Gracilaria tikvahiae agglutinin. Partial purification and preliminary characterization of its carbohydrate specificity.

A potent agglutinin of rabbit and sheep red blood cells, obtained from the red alga Gracilaria tikvahiae, was purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation, ion exchange, gel filtration, and hydroxylapatite chromatography. Human A and B blood group erythrocytes were also agglutinated, whereas human O blood group erythrocytes were not agglutinated. The hemagglutination titer was not significantly affected by the addition of EDTA or the divalent cations Ca2+, Mg2+, or Mn2+. The carbohydrate specificity was characterized by hemagglutination inhibition using various monosaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycopeptides. The results suggested that the agglutinin has affinity for N-acetylneuraminic acid as well as glycoconjugates containing N-acetylneuraminic acid.

A comparative study of animal erythrocyte agglutinins from marine algae.

1. Fifteen marine algal species were analyzed for agglutinins to rabbit, sheep and human A, B and O blood group erythrocytes. 2. Protein extracts from all marine algae agglutinated rabbit erythrocytes, whereas twelve and five extracts agglutinated sheep and human erythrocytes, respectively. 3. The highest agglutination titers were consistently observed with rabbit erythrocytes. 4. Dictyota dichotoma strongly agglutinated human B blood group erythrocytes relative to A and O group erythrocytes. 5. Agglutination titer of rabbit erythrocytes by six algal extracts was not inhibited by mono- or polysaccharides, yet was reduced by glycoproteins.

The importance of studying sural nerve conduction and late responses in the evaluation of alcoholic subjects.

Motor conduction velocities of median, ulnar, peroneal, and tibial nerves and sensory conduction velocities of median and ulnar nerves were studied in 30 alcoholic subjects and a similar group of control subjects. The results were compared to sural nerve conduction velocities and late response latencies (H reflex, F response). The latter two techniques improved the diagnostic yield by 20%: Whereas 73% of our patients showed an abnormality of conduction with conventional techniques, 93% had an abnormality of sural nerve conduction, late response latencies, or both. Abnormalities of motor and sensory conduction, which were more prominent in the lower limbs than the arms, could be documented in patients who did not have any clinical evidence of peripheral neuropathy. The electrophysiologic studies performed in the present study suggest that "axonal degeneration" is the underlying pathologic process in alcoholic peripheral nerve disease.

Interpretation of roentgenograms via interactive television.

The diagnostic quality of roentgenographic images transmitted by interactive television was evaluated. A series of 100 kidney, ureter and bladder, chest, and bone radiographs were read individually by five radiologists, both on direct viewing and on viewing a monitor image of the television signal. The latter was transmitted by microwave a distance of 28 miles, including four transmission legs. Analysis in terms of receiver operating characteristic curves and critical tables indicated that the television interpretations were of acceptable accuracy, in view of the participants' inexperience with teleradiology.

Hearing and para-airport children.

Audiometric screening was carried out on 3,322 elementary and high school students living in the vicinity of Logan International Airport, Boston, in an effort to determine whether noise from aircraft had any measurable effect on their hearing. Followup examinations and additional data on children failing the screening examination made it possible to classify the hearing losses as conductive, sensorineural, or mixed. The incidence of bilateral sensorineural or mixed hearing loss in the group living directly under flight paths or immediately adjacent to runways was not significantly different from the overall average. In normal subjects, the average sensorineural gap, a newly defined measure of high-tone loss, was not found to be significantly affected by the degree or duration of exposure to aircraft noise.

Remote interpretation of chest roentgenograms.

A series of 98 chest films was interpreted by two physicians on the basis of monitor display of the transmitted television signal representing the roentgenographic image. The transmission path was 14 miles long, and included one active repeater station. Receiver operating characteristic curves were drawn to compare interpretations rendered on television view of the image with classic, direct view interpretations of the same films. Performance in these two viewing modes was found to be quite similar. When films containing only hazy densities lacking internal structure or sharp margins, were removed from the sample, interpretation of the remaining films was essentially identical via the two modes. Since hazy densities are visible on retrospective examination, interpretation of roentgenograms at a distance via television appears to be a feasible route for delivery of radiologic services.