Correlation between Excessive Daytime Sleepiness (EDS) and self-reported and objective nasal characteristics.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to explore the relationship between excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), Peak Nasal Inspiratory Flow (PNIF), and patient reported symptoms from the nose. METHOLOGY: Six hundred and fifty one consecutive patients referred to a hospital on suspicion of sleep related breathing disorder (SRBD) were included in the study. Daytime sleepiness was assessed by Epworth Sleepiness Scale (EpSS). Nasal airflow was measured with Peak Nasal Inspiratory Flow (PNIF). Symptoms of sino-nasal dysfunction and diseases were graded on Visual Analogue Scales (VAS). RESULTS: EpSS score was not correlated with nasal flow as measured by PNIF or nasal obstruction - VAS scores. There were significant associations between daytime sleepiness and patient-reported VAS-scores on nasal discharge, headache, coughing, general health and to some extent sneezing when age, gender, BMI and reported co-morbidity levels were adjusted for. CONCLUSION: A clinical implication of this is that patients with EDS may be evaluated and treated for sino-nasal disease, while medical and surgical measures to open the nose per se may not be effective therapeutic options. A scientific implication is that the relationship between SRBD and sino-nasal disease should be further investigated.

Prevalence and clinical correlates of insomnia in adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of insomnia in adults with Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and its association with clinical subtypes, current ADHD symptoms, and stimulant treatment. METHOD: We obtained diagnostic information, symptom rating scales and treatment history from clinically ascertained adult ADHD patients diagnosed according to DSM-IV criteria (n = 268, mean age 38.1 years) and randomly selected population controls (n = 202, mean age 36.5 years). The Bergen Insomnia Scale (BIS) was used to measure insomnia. ADHD symptom domains were self-rated using the Adult ADHD Self-Rating Scale. RESULTS: Insomnia was far more frequent among adults with ADHD (66.8%) than in the population controls (28.8%) (P < 0.001). Insomnia was more common in adults with the combined subtype than in those with the inattentive subtype (79.7% and 55.6%, respectively) (P = 0.003). For self-reported current ADHD symptoms, inattention was strongly correlated to insomnia. Patients currently using stimulant treatment for ADHD reported a lower total insomnia score compared to patients without medication (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Insomnia was highly prevalent among adults with ADHD. The lower insomnia score in patients on current stimulant treatment suggests that stimulant treatment is not associated with worsening of insomnia symptoms in adult ADHD patients.

Updating and prospective validation of a prognostic model for high sickness absence.

OBJECTIVES: To further develop and validate a Dutch prognostic model for high sickness absence (SA). METHODS: Three-wave longitudinal cohort study of 2,059 Norwegian nurses. The Dutch prognostic model was used to predict high SA among Norwegian nurses at wave 2. Subsequently, the model was updated by adding person-related (age, gender, marital status, children at home, and coping strategies), health-related (BMI, physical activity, smoking, and caffeine and alcohol intake), and work-related (job satisfaction, job demands, decision latitude, social support at work, and both work-to-family and family-to-work spillover) variables. The updated model was then prospectively validated for predictions at wave 3. RESULTS: 1,557 (77 %) nurses had complete data at wave 2 and 1,342 (65 %) at wave 3. The risk of high SA was under-estimated by the Dutch model, but discrimination between high-risk and low-risk nurses was fair after re-calibration to the Norwegian data. Gender, marital status, BMI, physical activity, smoking, alcohol intake, job satisfaction, job demands, decision latitude, support at the workplace, and work-to-family spillover were identified as potential predictors of high SA. However, these predictors did not improve the model's discriminative ability, which remained fair at wave 3. CONCLUSIONS: The prognostic model correctly identifies 73 % of Norwegian nurses at risk of high SA, although additional predictors are needed before the model can be used to screen working populations for risk of high SA.

The joint contribution of pain and insomnia to sickness absence and disability retirement: a register-linkage study among Norwegian and Finnish employees.

