RESUMO
Trypanosomosis is a tropical disease caused by various protozoan haemoparasites, which affects wild and domestic animals, the latter ones related to worldwide livestock production systems. Species such as Trypanosoma vivax and Trypanosoma evansi have been described using serological and molecular tools in several countries from South and Central America. However, Ecuador presents a relevant knowledge gap in the associated general epidemiology and risk factors of the disease. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of trypanosomosis in cattle from different regions of Ecuador. 745 serum samples from 7 Coastal and 3 Amazon provinces were screened for IgG anti-Trypanosoma spp. antibodies, using an in-house indirect ELISA. The seropositivity was explored and associated with several variables such as sex, age, breed, region, management, and province, using statistical tools. The general seroprevalence of trypanosomosis was 19.1% (95% CI: 16.30-22.1%). The Amazonian provinces of Sucumbíos and Napo and the Coastal province of Esmeraldas presented the highest seroprevalence values of 36.7% (95% CI: 27.67-46.47%), 23.64% (95% CI: 16.06-32.68%) and 25% (95% CI: 15.99-35.94%), respectively. Statistical significance was found for the region, province, and management variables, indicating as relevant risk factors the extensive management and Amazon location of the cattle analyzed. Specific actions should be taken to identify the exact species on reservoirs and susceptible hosts, evaluate the implication of farm management and cattle movement as risk factors, and implement surveillance and treatment plans for affected herds.
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Trypanosoma , Animais , Bovinos , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Equador/epidemiologia , Fatores de Risco , Feminino , Masculino , Trypanosoma/isolamento & purificação , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/parasitologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/sangue , Tripanossomíase Bovina/epidemiologia , Tripanossomíase Bovina/sangue , Tripanossomíase/veterinária , Tripanossomíase/epidemiologia , Tripanossomíase/parasitologia , Anticorpos Antiprotozoários/sangue , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/veterináriaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Although direct oral anticoagulants' (DOACs) prescriptions have experienced immense growth in the last decade, the proportion of discontinuers is still common yielding an increased risk of ischemic stroke (IS) onset. AIMS: We aimed to estimate the association between DOACs discontinuation and risk of IS among patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). METHODS: We used data from a cohort of new DOACs users, followed patients from the first DOAC prescription date up to IS (index date) and conducted a nested case-control analysis using conditional logistic regression. Adjusted odds ratios, 95% confidence intervals were calculated for discontinuation of DOACs (current use compared with past use). The latter, subdivided among those stopping treatment 3 to 2 months and 6 and 3 months prior to index date. The effect of naïve current users against IS onset compared with non-naïve current users was also evaluated. RESULTS: DOACs discontinuation showed an OR of IS of 1.47 (95% CI: 1.02-2.12); estimates were 2.51 (95% CI: 1.84-3.42) for whom discontinued treatment within months 3 and 2 and 1.43 (95% CI: 0.96-2.13) for those between months 6 and 3 prior to index date. Analyzing DOACs individually, risk of IS associated with past users compared with current users: 1.98 (95% CI: 1.25-3.12) for apixaban, 1.38 (95% CI: 0.40-4.72) for edoxaban, 1.98 (95% CI: 1.24-2.65) for dabigatran and 1.87 (95% CI: 1.26-2.76) for rivaroxaban. Similar results were found when stratified by naïve and non-naïve users. CONCLUSIONS: DOACs' discontinuation is associated with higher risk of IS, especially in the second and third months following interruption.
