RESUMO
A new zirconium and cerium-modified polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC) film (PVA/CMC-Zr-Ce) was synthesized thru a high-speed shear-assisted method and its adsorption for the removal of fluoride was studied, in which the NaCMC provided -COONa for ion exchange between Na and Zr-Ce, thus the loading amount of Zr-Ce on films was accordingly increased. The morphology and structure of PVA/CMC-Zr-Ce were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Besides, the mechanical properties, water contact angle, and swelling ratio of film were also evaluated. The addition of high-speed shear improved the dispersion of the emulsion system, and PVA/CMC-Zr-Ce film with good adsorption performance and film stability was prepared. While, it was found that the adsorption capacity could reach 67.25 mg/g and equilibrium time could reach 20 min. The adsorption mechanism of PVA/CMC-Zr-Ce revealed that ion exchange between hydroxide and fluoride, electrostatic interactions and complexation were the dominating influencing factors. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that PVA/CMC-Zr-Ce film- synthesized with high-speed shear assistance technique is a promising adsorbent for fluoride removal from water.
RESUMO
The effects of different brewing water samples, including natural drinking water (NDW), pure water (PW), mineral water (MW), distilled water (DW), and tap water (TW) on flavor and quality of green tea infusion were investigated. The results showed the dissolution rate of mineral substances varied greatly depend on the type of water used. Notably, the tea infusion brewed with MW showed the highest taste response and darker but higher brightness in color. Furthermore, the content of volatile compounds was highest in tea infusion brewed with NDW and lowest in tea infusion brewed with MW. The mineral substances content and pH were the main factors affecting volatile compounds in green tea infusion. Thereinto, Ca2+ and Fe3+ remarkably affected the content of alcohols and aldehydes in volatile compounds. These results suggested that water with a neutral pH value and lower mineral substance content is more conducive for brewing green tea.
RESUMO
American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) is protected by Geographical Indications as harvested roots have different regional characteristics. The aim of this study was to distinguish 95 American ginseng samples from four origins (including America, Canada, Shandong province and the Northeast provinces in China), and to further discriminate samples harvested within the protected designation of origin (PDO) from those harvested in non-PDO regions. Two metabolomic methods were used to acquire qualitative data on the metabolites of American ginseng samples from different origins, namely high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and headspace-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-GC-MS). There were significant differences in numerous metabolites, including volatile compounds and ginsenosides. American ginsengs from four different regions were discriminated based on 25 volatile compounds and 8 ginsenosides using linear discriminant analysis (LDA), which had a 96.8% accuracy and a 74.7% cross validation rate, and random forest (RF) modeling, which reached 100% accuracy using the training set and 92.9% accuracy using the testing set. The same 33 analytes combined with LDA and RF were compared for discrimination of PDO and non-PDO samples. The 100% accuracy was again obtained using the RF model, but only when using data from both HS-GC-MS and HPLC. The result showed that chemical composition combined with chemometric is effectively and accurately to study the origins of American ginseng.
