow, high-cell-density (HCD) bioreactor with an external membrane microfiltration device for cell recycling. The system, run at 1 L with Lactobacillus delbrueckii NCIM 2025, produced a LA yield of 0.95-0.98 g/g from ∼100 g sugars/L when supplemented with 1 g/L YE. Dilution rates in the range of 0.04-0.36 h-1 resulted in volumetric lactic acid productivities in the range of 4.3-27.6 g/L h, which compares favorably with the highest values recorded in literature, for glucose in the presence of YE, which was as high as 30 g/L. The utilization of cane molasses has a significant impact on the economics of lactic acid production, as measured by a comparison of costs with commercial glucose.

Biobased volatile fatty acids (VFA) production via anaerobic acidogenesis of sugar processing industry effluent.

Rapid industrialization and unscientific disposal of industrial wastewaters have resulted in the pollution of water bodies and deterioration of water quality all over the globe. Valorization of industrial wastewaters will help in reducing the negative impact on the environment and will add value to the waste. The present study targets utilization of sugar processing industrial effluent for bio-based production of Volatile fatty acids (VFA) through anaerobic acidogenesis. Batch studies conducted to determine the VFA production potential of sugar processing industry effluent resulted in the VFA yield of 0.70 g/g COD utilized. Further continuous VFA production system was developed and optimization of Organic loading rate (OLR) (2-22 g COD/L·day) was carried out with constant Hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 1 day. The continuous reactors studies resulted in a maximum VFA yield of 0.72 g/g COD utilized and productivity of 11.04 g COD/L·day at OLR of 14 g COD/L·day and 22 g COD/L·day, respectively. The developed process will provide an environmentally safe and efficient method for the conversion of complex industrial wastes to valuable products such as VFA.

Molecular modeling, docking and dynamics studies of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) α-amylase.

α-Amylase catalyses the hydrolysis of glucosidic bonds in polysaccharides such as starch, glycogen and their degradation products. In the present study, the three-dimensional structure of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) α-amylase was determined using a homology modeling-based technique. The best predicted model was deposited in PMDB server with PMDB ID PM0084364. The phylogenetic tree was created using the UPGMA method with 8 homologous protein sequences, Trigonella foenum-graecum was utilized as the target protein. Alignment of the phylogenetic tree identified two primary functional groupings (A and B). α-Amylase from the target genome Trigonella foenum-graecum (Acc. No: GHNA01022531.1) was clustered with Medicago truncatula (Acc. No: XP003589186.1), Cicer arietinum (Acc. No: XP004499059.1), Cajanus cajan (Acc. No: XP020231823.1), Vigna angularis (Acc. No: NP001316768.1) and Vigna mungo (Acc. No: P17859.1), in group A cluster, while Hordeum vulgare (Acc. No: Q40015) and Oryza sativa (PDB ID: 3WN6) were in cluster B. The molecular dynamics simulations were performed to understand the molecular basis and mode of action of Trigonella foenum-graecum α-amylase. Additionally, a geometry-based molecular docking technique was used to evaluate potential binding interactions between the modeled structure of α-amylase and maltose. The results show that Trp228, Glu226, Arg199, His308, Tyr165, Asp309, Phe202 and Asp201 from Trigonella foenum-graecum α-amylase enzyme is involved in the binding to the substrate maltose. Our study provides a 3D model of Trigonella foenum-graecum α-amylase and aids in understanding the atomic level molecular underpinnings of the mechanism of α-amylase interaction with substrate maltose. Ca2+ are essential for the stability of domain B since they are connected to it. Ca2+ site ligands are Asp139, Glu130, Thr133, Asp135 and Gly131 residues. HIGHLIGHTSIn silico analysis, gene prediction of α-amylase was carried from Trigonella foenum-graecum.Analysis of the structure of α-amylase was carried out using homology modelling.Calcium binding sites and their interactions with α-amylase were visualised using BIOVIA DISCOVERY STUDIO 2019.The molecular interaction between Trigonella foenum-graecum α-amylase and maltose was studied in silico using a molecular docking-based method.To give the required simulation parameters, RMSD, RMSF, and Total Energy were calculated using BIOVIA DISCOVERY STUDIO 2019.[Figure: see text]Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Acquired Amegakaryocytic Thrombocytopenia Misdiagnosed as Immune Thrombocytopenia in a Patient with Seronegative Arthritis: A Case Report.

Acquired amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia (AATP) is an uncommon cause of severe thrombocytopenia with preserved cells of other lineages, which can present with severe bleeding episodes. We report a case of a 45-year-old male with seronegative arthritis who was diagnosed with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) and was being treated with steroids for ITP. Despite aggressive treatment, the patient had persistently low levels of platelets. In view of persistent thrombocytopenia, bone marrow biopsy was done and was diagnosed as Acquired Amegakaryocytic Thrombocytopenia (AATP). Patient was successfully treated with cyclosporine. Correct identification of AATP is essential because it can lead to life threatening bleeding manifestations and advance into Aplastic anemia or MDS. How to cite this article: N AM, Rajanna AH, Kamath N. Acquired Amegakaryocytic Thrombocytopenia Misdiagnosed as Immune Thrombocytopenia in a Patient with Seronegative Arthritis: A Case Report. J Assoc Physicians India 2023;71(11):100-102.