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Fibrilação Atrial , AVC Isquêmico , Acidente Vascular Cerebral , Humanos , Anticoagulantes/efeitos adversos , Hemorragia/induzido quimicamente , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/epidemiologia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/etiologia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/prevenção & controle , Fibrilação Atrial/tratamento farmacológico , Fibrilação Atrial/epidemiologia , Fibrilação Atrial/induzido quimicamente , AVC Isquêmico/tratamento farmacológico , Rivaroxabana/efeitos adversos , Dabigatrana/uso terapêutico , Piridonas/efeitos adversos , Administração Oral , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: In May 2020, the ACCESS (The vACCine covid-19 monitoring readinESS) project was launched to prepare real-world monitoring of COVID-19 vaccines. Within this project, this study aimed to generate background incidence rates of 41 adverse events of special interest (AESI) to contextualize potential safety signals detected following administration of COVID-19 vaccines. METHODS: A dynamic cohort study was conducted using a distributed data network of 10 healthcare databases from 7 European countries (Italy, Spain, Denmark, The Netherlands, Germany, France and United Kingdom) over the period 2017 to 2020. A common protocol (EUPAS37273), common data model, and common analytics programs were applied for syntactic, semantic and analytical harmonization. Incidence rates (IR) for each AESI and each database were calculated by age and sex by dividing the number of incident cases by the total person-time at risk. Age-standardized rates were pooled using random effect models according to the provenance of the events. FINDINGS: A total number of 63,456,074 individuals were included in the study, contributing to 211.7 million person-years. A clear age pattern was observed for most AESIs, rates also varied by provenance of disease diagnosis (primary care, specialist care). Thrombosis with thrombocytopenia rates were extremely low ranging from 0.06 to 4.53/100,000 person-years for cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) with thrombocytopenia (TP) and mixed venous and arterial thrombosis with TP, respectively. INTERPRETATION: Given the nature of the AESIs and the setting (general practitioners or hospital-based databases or both), background rates from databases that show the highest level of completeness (primary care and specialist care) should be preferred, others can be used for sensitivity. The study was designed to ensure representativeness to the European population and generalizability of the background incidence rates. FUNDING: The project has received support from the European Medicines Agency under the Framework service contract nr EMA/2018/28/PE.
Assuntos
Vacinas contra COVID-19 , COVID-19 , Trombocitopenia , Humanos , Estudos de Coortes , COVID-19/epidemiologia , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , Vacinas contra COVID-19/efeitos adversos , Atenção à Saúde , População EuropeiaRESUMO
Addressing the improvement of the textile characteristics is currently required in natural color production of alpaca fiber. This study analyses the possibility of implementing a genetic improvement program aiming to reduce the fiber diameter and the percentage of medullation in natural colors under the incomplete definition of the natural colors of alpaca fiber. The study considers color determination analysis in three separate steps. The first step aimed at finding the values of lightness (L*), red/green axis (a*), yellow/blue axis (b*) of three-dimensional space of color and chroma (C*ab), tone (h*ab) and color difference (ΔE) with mathematical models for the description of the coat color. The second analysis is aimed at estimating genetic parameters of color traits and their correlation with fiber traits (fiber diameter, standard deviations and percentage of medullation - PM). The third step was to determine the potential selection criteria of breeding animals based on the parameters provided by a three-dimensional space values regarding the coat color assignment in alpacas. The colorimetric data were taken using a Chroma meter device analyzing 3 008 records from Huacaya type alpacas, collected between 2018 and 2019. In the first objective of the study, the color traits were subjected to a principal component analysis. The analysis of variance components and the estimation of genetic parameters were carried out using a restricted maximum likelihood procedure. The discriminant analysis was used for the correct assignment of the coat color. The principal component analysis results showed that the L*, a*, b*, h*ab and ΔE values can be grouped into two Principal Components (PC) to describe the color, where the L* value is mainly distributed in PC2, b* is distributed in PC1, while a* is distributed in both components. The heritabilities found were 0.144, 0.128, 0.151, 0.104 and 0.152 for L*, a*, b*, PC1 and PC2. The relevant genetic correlations were between L*-PM (-0.557) and b*-PM (-0.622). The discriminant analysis showed a high percentage of correct assignment in white (99.15%) and black (99.19%) coat colors for Huacaya type alpacas, while for the intermediate colors, the accuracy was lower. The three analyses showed that there is no pure natural color, but a range of color variation. It is better to use the values of the three-dimensional space and within them, the values of L* and b* are potential selection criteria to be included in a genetic improvement program.
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Camelídeos Americanos , Colorimetria , Animais , Cor , Colorimetria/veterinária , Fibras na Dieta , FenótipoRESUMO
In vivo evaluation of arabinoxylans (AX) microspheres showed to protect insulin from degradation in the upper gastrointestinal tract and carrier insulin to colon. Insulin-loaded AX microspheres (50 UI/kg) decreased blood glucose level by 39% in diabetic rats with a maximum effect at 18 h post-administration, indicating that insulin remains bioactive. The continuous administration (4 days) of insulin-loaded AX microspheres improved the polyuria and increased the production of short-chain fatty acids, as well as Bifidobacterium and Bacteroides in diabetic rats compared to untreated diabetic rats. AX microspheres are a potential microbiota-activated carrier for colon-specific drug delivery and could be useful as a complementary treatment for diabetes.
