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Subclinical Mastitis (SCM) is caused by several factors associated with the interaction of the individual cow, cow management, and the environment. The aim of this study was to assess the breed and non-genetic risk factors on the prevalence of SCM in cows from the dual-purpose livestock system on the floodplain of Arauca, Colombian Orinoquia. Milk samples were taken from the individual mammary quarters of 481 cows representing 28 different farms where the electrical conductivity (EC) test applied. To determine the factors associated with SCM, a multiple logistic regression analysis was used. The response variable was the SCM presence (1), or absence (0) obtained with the EC test. Breed was included as a genetic risk factor, and as non- genetic risk factors: number of cows in production, daily milk production, lactation month, cow age, climatic period, body condition, and calving number. The factors that were significantly associated with the SCM presence were body condition, climatic period, and breed (p < 0.05). Odds ratio (OR) analysis of significant effects indicates that for each unit increase in body condition, the OR of having animals with SCM is reduced by 71%. In the dry period the OR of animals with SCM increases by 150% compared to the rainy period. Composite breeds reduce the OR of SCM animals by 73%, compared with Indicus-predominance animals. In this study, the occurrence of SCM in extensive management systems in Arauca, Colombian Orinoquia, is determined by the risk factors of breed, climatic period, and body condition.
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The aim of this study was to assess the environmental and breed risk factors associated with the prevalence of subclinical mastitis (SCM) in cows in the dual-purpose livestock system of Arauca, Colombian Orinoquia. Milk samples were taken from 1924 mammary quarters, corresponding to 481 cows on 28 different farms, and the California Mastitis Test (CMT) was applied. Risk factors associated with SCM were determined using multiple logistic regression analysis. The response variable was the presence (1) or absence (0) of SCM. Breed was included as a genetic risk factor, and daily milk production, number of cows in production, lactation month, calving number, cow age, climatic period, and body condition were included as environmental risk factors. The analysis of the odds ratio (OR) of significant effects indicated that the factors significantly associated with the presence of SCM were the number of cows (OR = 2.29; p = 0.005), milk production (OR = 0.88; p = 0.045), and the Taurus-Indicus breeds (OR = 1.79; p = 0.009) and composite breed (OR = 3.95; p = 0.005). In this study, the occurrence of SCM was determined by the following risk factors: number of cows, milk production, and breed. Likewise, the highest prevalence seemed to occur on farms with less technological development and sanitary management of producers from the lowest socioeconomic stratum.
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Introduction: Rodents are potential transmitters of Leptospira spp. In the municipality of Villavicencio, Colombia, leptospirosis is a disease that, although notifiable, is still underreported. In this region, rodent species that can host pathogenic leptospira remain unknown. Objective: To detect the presence of Leptospira spp. through molecular analysis in rodents (Rodentia) from peri-urban and rural areas belonging to the municipality of Villavicencio in Colombia. Methods: Peri-urban and rural areas of the townships belonging to Villavicencio municipality were selected for sampling. These areas presented similar ecological conditions: they were near water bodies and peridomiciliary areas, and some of them included fields of agricultural crops. Rodents´ kidneys were removed and frozen in liquid nitrogen. DNA was extracted using a commercial kit and subsequently amplified through conventional polymerase chain reaction. Results: The rodent species collected were: Rattus rattus, Mus musculus, Zygodontomys brevicauda, Oligoryzomys sp, Hylaeamys (formerly Oryzomys) and Proechimys cf. oconnelli. Leptospira DNA was amplified in six rodents and the purified amplicons were sent to Macrogen Inc. (Seoul, Korea) for sequencing. The alignment analysis of the sequenced products demonstrated 98.64 percent of coverage and identity with Leptospira interrogans. Conclusions: This is the first study carried out on wild and synanthropic rodents in the municipality of Villavicencio. The incidence of leptospirosis raises the alarm due to the important role of these small mammals in the transmission of this zoonosis, which is considered the second cause, after dengue, of undifferentiated febrile illness in Villavicencio(AU)
Introducción: Los roedores son potenciales transmisores de Leptospira spp. En el municipio de Villavicencio, Colombia, la leptospirosis es una enfermedad que, aunque debe notificarse obligatoriamente, sigue subreportada. En esta región, algunas especies de roedores pueden ser reservorios de leptospiras patógenas, situación que se desconoce. Objetivo: Detectar la presencia de Leptospira spp. a través del análisis molecular en roedores (Rodentia) de áreas periurbanas y rurales del municipio de Villavicencio, Colombia. Métodos: Para el trampeo se seleccionaron áreas periurbanas y rurales de las veredas pertenecientes al municipio de Villavicencio. Las áreas escogidas presentaban condiciones ecológicas similares: cerca de cuerpos de agua y áreas peridomiciliarias; algunas de ellas localizadas en campos de cultivos de la agricultura. Se extirparon los riñones de los roedores y se conservaron en nitrógeno líquido. Se extrajo el ADN usando un estuche comercial y posteriormente se amplificó mediante reacción en cadena de la polimerasa convencional. Resultados: Las especies de roedores colectadas fueron: Rattus rattus, Mus musculus, Zygodontomys brevicauda, Oligoryzomys sp., Hylaeamys (ahora Oryzomys) y Proechimys oconnelli. El ADN de leptospira se amplificó en seis roedores y los amplicones purificados se enviaron a Macrogen Inc. (Seoul, Korea) para secuenciación. El análisis de alineamiento de los productos secuenciados demostró un 98,64 por ciento de cobertura e identidad con Leptospira interrogans. Conclusiones: Este es el primer estudio llevado a cabo en roedores silvestres y sinantrópicos en el municipio de Villavicencio. La incidencia de la leptospirosis genera una alarma con respecto a la importancia del papel de esos pequeños mamíferos en la transmisión de esta zoonosis, la cual es la segunda causa de los síndromes febriles indiferenciados en Villavicencio, después del dengue(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Leptospira/patogenicidade , Leptospirose/prevenção & controle , ColômbiaRESUMO
Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el consumo de agua tratada proveniente de la producción petrolera en la calidad seminal del macho bovino reproductor, para ello se seleccionaron 16 toros entre 4 y 5 años distribuidos en dos grupos en los centros de investigaciones La Libertad de Agrosavia en Villavicencio y el Área de sostenibilidad agroenergetica, ASA en Acacias con disponibilidad de agua tratada de los campos petroleros, Apiay (A) y Castilla (C) respectivamente. Los animales seleccionados fueron distribuidos al azar para cada localidad en 4 tratamientos: 1) Consumo del 100 % agua de producción tratada; 2) consumo de mezcla 50 % agua de producción tratada y 50 % agua cruda; 3) consumo de mezcla 25 % agua de producción tratada y 75 % agua cruda; y 4) consumo 100 % agua cruda. Las variables consideradas fueron: calidad seminal para A y C determinadas por un sistema computarizado y de fertilidad in vitro para A evaluada por tinción fluorescente, Hoechst 33342. Los datos se analizaron estadística descriptiva, análisis de varianza (ANOVA) y pruebas de comparación de medias, Tukey, en un modelo de medidas repetidas en el tiempo. Los resultados indicaron, para calidad seminal, que los tratamientos que consumieron A y C en cada localidad presentaron diferencias (P < 0,05) para motilidad, 75,00±4,50, 69,24±4,13, espermatozoides motiles/100 células evaluadas, en el tratamiento dos respectivamente y en A para morfología, 76,67±2,06 espermatozoides normales/100 en el tratamiento cuatro, el índice de calidad espermática (ICE) no mostró diferencia (P > 0,05). Los resultados de unión espermatozoide - zona pelúcida mostraron diferencias entre tratamientos (P < 0,05), al igual que en fecundación in vitro, sin embargo, el comportamiento de estos cambios no indica asociación con el consumo de este tipo de agua. El estudio muestra que no se observan cambios contundentes o negativos que demuestren efecto en la fertilidad del toro por consumo de agua de producción tratada.
Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the consumption of treated water from oil production in the seminal quality of the breeding male; To this end, 16 bulls between 4 and 5 years old were selected, distributed in two groups at Agrosavia's La Libertad centers in Villavicencio and the Agroenergetic Sustainability Area, ASA in Acacias with availability of treated water from the oil fields, Apiay (A) and Castilla (C) respectively. The selected animals were distributed randomly to each location in 4 treatments: 1) Consumption of 100% treated production water; 2) 50% consumption of treated production water and 50% raw water consumption; 3) mixing consumption 25% treated production water and 75% raw water; and 4) 100% raw water consumption. The variables considered were: seminal quality for A and C determined by a computerized system, and in vitro fertility for A evaluated by fluorescent staining, Hoechst 33342. The data were analyzed descriptive statistics, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means comparison tests, Tukey, in a model of measures repeated over time. The results indicated, for seminal quality, that the treatments that consumed A and C in each locality presented differences (P <0,05) for motility, 75,00 ± 4,50, 69,24 ± 4,13, motile sperm / 100 cells evaluated, in treatment two respectively and in A for morphology, 76,67 ± 2,06 normal sperm / 100 in treatment four, the sperm quality index (SQI) showed no difference (P> 0,05). The results of sperm-pellucid zone binding showed differences between treatments (P <0,05), as in in vitro fertilization, however, the behavior of these changes does not indicate an association with the consumption of this type of water. The study shows that there are no strong or negative changes that show an effect on the fertility of the bull due to the consumption of treated production water.
Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o consumo de água tratada da produção de óleo na qualidade seminal do macho reprodutor; Para tanto, foram selecionados 16 touros entre 4 e 5 anos, distribuídos em dois grupos nos centros de La Libertad de Agrosavia em Villavicencio e na Área de Sustentabilidade Agroenergética, ASA em Acacias com disponibilidade de água tratada dos campos de petróleo, Apiay (A ) e Castilla (C) respectivamente. Os animais selecionados foram distribuídos aleatoriamente para cada local em 4 tratamentos: 1) Consumo de água de produção tratada 100%; 2) 50% de consumo de água de produção tratada e 50% de consumo de água bruta; 3) consumo de mistura 25% de água de produção tratada e 75% de água bruta; e 4) 100% de consumo de água bruta. As variáveis consideradas foram: qualidade seminal para A e C, determinada por sistema computadorizado, e fertilidade in vitro para A, avaliada por coloração fluorescente, Hoechst 33342. Os resultados indicaram, para qualidade seminal, que os tratamentos que consumiram A e C em cada localidade apresentaram diferenças (P <0,05) para motilidade, 75,00 ± 4,50, 69,24 ± 4,13, espermatozóides móveis / 100 células avaliadas, no tratamento dois respectivamente e em A para morfologia, 76,67 ± 2,06 espermatozóides normais / 100 no tratamento quatro, o índice de qualidade espermática (IQE) não apresentou diferença (P> 0,05). Os resultados de ligação das zonas pelúcidas de espermatozóides mostraram diferenças entre os tratamentos (P <0,05), como na fertilização in vitro, entretanto, o comportamento dessas mudanças não indica uma associação com o consumo desse tipo de água. O estudo mostra que não há mudanças fortes ou negativas que mostram um efeito sobre a fertilidade do touro devido ao consumo de água de produção tratada.