Heterologous mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase gene over-expression in Parachlorella kessleri for enhanced microalgal biomass productivity.

BACKGROUND: Microalgae have tremendous potential in CO2 sequestration, bioenergy, biofuels, wastewater treatment, and high-value metabolites production. However, large-scale production of microalgae is hampered due to photo-inhibition in outdoor cultivation. Mannitol, as an osmolyte, is known to relieve the stress produced under different abiotic stress conditions during the growth of a photosynthetic organism. RESULTS: In the present study, Mannitol-1-phosphate 5-dehydrogenase (Mt1D) was over-expressed to study the effect of mannitol over-production in Parachlorella kessleri under high-light induced stress. Over-expression of Mt1D led to 65% increased mannitol content in the transformed P. kessleri compared to that of wild type. Mannitol transformant demonstrated > 20-fold reduction in reactive oxygen species generation and 15% higher biomass productivity when grown in outdoor cultivation with high-light irradiance of 1200 µmol photons m-2 s-1. CONCLUSIONS: The current study establishes that a higher mannitol concentration provides stress shielding and leads to better acclimatization of transgenic microalgae against high-light generated stress. It also led to reduced ROS generation and improved growth of microalga under study. Thus, overexpression of the Mt1D gene in microalgae can be a suitable strategy to combat high-light stress.

Seven days ex vivo perfusion of whole ewe ovaries with follicular maturation and oocyte retrieval: towards the development of an alternative fertility preservation method.

Fertility preservation methods for prepubertal women about to undergo gonadotoxic chemo and/or radiation therapy are limited. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility to develop an alternative fertility preservation method based on an ex vivo perfusion platform for whole ewe ovaries. Thirteen ewe ovaries were divided into two groups (group 1 and 2) that were perfused in a bioreactor for up to 7days. Group 1 (n =3) were stimulated with human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) administered in single daily dose, while group 2 (n =10) were stimulated continuously for 24h. The perfused ovaries in group 1 showed no significant differences in follicular density, sub-follicular morphology and oocyte quality after ischaemia and after ex vivo perfusion compared with non-perfused control ovaries. The perfused ovaries in group 2 showed a significant decrease in the follicular reserve and oocyte quality compared with the control group. In total, 16 GV-MI oocytes were retrieved from both groups. This study describes for the first time the ex vivo maintenance of viable follicles of ewe ovaries with oocyte integrity and the retrieval of oocytes after ex vivo hormonal perfusion with two different protocols for up to 7days.

Detection of a target protein (GroEl2) in Mycobacterium tuberculosis using a derivative of 1,2,4-triazolethiols.

Herein, we identified a potent lead compound RRA2, within a series of 54 derivatives of 1,2,4-triazolethiols (exhibit good potency as an anti-mycobacterial agents) against intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Compound RRA2 showed significant mycobactericidal activity against active stage Mycobacterium bovis BCG and Mtb with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 2.3 and 2.0 µg/mL, respectively. At MIC value, RRA2 compound yielded 0.82 log reduction of colony-forming unit (cfu) against non-replicating Mtb. Furthermore, RRA2 compound was selected for further target identification due to the presence of alkyne group, showing higher selectivity index (> 66.66 ± 0.22, in non-replicating stage). Using "click" chemistry, we synthesized the biotin linker-RRA2 conjugate, purified with HPLC method and confirmed the conjugation of biotin linker-RRA2 complex by HR-MS analysis. Furthermore, we successfully pulled down and identified a specific target protein GroEl2, from Mtb whole-cell extract. Furthermore, computational molecular modeling indicated RRA2 could interact with GroEl2, which explains the structure-activity relationship observed in this study. GroEL-2 identified a potent and specific target protein for RRA 2 compound in whole cell extract of Mtb H37Ra.

Microbial consortia adaptation to substrate changes in anaerobic digestion.

Renewable natural gas (RNG) produced from anaerobic digestion (AD) of agricultural residues is emerging a serious biofuel alternative. Complex nature of lignocellulosic biomass residues coupled with complex biochemical transformations involving a large spectrum of microbial communities make anaerobic digestion of biomass difficult to understand and control. The present work aims at studying adaptation of microbial consortia in AD to substrates changes and correlating these to biogas generation. The double edged study deals with (a) using a common starting culture inoculum on different fractions of pretreated lignocellulosic biomass (LBM) fractions; and (b) using different starter inocula for gas generation from simple glucose substrate. Taxonomic analysis using 16S amplicon sequencing is shown to highlight changes in microbial community structure and predominance, majorly in hydrolytic bacterial populations. Observed variations in the rate of digestion with different starter inocula could be related to differences in microbial community structure and relative abundance. Results with different treated biomass fractions as substrates indicated that AD performance could be related to abundance of substrate-specific microbial communities. The work is a step to a deeper understanding of AD processes that may lead to better control and operation of AD for super-scale production of RNG from biomass feedstocks.