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Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/tratamento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Portadores de Fármacos/metabolismo , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Insulina/administração & dosagem , Xilanos/metabolismo , Administração Oral , Animais , Colo/metabolismo , Colo/microbiologia , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/induzido quimicamente , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/tratamento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/microbiologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/induzido quimicamente , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/microbiologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/induzido quimicamente , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/microbiologia , Humanos , Insulina/farmacocinética , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Mucosa Intestinal/microbiologia , Masculino , Microesferas , Ratos , Estreptozocina/administração & dosagem , Estreptozocina/toxicidadeRESUMO
The results reported by different studies on telemonitoring in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have been contradictory, without showing clear benefits to date. The objective of this study was to ascertain whether an early discharge and home hospitalization telehealth program for patients with COPD exacerbation is as effective as and more efficient than a traditional early discharge and home hospitalization program. A prospective experimental non-inferiority study, randomized into two groups (telemedicine/control) was conducted. The telemedicine group underwent monitoring and was required to transmit data on vital constants and ECGs twice per day, with a subsequent telephone call and 2 home visits by healthcare staff (intermediate and at discharge). The control group received daily visits. The main variable was time until first exacerbation. The secondary variables were: number of exacerbations; use of healthcare resources; satisfaction; quality of life; anxiety-depression; and therapeutic adherence, measured at one and 6 months of hospital discharge. A total of 116 patients were randomized (58 to each group) without significant differences in baseline characteristics or time until first exacerbation, i.e. median 48 days (pp. 25-75:23-120) in the control group, and 47 days (pp. 25-75:19-102) in the intervention group; p = 0.52). A significant decrease in the number of visits was observed in the intervention versus the control group, 3.8 ± 1 vs 5.1 ± 2(p = 0.001), without significant differences in the number of exacerbations. In conclusion follow-up via a telemedicine program in early discharge after hospitalization is as effective as conventional home follow up, being the cost of either strategy not significantly different.
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Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica , Telemedicina , Seguimentos , Hospitalização , Humanos , Alta do Paciente , Estudos Prospectivos , Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica/terapia , Qualidade de VidaRESUMO
This study focuses on fructanase production in a batch reactor by a new strain isolated from agave juice (K. marxianus var. drosophilarum) employing different Agave tequilana fructan (ATF) concentrations as substrate. The experimental data suggest that the fructanase production may be inhibited or repressed by high substrate (50 g/L) and ethanol (20.7 g/L) concentrations present in culture medium. To further analyze these phenomena an unstructured kinetic mathematical model taking into account substrate and products inhibition was proposed and fitted. The mathematical model considers six reaction kinetics and the ethanol evaporation, and predicts satisfactorily the biomass, fructan, glucose, fructose, ethanol, and fructanase behavior for different raw material initial concentrations. The proposed model is the first to satisfactorily describe the production of fructanase from branched ATF with a new strain of K. marxianus.