BACKGROUND: Pain and insomnia are both independently associated with work disability. Although pain and insomnia often co-occur, their joint associations with subsequent sickness absence and disability retirement have not been studied. We aimed to examine these associations in two prospective occupational cohorts while considering key covariates. METHODS: Norwegian Hordaland Health Study (n = 6892, 59% women) and Finnish Helsinki Health Study (n = 6060, 78% women) data were used. Those with only pain, only insomnia or both conditions at baseline were compared with those with no pain and no insomnia. Work disability outcomes were derived from national and employers' register data. Medically certified sickness absence spells lasting 2 weeks or more and all-cause disability retirement were examined. Register-based follow-up was 4 years for sickness absence and 5 years for disability retirement. Covariates were sex, age, marital status, education, smoking, alcohol use, body mass index and blood pressure. Poisson and Cox regression models were fitted. RESULTS: Both pain and insomnia were associated with subsequent sickness absence and disability retirement, but the associations were stronger for those reporting co-morbid pain and insomnia with support for a synergistic interaction effect, particularly regarding disability retirement. The associations were largely similar in both cohorts and remained after full adjustments. CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first to report the separate and combined effects of pain and insomnia on objective health outcomes. Common patterns observed in two separate cohorts suggest that the combination of pain and insomnia might be particularly relevant for subsequent disability retirement.

No impact of early real-time PCR screening for respiratory viruses on length of stay and use of antibiotics in elderly patients hospitalized with symptoms of a respiratory tract infection in a single center in Norway.

We tested the hypothesis that the results of real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses for respiratory viruses would reduce antibiotic treatment and length of stay in elderly patients hospitalized with respiratory infections. Within 24 h of hospital admission, a total of 922 patients aged ≥60 years were interviewed for symptoms of ongoing respiratory tract infection. Symptomatic patients were swabbed for oropharyngeal/nasopharyngeal presence of viral pathogens immediately by members of the study group. During a 2-month period, non-symptomatic volunteers among interviewed patients were swabbed as well (controls). Oropharyngeal/nasopharyngeal swabs were analyzed with real-time PCR for nine common respiratory viruses. A total of 147 out of 173 symptomatic patients and 56 non-symptomatic patients (controls) agreed to participate in the study. The patients were allocated to three cohorts: (1) symptomatic and PCR-positive (S/PCR+), (2) symptomatic and PCR-negative (S/PCR-), or (3) non-symptomatic and PCR-negative (control). There were no non-symptomatic patients with a positive PCR result. A non-significant difference in the frequency of empiric antibiotic administration was found when comparing the S/PCR+ to the S/PCR- cohort; 16/19 (84 %) vs. 99/128 (77 %) (χ(2) = 0.49). Antibiotic treatment was withdrawn in only two patients in the S/PCR+ cohort after receiving a positive viral diagnosis. The length of stay did not significantly differ between the S/PCR+ and the S/PCR- groups. We conclude that, at least in our general hospital setting, access to early viral diagnosis by real-time PCR had little impact on the antimicrobial treatment or length of hospitalization of elderly patients.

Sick leave during pregnancy: a longitudinal study of rates and risk factors in a Norwegian population.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of, reasons given for, and factors associated with sick leave during pregnancy. DESIGN: Longitudinal, population-based descriptive study. SETTING: Akershus University Hospital, Norway. POPULATION: All women scheduled to give birth at the hospital (November 2008 to April 2010). METHODS: Consenting women were handed a questionnaire at the routine ultrasound check at 17 weeks of gestation. Women returning this questionnaire received a second questionnaire at 32 weeks of gestation. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to examine associations with somatic, psychiatric and social factors. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Rates and duration of sick leave. RESULTS: By 32 weeks of gestation, 63.2% of the 2918 women included were on sick leave, and 75.3% had been on sick leave at some point during their pregnancy. Pelvic girdle pain and fatigue/sleep problems were the main reasons given for sick leave. Being on sick leave in all trimesters was strongly associated with hyperemesis, exercising less than weekly, chronic pain before or during pregnancy, infertility treatment (all P < 0.001); younger maternal age, conflicts in the workplace (both P < 0.01); multiparity, previous depression, insomnia and lower education (all P < 0.05). Sick leave was associated with elective caesarean section and higher infant birthweight (P < 0.01). Adjustment of the work situation was associated with 1 week shorter duration of sick leave. CONCLUSIONS: Most women receive sick leave during pregnancy, but sick leave might not be caused by pregnancy alone. Previous medical and psychiatric history, work conditions and socio-economic factors need to be addressed to understand sick leave during pregnancy.

