Vitamin B12 deficiency.

No international treatment standard for B12 deficiency exists. Current practice predominantly relies on more than 50 years old data. Consequently, this review investigates that we still recommend five injections with 1 mg B12 over 10 days followed by maintenance therapy with 1 mg oral B12 daily or injections, of which the interval is guided by symptom relief rather than normalization of biomarkers. Clinical studies are highly warranted and should include formulation and administration of B12. Subcutaneous self-injection may prove cost-effective and benefit an individualized treatment strategy.