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Agave/microbiologia , Técnicas de Cultura Celular por Lotes , Reatores Biológicos , Proteínas Fúngicas/biossíntese , Glicosídeo Hidrolases/biossíntese , Kluyveromyces/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Kluyveromyces/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Endogenous glucocorticoid action is important in the structural and functional maturation of the fetal heart. In fetal mice, although glucocorticoid concentrations are extremely low before E14.5, glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is expressed in the heart from E10.5. To investigate whether activation of cardiac GR prior to E14.5 induces precocious fetal heart maturation, we administered dexamethasone in the drinking water of pregnant dams from E12.5 to E15.5. To test the direct effects of glucocorticoids upon the cardiovascular system we used SMGRKO mice, with Sm22-Cre-mediated disruption of GR in cardiomyocytes and vascular smooth muscle. Contrary to expectations, echocardiography showed no advancement of functional maturation of the fetal heart. Moreover, litter size was decreased 2 days following cessation of antenatal glucocorticoid exposure, irrespective of fetal genotype. The myocardial performance index and E/A wave ratio, markers of fetal heart maturation, were not significantly affected by dexamethasone treatment in either genotype. Dexamethasone treatment transiently decreased the myocardial deceleration index (MDI; a marker of diastolic function), in control fetuses at E15.5, with recovery by E17.5, 2 days after cessation of treatment. MDI was lower in SMGRKO than in control fetuses and was unaffected by dexamethasone. The transient decrease in MDI was associated with repression of cardiac GR in control fetuses following dexamethasone treatment. Measurement of glucocorticoid levels in fetal tissue and hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone (Crh) mRNA levels suggest complex and differential effects of dexamethasone treatment upon the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis between genotypes. These data suggest potentially detrimental and direct effects of antenatal glucocorticoid treatment upon fetal heart function.
Assuntos
Dexametasona/farmacologia , Diástole/efeitos dos fármacos , Coração Fetal/efeitos dos fármacos , Exposição Materna , Animais , Peso Corporal , Feminino , Coração Fetal/diagnóstico por imagem , Genótipo , Glucocorticoides/farmacologia , Sistema Hipotálamo-Hipofisário/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Músculo Liso Vascular/metabolismo , Miócitos Cardíacos/metabolismo , Tamanho do Órgão , Sistema Hipófise-Suprarrenal/metabolismo , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Receptores de Glucocorticoides/metabolismoRESUMO
AIMS: In this study, the ability of the consortium MR-01 to degrade phenol was determined. The effects of this chemical on the taxonomy and the metabolic behaviour were analysed through metagenomics. METHODS AND RESULTS: Consortium MR-01 was acclimated in a sublethal concentration of phenol. After this process, the capacity to degrade this molecule was analysed. Results showed that degradation increased with the increment of the initial phenol concentration. Metagenomic analysis indicates that the consortium metabolized phenol under aerobic conditions using phenol 2-monooxygenase and the meta-cleavage pathway. Sequence of the enzymes involved in the phenol degradation was ascribed to the Actinomycetales and Chloroflexales orders, with relative abundances <1%. The most abundant genera were part of the Sphingomonadales order; however, the role of these species in the consortium is not clear. CONCLUSIONS: Consortium MR-01 degrades efficiently high concentrations of phenol. The participation of extremophiles in the degradation process and the emergence of beneficial metabolic dependencies between the community members are some of the strategies used by the consortium to survive and develop under harsh environmental conditions. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This is one of the few studies describing the taxonomy and metabolic profile of a phenol degrading consortium.
Assuntos
Bactérias/metabolismo , Microbiota , Fenol/metabolismo , Bactérias/classificação , Bactérias/enzimologia , Bactérias/genética , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo , Biodegradação Ambiental , Metagenômica , Oxigenases de Função Mista/genética , Oxigenases de Função Mista/metabolismo , FilogeniaRESUMO
Host-derived pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are necessary for effective innate immune engagement of pathogens that express microbial-associated molecular patterns (MAMP) ligands for these PRRs. This study used a nonhuman primate model to evaluate the expression of these sensing molecules in gingival tissues. Macaca mulatta aged 12-24 with a healthy periodontium (n = 13) or periodontitis (n = 11) provided gingival tissues for assessment of naturally-occurring periodontitis. An additional group of animals (12-23 years; n = 18) was subjected to a 5 month longitudinal study examining the initiation and progression of periodontitis, RNA was isolated and microarray analysis conducted for gene expression of the sensing PRRs. The results demonstrated increased expression of various PRRs in naturally-occurring established periodontitis. Selected PRRs also correlated with both bleeding on probing (BOP) and pocket depth (PD) in the animals. The longitudinal model demonstrated multiple TLRs, as well as selected other PRRs that were significantly increased by 2 weeks during initiation of the lesion. While gene expression levels of various PRRs correlated with BOP and PD at baseline and resolution of disease, few correlated with these clinical parameters during initiation and progression of the lesion. These findings suggest that the levels of various PRRs are affected in established periodontitis lesions, and that PRR expression increased most dramatically during the initiation of the disease process, presumably in response to the juxtaposed microbial challenge to the tissues and goal of reestablishing homeostasis.