Clinical assessment and management of sleep disorders in multiple sclerosis: a literature review.

The major sleep disorders are common in multiple sclerosis (MS) and are associated with significant morbidity. Despite this, the rate of recognition and management of these conditions are low. All types of sleep disorders are seen in patients with MS: insomnia, circadian rhythm sleep disorders, sleep-related movement disorders, sleep-related breathing disorders, hypersomnia (narcolepsy), and parasomnia (REM sleep behavior disorder; RBD). This literature review covers the prevalence, clinical features, and treatment of sleep disorders in MS. Based on clinical experience, the spectrum of symptoms associated with MS, and the current knowledge of MS pathophysiology, we have also enclosed proposed strategies for clinical assessment and investigation of sleep disorders in MS patients.

Low job satisfaction does not identify nurses at risk of future sickness absence: results from a Norwegian cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Sickness absence is high in healthcare and contributes to nursing staff shortages reducing the efficiency and quality of patient care. Assessing the risk of sickness absence in working nurses opens opportunities for preventive strategies. Job satisfaction has attracted much attention in healthcare research and has been associated with sickness absence among nurses. OBJECTIVES: To investigate if job satisfaction scores are useful to identify working nurses at risk of future sickness absence. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study with a baseline period from November 2008 to March 2009 and 1-year follow-up. SETTINGS: Hospitals, nursing homes, and ambulant care settings in Norway. PARTICIPANTS: 2059 Norwegian nurses, of whom 1582 (77%) could be followed-up. METHODS: Nurses received a questionnaire at baseline and after 1-year follow-up. The questionnaire contained the Job Satisfaction Index (JSI), a 5-item scale measuring overall job satisfaction, and asked for sickness absence in the last 12 months. Baseline JSI scores were included in a logistic regression model with self-rated sickness absence at 1-year follow-up as outcome variable. Predictions of sickness absence were calibrated by the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test. The ability of JSI scores to discriminate between nurses with and without sickness absence was examined by receiver operating characteristic analysis and expressed as area under the curve (AUC). RESULTS: Low job satisfaction was associated with higher odds of sickness absence (odds ratio [OR]=1.05; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01-1.09) and high (≥ 31 days) sickness absence (OR=1.10; 95% CI 1.06-1.14). Calibration was acceptable, but job satisfaction neither discriminated between nurses with and without sickness absence (AUC=0.54; 95% CI 0.51-0.58) nor between nurses with and without high (≥ 31 days) sickness absence (AUC=0.58; 95% CI 0.54-0.63). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicated that job satisfaction was associated with sickness absence, though job satisfaction scores as measured with the JSI did not identify working nurses at risk of sickness absence.

A comparison of nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabbing for the detection of influenza virus by real-time PCR.

We tested the hypothesis that swabs from the nasopharynx carry a higher viral load than swabs from the oropharynx in patients with real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-confirmed influenza infection. Using flocked swabs, oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal samples were harvested from hospital-admitted influenza patients no later than 3 days after the initial detection of influenza virus. Comparison of cycle threshold (CT) values was performed to assess differences in viral load in the specimens. Seventeen patients were diagnosed with influenza B, 14 patients with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, and one patient with influenza A(H3N2). Nasopharyngeal samples were positive at a lower CT value than the oropharyngeal samples [mean difference in CT 5.75, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 3.8-7.7, p < 0.01], suggesting that, on average, the calculated viral load of the nasopharyngeal samples was 54 times higher (95 % CI 13.7-210.8) than those of the oropharyngeal samples. The corresponding difference in the calculated viral load for influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus was 23 times (95 % CI 3.8-136.2, p < 0.01) and for influenza B virus, it was 80 times (95 % CI 9.3-694.6, p < 0.01). In patients with acute influenza, nasopharyngeal swabbing was clearly superior to oropharyngeal swabbing in terms of diagnostic yield by real-time PCR.