Biophysical Investigation of the Interplay between the Conformational Species of Domain-Swapped GB1 Amyloid Mutant through Real-Time Monitoring of Amyloid Fibrillation.

Mutant polypeptide GB1HS#124F26A, which is known to aggregate into amyloid-like fibrils, has been utilized as a model in this study for gaining insights into the mechanism of domain-swapped aggregation through real-time monitoring. Size exclusion with UV monitoring at 280 nm and dynamic light scattering (DLS) profiles through different time points of fibrillation reveal that the dimer transitions into monomeric intermediates during the aggregation, which could further facilitate domain swapping to form amyloid fibrils. The 1D 1H and 2D 1H-13C HSQC nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra profiling through different time points of fibrillation reveal that there may be some other species present along with the dimer during aggregation which contribute to different trends for the intensity of protons in the spectral peaks. Diffusion NMR reveals changes in the mobility of the dimeric species during the process of aggregation, indicating that the dimer gives rise to other lower molecular weight species midway during aggregation, which further add up to form the oligomers and amyloid fibrils successively. The present work is a preliminary study which explores the possibility of utilizing biophysical methods to gain atomistic level insights into the different stages of aggregation.

Interactions Between Amyloid-ß (1-42) and Hydroxyapatite-Cholesterol Spherules Associated with Age-Related Macular Degeneration.

Drusen deposition on sub-retinal pigment epithelium is the causal factor for age-related macular degeneration for the old-aged individuals. These deposits contain hydroxyapatite-cholesterol spherules on which several proteins and lipids accumulate to cover the retina and choroid, causing blurred vision and blindness. Amyloid-ß, the known culprit in Alzheimer's disease, is one among the few major proteins known to occur in these deposits. In the present article, we report preliminary analyses of interactions between amyloid-ß and hydroxyapatite-cholesterol composites using Thioflavin-T binding kinetics, solid-state NMR and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Thioflavin-T fluorescence kinetics shows that amyloid-ß (1-42) aggregates only under certain conditions of concentration of cholesterol in the hydroxyapatite-cholesterol composites prepared by two different methods. These results were confirmed by 1D 13C CPMAS solid-state NMR. TEM imaging revealed that there is an exposure of the cholesterol surface in the composites prepared by sonication method. These imaging experiments explain the dependence of aggregation kinetics on the exposure and availability of cholesterol surface in the composites to a certain extent.

"To do or not to do - that is the question". Transvascular needle aspiration during EBUS (EBUS-TVNA) with review of the literature.

INTRODUCTION: Large vessels are often encountered during endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS). Safety of traversing the vessels weighed against a more invasive procedure can be a dilemma. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We describe a case series of 8 patients who underwent transvascular needle aspiration during EBUS, to access a lesion in the absence of an alternate safe window. A 21 gauge EBUS needle was used to traverse either the main or a major branch of the pulmonary artery. RESULTS: Malignancy was suspected at ROSE in five cases. Granuloma and necrosis noted in 2 cases were confirmed as tubercu-losis on culture. Diagnostic yield of EBUS-TVNA was 87.5% (7/8). No complications were noted in the immediate post-operative period as well as during 6 months of follow up. CONCLUSION: EBUS-TVNA in carefully selected patients is a feasible alternative to more invasive procedures with excellent yield. Appropriate intraoperative, perioperative and postoperative monitoring and care must be available in the case of fatal bleeds.

2,3-Butanediol production using soy-based nitrogen source and fermentation process evaluation by a novel isolate of Bacillus licheniformis BL1.

2,3-Butanediol (2,3-BDO) has varied applications in chemical, pharmaceutical, & food industry. Microorganisms belonging to Klebsiella, Enterobacter & Serratia genera are well-known producers of 2,3-BDO. However, they have limited usage in industrial-scale owing to their pathogenic nature. A nonpathogenic soil isolate identified as Bacillus licheniformis (BL1) was thus investigated for 2,3-BDO production. Soy flakes, soy flour, defatted soy, and soybean meal-based hydrolysates replaced yeast extract and peptone as nitrogen sources. Defatted soy flakes and soybean meal hydrolysate led to an equivalent 2,3-BDO yield and productivity as compared to that of Yeast Extract and peptone. The pH and oxygen variation influenced the proportion of various products of the mixed acid-butanediol pathway. Further, the batch mode fermentation with soy hydrolysate and optimized process parameter resulted in 2,3-BDO titer, yield and productivity of 11.06 g/L, 0.43 g/g and 0.48 g/L h respectively. Glucose concentration above 5% was inhibitory and led to reduction in the specific growth rate of BL1 in batch cultivation. Intermittent glucose feeding in fed-batch mode overcame this substrate limitation resulting in increased titers (49.8 g/L) and productivity (0.62 g/L h). Modified medium containing soy hydrolysate as nitrogen source with fermentation process optimization resulted in 67% decrease in medium cost for 2,3-BDO production.