Assuntos
Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno/genética , Mucosa/metabolismo , Mucosa/microbiologia , Doenças Periodontais/genética , Doenças Periodontais/microbiologia , Transcriptoma , Animais , Biomarcadores , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Progressão da Doença , Feminino , Macaca mulatta , Masculino , Doenças Periodontais/diagnósticoRESUMO
The alpaca fiber diameter (FD) varies from 18 to 36 µm, being the finer fiber categories highly appreciated. However, the alpaca fiber presents some limitations in the textile industry due to the high incidence of fiber medullation and diameter variability, both reduces the comfort feeling of the garments. Decreasing or even removing medullation could be a possible selection objective in alpaca breeding programs for increasing economic value of the alpaca fiber. Therefore, the present work aimed to estimate genetic parameters regarding medullation traits, as well as the genetic correlations with other economical important traits, to be able to select the appropriate criteria to reduce or remove medullation on alpaca fiber and help to reduce the prickle factor in the garments. The data was collected from 2000 to 2017 and belonged to the Pacomarca experimental farm. There were 3698 medullation records corresponding to 1869 Huacaya and 414 Suri genetic types. The fiber samples were taken from the mid side, and were analyzed in an OFDA 100® device. The traits analyzed were percentage of medullation (PM), medullated fiber diameter (MFD), FD, standard deviation of FD, greasy fleece weight as fiber traits; density, crimp in Huacaya and lock structure in Suri, head conformation, leg coverage as morphological traits; weaning weight and age at first calving as secondary and functional traits. Genetic parameters were estimated via a multitrait restricted maximum likelihood. The heritabilities for PM and MFD were 0.225 and 0.237 in Huacaya genetic type and 0.664 and 0.237 in Suri genetic type, respectively; heritabilities for other traits were moderate for productive and morphological traits, and low to moderate for secondary and functional traits. The genetic correlations PM-FD and MFD-FD were high and favorable in both genetic types, between 0.531 and 0.975; the genetic correlation PM-MFD was 0.121 in Huacaya and 0.427 in Suri. The rest of genetic correlations with other traits were in general moderate and favorable. The repeatabilities were 0.556 and 0.668 for PM, and 0.322 and 0.293 for MFD in Huacaya and Suri genetic types, respectively. As a conclusion, PM was identified to be a good selection criterion, probably combined in an index with FD to reduce prickling factor.
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OBJECTIVE: Advances in clinical applications of computed tomography have been accompanied by improvements in advanced post-processing tools. In addition to multiplanar reconstructions, curved planar reconstructions, maximum intensity projections, and volumetric reconstructions, very recently kinematic reconstruction has been developed. This new technique, based on mathematical models that simulate the propagation of light beams through a volume of data, makes it possible to obtain very realistic three dimensional images. This article illustrates examples of kinematic reconstructions and compares them with classical volumetric reconstructions in patients with cardiovascular disease in a way that makes it easy to establish the differences between the two types of reconstruction. CONCLUSION: Kinematic reconstruction is a new method for representing three dimensional images that facilitates the explanation and comprehension of the findings.