Swabbing for respiratory viral infections in older patients: a comparison of rayon and nylon flocked swabs.

The purpose of this study was to compare the sampling efficacy of rayon swabs and nylon flocked swabs, and of oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal specimens for the detection of respiratory viruses in elderly patients. Samples were obtained from patients 60 years of age or above who were newly admitted to Sorlandet Hospital Arendal, Norway. The patients were interviewed for current symptoms of a respiratory tract infection. Using rayon swabs and nylon flocked swabs, comparable sets of mucosal samples were harvested from the nasopharynx and the oropharynx. The samples were analysed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. A total of 223 patients (mean age 74.9 years, standard deviation [SD] 9.0 years) were swabbed and a virus was recovered from 11% of the symptomatic patients. Regardless of the sampling site, a calculated 4.8 times higher viral load (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3-17, p = 0.017) was obtained using the nylon flocked swabs as compared to the rayon swabs. Also, regardless of the type of swab, a calculated 19 times higher viral load was found in the samples from the nasopharynx as compared to the oropharynx (95% CI 5.4-67.4, p < 0.001). When swabbing for respiratory viruses in elderly patients, nasopharyngeal rather than oropharyngeal samples should be obtained. Nylon flocked swabs appear to be more efficient than rayon swabs.

Transthoracic fine-needle aspiration in the aetiological diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia.

To investigate the safety and practicability of conducting transthoracic fine-needle aspiration (TFNA) in a general hospital setting, we applied the TFNA procedure to 20 patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) within 36 h of admission. Also, a preliminary assessment was made of the potential value of adding TFNA to conventional methods of diagnostic microbiology. TFNA was easy to perform and caused little discomfort, and no serious adverse events were observed. In spite of ongoing antimicrobial treatment, a likely aetiological diagnosis was established for 14 of 20 (70%) of the patients. TFNA may provide important additional information on the aetiology of CAP.

Subjective and objective sleep among depressed and non-depressed postnatal women.

OBJECTIVE: Women sleep less in the postnatal period and it has been suggested that mothers diagnosed with depression alternatively could be suffering from the effects of chronic sleep deprivation. METHOD: From a population-based study, we recruited 42 women, of whom 21 scored >or=10 on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Sleep was registered by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), sleep diaries and actigraphy 2 months after delivery. RESULTS: There were significant differences in subjective sleep measured retrospectively by the PSQI between depressed and non-depressed women. In contrast, there were no significant differences in sleep measured prospectively by sleep diaries and actigraphy. Both depressed and non-depressed women had impaired sleep efficiency (82%) and were awake for about 1.5 h during the night. Primipara had worse sleep, measured by actigraphy, compared with multipara. CONCLUSION: Measured objectively and prospectively, women with depression did not have worse sleep than non-depressed women.

The effect of OSAS on sick leave and work disability.

The objective of the present study was to examine the independent contribution of symptoms of obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) to long-term sick leave and permanent work disability. Using a historical cohort design with 4 yrs of follow-up, information on sick leave and disability benefit recipiency were merged with health information from the Hordaland Health Study, carried out in western Norway during 1997-1999. Persons aged 40-45 yrs (n = 7,028) were assessed for self-reported symptoms of OSAS (snoring, breathing cessations and daytime sleepiness), body mass index, somatic conditions and other potential confounders. The outcomes, cumulative sick leave of > or =8 weeks and permanent work disability, were identified in records from the National Insurance Administration. After excluding participants with work disability at baseline, symptoms of OSAS were found to be a significant predictor of both subsequent long-term sick leave and permanent work disability. These effects remained significant after adjustment for a range of possible confounding factors. Daytime sleepiness showed the greatest explanatory power, followed by breathing cessations and snoring. It is concluded that self-reported symptoms of obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome are an independent risk factor for subsequent long-term sick leave and permanent work disability. These findings need to be replicated using objective measures of obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome.