Assuntos
Vasos Sanguíneos/diagnóstico por imagem , Técnicas de Imagem Cardíaca/métodos , Doenças Cardiovasculares/diagnóstico por imagem , Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador/métodos , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Fenômenos Biomecânicos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
La estenosis aórtica severa sintomática secundaria a calcificación degenerativa constituye un reto terapéutico si el paciente no es tributario de tratamiento quirúrgico de reemplazo valvular. La colocación de un implante valvular aórtico transcatéter (TAVI) es una alternativa terapéutica para estos casos. Se presenta el caso de un varón de 78 años con antecedentes de hipertensión arterial, enfermedad renal crónica (estadio IIIa), tabaquismo pesado, portador de marcapaso definitivo, enfermedad arterial periférica y policitemia vera. A la evaluación, el paciente cursaba con una disnea de clase III (escala NYHA) desde hace un año. El ecocardiograma transtorácico mostró calcificación severa de velos aórticos, una fracción de eyección ventricular izquierda de 44,7% y un área valvular de 0,58 cm2 (0,31 cm2/m2); la angiografía mostró enfermedad arterial coronaria moderada y la angiotomografía una calcificación severa de la aorta torácica ('aorta en porcelana'). Por considerarlo de alto riesgo, se realizó colocación de TAVI por vía transapical (válvula bioprotésica Braile Biomédica N° 30), con controles ecocardiográficos satisfactorios. El caso que presentamos constituye el primero realizado en el norte del país
Severe symptomatic aortic stenosis secondary to degenerative calcification may be a real therapeutic challenge if the patient does not undergo an aortic valve replacement. Transapical transcatheter aortic valve replacement is a valid therapeutic option for these cases. We present the case of a 78-year old male with the following past and current medical history: high blood pressure, chronic kidney disease (stage IIIa), heavy tobacco smoking, use of a permanent pacemaker, peripheral arterial disease, and polycythemia vera. When assessed, the patient had had class III heart failure (NYHA classification) for one year. Transthoracic ultrasonography showed severe calcification of the aortic cusps, a 44.7% left ventricular ejection fraction, and a 0.58 cm2 (0.31 cm2/m2) valve surface area. Angiography showed moderate coronary heart disease, and angiotomography showed severe calcification of the aortic valve ('porcelain aorta'). Since this patient was considered at high-risk, a transapical transcatheter aortic valve replacement was performed (Braille Biomedical N° 30 bioprosthetic valve), and the ultrasonography controls showed satisfactory results. This case is the first procedure of its kind performed in Northern Peru
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The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of quebracho tannins extract (QTE) on feed intake, dry matter (DM) digestibility, and methane (CH4) emissions in cattle fed low-quality Pennisetum purpureum grass. Five heifers (Bos taurus × Bos indicus) with an average live weight (LW) of 295 ± 19 kg were allotted to five treatments (0, 1, 2, 3, and 4% QTE/kg DM) in a 5 × 5 Latin square design. Intake, digestibility, and total methane emissions (L/day) were recorded for periods of 23 h when cattle were housed in open-circuit respiration chambers. Dry matter intake (DMI), organic matter intake (OMI), dry matter digestibility (DMD), and organic matter digestibility (OMD) were different between treatments with 0 and 4% of QTE/kg DM (P < 0.05). Total volatile fatty acid and the molar proportion of acetate in the rumen was not affected (P < 0.05); however, the molar proportion of propionate increased linearly (P < 0.01) for treatments with 3 and 4% QTE. Total CH4 production decreased linearly (P < 0.01) as QTE increased in the diet, particularly with 3 and 4% concentration. When expressed as DMI and OMI by CH4, production (L/kg) was different between treatments with 0 vs 3 and 4% QTE (P < 0.05). It is concluded that the addition of QTE at 2 or 3% of dry matter ration can decrease methane production up to 29 and 41%, respectively, without significantly compromising feed intake and nutrients digestibility.
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Anacardiaceae/química , Dieta/veterinária , Digestão/efeitos dos fármacos , Comportamento Alimentar/efeitos dos fármacos , Metano/metabolismo , Taninos/administração & dosagem , Poluentes Atmosféricos/metabolismo , Ração Animal/análise , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Animais , Bovinos , Suplementos Nutricionais/análise , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Feminino , Pennisetum/fisiologia , Extratos Vegetais/administração & dosagem , Árvores/químicaRESUMO
Host-bacterial interactions at mucosal surfaces require recognition of the bacteria by host cells enabling targeted responses to maintain tissue homeostasis. It is now well recognized that an array of host-derived pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), both cell-bound and soluble, are critical to innate immune engagement of microbes via microbial-associated molecular patterns (MAMP). This report describes the use of a nonhuman primate model to evaluate changes in the expression of these sensing molecules related to aging in healthy gingival tissues. Macaca mulatta aged 3-24 years were evaluated clinically and gingival tissues obtained, RNA isolated and microarray analysis conducted for gene expression of the sensing pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). The results demonstrated increased expression of various PRRs in healthy aging gingiva including extracellular (CD14, CD209, CLEC4E, TLR4), intracellular (NAIP, IFIH1, DAI) and soluble (PTX4, SAA1) PRRs. Selected PRRs were also correlated with both bleeding on probing (BOP) and pocket depth (PD) in the animals. These findings suggest that aged animals express altered levels of various PRRs that could affect the ability of the tissues to interact effectively with the juxtaposed microbial ecology, presumably contributing to an enhanced risk of periodontitis even in clinically healthy oral mucosal tissues with aging.
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Envelhecimento/imunologia , Gengivite/imunologia , Mucosa Bucal/imunologia , Periodontite/imunologia , Receptores de Reconhecimento de Padrão/metabolismo , Animais , Gengiva/imunologia , Homeostase , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno , Humanos , Macaca mulatta , Análise em Microsséries , Modelos Animais , Moléculas com Motivos Associados a Patógenos/imunologia , Receptores de Reconhecimento de Padrão/genética , TranscriptomaRESUMO
An experiment was carried out to determine the effect of supplementing ground pods of Enterolobium cyclocarpum in a basal ration of Pennisetum purpureum grass on feed intake, rumen volatile fatty acids (VFAs), and protozoa and methane (CH4) production by hair sheep. Four male sheep (Pelibuey × Katahdin) with a mean live weight of 27.0 kg (SD ± 0.5) were supplemented with 0.00, 0.15, 0.30, and 0.45 kg of dry matter (DM) of E. cyclocarpum pods daily; equivalent to 0.00, 4.35, 8.70, and 13.05 g of crude saponins, respectively. Dry matter intake (DMI), organic matter intake (OMI), and molar proportions of propionic acid increased linearly (P < 0.05) as pods of E. cyclocarpum in the ration were increased. Higher intakes of DM and OM were found when lambs were fed 0.45 kg DM per day of E. cyclocarpum, and the highest proportion of propionic acid (0.21 and 0.22, respectively) was obtained with 0.15 and 0.30 kg of DM per lamb of E. cyclocarpum, while apparent digestibility of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and molar proportion of acetic acid were reduced (P < 0.05). Rumen CH4 production decreased (P < 0.05) when 0.30 and 0.45 kg of DM/lamb/day of E. cyclocarpum were fed (21.8 and 25.3 L CH4/lamb/day, respectively). These results suggest that to improve the feeding of sheep fed tropical grass, it is advisable to supplement the basal ration with up to 0.30 kg DM of E. cyclocarpum pods.
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Digestão/efeitos dos fármacos , Fabaceae , Fermentação/efeitos dos fármacos , Metano/metabolismo , Saponinas/administração & dosagem , Ração Animal/análise , Animais , Fibras na Dieta , Suplementos Nutricionais , Ingestão de Alimentos , Ácidos Graxos Voláteis/metabolismo , Masculino , Pennisetum , Rúmen/metabolismo , Rúmen/parasitologia , Saponinas/metabolismo , Ovinos , Carneiro DomésticoRESUMO
The aim of the experiment was to assess the effect of condensed tannins (CT) on feed intake, dry matter digestibility, nitrogen balance, supply of microbial protein to the small intestine and energy utilization in cattle fed a basal ration of Pennisetum purpureum grass. Five heifers (Bos taurus × Bos indicus) with an average live weight of 295 ± 19 kg were allotted to five treatments consisting of increasing levels of CT (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4% CT/kg DM) in a 5 × 5 Latin square design. Dry matter intake (DMI) was similar (p > 0.05) between treatments containing 0, 1, 2 and 3% of CT/kg DM and it was reduced (p < 0.05) to 4% CT (5.71 kg DM/day) with respect to that observed with 0% CT (6.65 kg DM/day). Nitrogen balance, purine derivatives excretion in urine, microbial protein synthesis and efficiency of synthesis of microbial nitrogen in the rumen were not affected (p ≥ 0.05) by the increase in the levels of condensed tannins in the ration. Energy loss as CH4 was on average 2.7% of the gross energy consumed daily. Metabolizable energy intake was 49.06 MJ/day in cattle fed low-quality tropical grass with a DMI of 6.27 kg/day. It is concluded that concentrations of CT between 2 and 3% of DM of ration reduced energy loss as CH4 by 31.3% and 47.6%, respectively, without affecting intakes of dry and organic matter; however, digestibilities of dry and organic matter are negatively affected.