Increased extracellular 5-HT but no change in sleep after perfusion of a 5-HT1A antagonist into the dorsal raphe nucleus of rats.

AIM: The 5-HT(1A) receptor antagonist 4-Iodo-N-[2-[4-(methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethyl]-N-2-pyridinyl-benzamide hydrochloride (p-MPPI) (10 microM) was perfused into the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) to study simultaneously the effects of the drug on the DRN and frontal cortex extracellular serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) levels and concurring behavioural states. METHODS: Waking, slow wave sleep and rapid eye movement sleep were determined by polygraphic recordings during microdialysis perfusion and extracellular sample collection. The samples were analysed by microbore high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrochemical detection for analysis of 5-HT. RESULTS: p-MPPI perfusion into the DRN (n = 6) produced a sixfold 5-HT increase in the DRN during all behavioural states. The increased 5-HT level was most likely related to the blockage of 5-HT(1A) receptors in the DRN by p-MPPI. No significant effect was seen on sleep. CONCLUSION: Despite the dramatic increase in DRN extracellular 5-HT produced by p-MPPI, only a transient and nonsignificant effect on sleep was recorded. It is suggested that the usual coupling between 5-HT level and behavioural state may be lost when an excessive serotonergic output is pharmacologically achieved.

Tx-discs--no effect against subjective health complaints: a randomised controlled study.

BACKGROUND: Dowsers claim unhealthy effects of 'earth rays', and the producer of TX-discs claims that these discs may shield a person from the influence of 'earth rays', thereby relieving most illness in the person shielded. OBJECTIVES: To compare the effects of the TX-disc versus a placebo disc in patients with longstanding muscular-skeletal complaints. SETTING: Self-recruited community living persons in the Bergen area, Western Norway. PATIENTS: 67 women and 13 men with longstanding muscular-skeletal complaints, recruited by advertisements in local newspapers. DESIGN: A randomised and double-blinded controlled trial with a 6 months follow-up period. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENT: The Subjective Health Complaints (SHC) questionnaire. RESULTS: We found a substantial reduction on the mean SHC sub-scale scores of muscular-skeletal, pseudo-neurological, gastro-intestinal, and allergic complaints, mainly occurring from baseline to 6 weeks (28-45%, P < 0.05-0.001). There were however no statistically significant differences for these variables between the TX group and the placebo group at any time point. IMPLICATIONS: TX-discs used in accordance with the instructions had no clinically or statistically significant effect on muscular-skeletal pain, pseudo-neurological complaints, gastro-intestinal, or allergic complaints during this study.

Rapid colorimetric method for testing susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to isoniazid and rifampin in liquid cultures.

We have developed a rapid colorimetric method for testing the susceptibility of M. tuberculosis to isoniazid (INH) and rifampin (RIF) based on incorporation of nitrate in broth cultures containing growth supplements. The performance of this colorimetric nitrate reductase-based antibiotic susceptibility (CONRAS) test was compared with that of the radiometric BACTEC 460TB system in determining the susceptibilities of 74 M. tuberculosis strains to INH and RIF. By using the BACTEC 460TB system as the "gold standard," the sensitivity (i.e., the ability to detect true drug resistance) and specificity (i.e., the ability to detect true drug susceptibility) of the CONRAS test were 100 and 95% for INH and 94 and 100% for RIF, respectively. The repeatability of the CONRAS test was excellent (for INH, kappa = 1 and P < 0.001; for RIF, kappa = 0.88 and P < 0.001). For the majority of strains, results were obtained within 5 days. The CONRAS test is rapid, accurate, and inexpensive and is an adequate alternative, particularly for resource-poor countries.

Effects of sleep deprivation on extracellular serotonin in hippocampus and frontal cortex of the rat.