Assuntos
Ração Animal/análise , Bovinos/fisiologia , Dieta/veterinária , Nitrogênio/metabolismo , Pennisetum/química , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Animais , Bactérias/metabolismo , Proteínas Alimentares/análise , Digestão , Metabolismo Energético , Feminino , Purinas/metabolismoRESUMO
The aim of this study was to estimate the genetic parameters for preweaning traits and their relationship with reproductive, productive and morphological traits in alpacas. The data were collected from 2001 to 2015 in the Pacomarca experimental farm. The data set contained data from 4330 females and 3788 males corresponding to 6396 and 1722 animals for Huacaya and Suri variants, respectively. The number of records for Huacaya and Suri variants were 5494 and 1461 for birth weight (BW), 5429 and 1431 for birth withers height (BH), 3320 and 896 for both weaning weight (WW) and average daily gain (DG) from birth to weaning, 3317 and 896 for weaning withers height (WH), and 5514 and 1474 for survival to weaning. The reproductive traits analyzed were age at first calving and calving interval. The fiber traits were fiber diameter (FD), standard deviation of FD (SD), comfort factor and coefficient of variation of FD and the morphological traits studied were density, crimp in Huacaya and lock structure in Suri, head, coverage and balance. Regarding preweaning traits, model of analysis included additive, maternal and residual random effects for all traits, with sex, coat color, number of calving, month-year and contemporary group as systematic effects, and age at weaning as linear covariate for WW and WH. The most relevant direct heritabilities for Huacaya and Suri were 0.50 and 0.34 for WW, 0.36 and 0.66 for WH, 0.45 and 0.20 for DG, respectively. Maternal heritabilities were 0.25 and 0.38 for BW, 0.18 and 0.32 for BH, 0.29 and 0.39 for WW, 0.19 and 0.26 for WH, 0.27 and 0.36 for DG, respectively. Direct genetic correlations within preweaning traits were high and favorable and lower between direct and maternal genetic effects. The genetic correlations of preweaning traits with fiber traits were moderate and unfavorable. With morphological traits they were high and positive for Suri but not for Huacaya and favorable for direct genetic effect but unfavorable for maternal genetic effect with reproductive traits. If the selection objective was meat production, the selection would have to be based on the direct genetic effect for WW but not on the maternal genetic effect that has been shown to have less relevance. Other weaning traits such as WH or DG would be indirectly selected.
Assuntos
Camelídeos Americanos/fisiologia , Cabelo/fisiologia , Reprodução , Animais , Peso ao Nascer , Camelídeos Americanos/anatomia & histologia , Camelídeos Americanos/genética , Feminino , Cabelo/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Masculino , Fenótipo , DesmameRESUMO
El presente artículo corresponde a un ensayo que tiene por objetivo mostrar experiencias de intervención de terapiaocupacional en el ámbito de la salud mental infanto juvenil. Se pretende reflexionar en cómo esta disciplina desde su quehacer práctico profesional contribuye a garantizar los derechos, desde las atenciones en dispositivos de salud. El documento está conformado por cuatro experiencias de Intervención en contextos de salud pública que se vinculan con los principios rectores de la Convención internacional de los Derechos del Niño, los cuales se constituyen en los pilares para el ejercicio de todos los derechos que se establecen en el tratado. Como parte del análisis de este documento se concluye lo relevante que resulta la generación de políticas públicas atingentes a las necesidades de esta población, ya que de no ser así se reproducen prácticas normalizantes que atentan contra la autonomía de sujetos. En este sentido es fundamental realizar intervenciones situadas que promuevan la inclusión y participación de niños, niñas y jóvenes como actores sociales.
This article corresponds to an essay that has for purpose to show occupational therapy experiences of intervention in child and adolescent mental health. It is intended to reflect how this discipline, from the professional practice, contributes to guarantee rights, from health care devices. The document has four intervention experiences in public health context, that are bound to the founding principles of the international Convention of Children Rights, which constitute the pillars for the exercise of the rights established in the treaty. As part of the analysis of this document, it is concluded how relevant it results the development of public politics related to the needs of this population; because if not, normal practices are reproduced, and they affect the autonomy of the subject. In this way, it is important to develop located interventions, to promote the inclusion and participation of boys, girls and young boys as social actors.