Sleep deprivation improves the mood of depressed patients, but the exact mechanism behind this effect is unclear. An enhancement of serotonergic neurotransmission has been suggested. In this study, we used in vivo microdialysis to monitor extracellular serotonin in the hippocampus and the frontal cortex of rats during an 8 h sleep deprivation period. These brain regions were selected since both have been implicated in depression. The behavioral state of the animal was continuously monitored by polygraphic recordings during the experiment. Sleep deprivation produced a gradual decline in extracellular serotonin levels, both in the hippocampus and in the frontal cortex. In order to investigate whether the reduction in serotonin was due to other factors than sleep deprivation, i.e. time of day effect, another experiment was performed. Here animals were allowed to sleep during most of the recording period. This experiment showed the expected changes in extracellular serotonin levels: consistently higher levels in the awake, non-sleep deprived animals compared to during sleep, but no time of day effect. The reduction in extracellular serotonin during sleep deprivation may suggest that serotonin does not play a major role in the mood-elevating effect of sleep deprivation. However, since 5-HT levels are strongly behavioral state dependent, by eliminating sleep, there may be a net increase in serotonergic neurotransmission during the sleep deprivation period.

[Periodic limb movements in sleep--can and should this condition be treated?]. / Periodiske beinbevegelser under søvn--kan og skal de behandles?

BACKGROUND: Periodic limb movements in sleep (PLMS) may occur in up to 6% of the general population and is more common in the elderly. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Based on relevant literature and recent guidelines from the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, we present an overview of symptoms, diagnostic examinations and treatment of periodic limb movements in sleep, including its relation to restless legs. A short case history is also presented. RESULTS: Patients with periodic limb movements in sleep may or may not have other symptoms, such as insomnia and excessive daytime sleepiness. Polysomnography is necessary for the diagnosis. Only patients who meet specific diagnostic criteria should be treated pharmacologically. Our patient was examined by polysomnography and actigraphy before and during pharmacological treatment. INTERPRETATION: The concept and treatment of periodic limb movements in sleep is controversial.

Diagnostic evaluation of urinary lipoarabinomannan at an Ethiopian tuberculosis centre.

Direct capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for lipoarabinomannan (LAM) was performed on urine samples from 200 tuberculosis (TB) patients and 800 non-TB patients routinely diagnosed among consecutive suspects in an Ethiopian TB centre. 50 healthy Ethiopians, 50 healthy individuals and 100 non-TB patients from Norway served as controls. Of the TB patients, 139 (69.5%) were positive for acid-fast bacilli (AFB). In the remaining cases the diagnosis was based on suggestive clinical findings. All Ethiopian non-TB patients were AFB negative and showed no clinical evidence of TB. In the Ethiopian groups, 148 (74%) of the TB patients, 105 (13.1%) of the non-TB patients and 5 (10%) of the healthy controls were positive by the LAM-ELISA. 113 (81.3%) of AFB positives and 35 (57.4%) of AFB-negative TB patients had positive LAM-ELISA. In the Norwegian groups all were LAM negative. The sensitivity and specificity of the LAM-ELISA for TB patients versus Ethiopian non-TB patients were 74% and 86.9%, respectively; the positive and negative predictive values were 58.5% and 93.0%. This study suggests that detection of LAM in the urine of TB patients may improve case finding and that diagnostic tests based on this principle may serve as valuable supplemental tools in TB control.

Rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis by detection of mycobacterial lipoarabinomannan in urine.

There is an urgent need for improved tools for laboratory diagnosis of active tuberculosis (TB). Here, we describe two methods, a catch-up ELISA and a dipstick test based on the detection in urine of lipoarabinomannan (LAM). LAM is a major and specific glycolipid component of the outer mycobacterial cell wall. Preliminary experiments showed that LAM is excreted in the urine of mice injected intraperitoneally with a crude cell wall preparation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Both methods were highly sensitive, detecting LAM at concentrations of 1 ng/ml and 5 pg/ml, respectively. Of 15 patients with active TB, all showed intermediate to high levels of LAM in their urine (absorbance values from 0.3 to 1.2, mean 0.74). Only one sample showed an absorbance value below the chosen cut off value of 0.4. All but one of the urine samples from 26 healthy nursing workers exhibited OD value below 0.4 cut off. These methods may prove valuable for rapid and simple diagnosis of TB in particular in developing countries lacking biosafety level 3 (BSL3) facilities.