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Since the inception of the field of evolution, mimicry has yielded insights into foundational evolutionary processes, including adaptive peak shifts, speciation, and the emergence and maintenance of phenotypic polymorphisms.1,2,3 In recent years, the coevolutionary processes generating mimicry have gained increasing attention from researchers. Despite significant advances in understanding Batesian and Müllerian mimicry in Lepidopteran systems, few other mimetic systems have received similar detailed research. Here, we present a Batesian mimicry complex involving flightless, armored Pachyrhynchus weevils and their winged Doliops longhorn beetle mimics and examine their coevolutionary patterns within the Philippine archipelagos. Pachyrhynchus weevils are primarily found in the Philippines, where distinct species radiations have occurred on different islands, each with unique color patterns serving as a warning to predators. This defensive trait and mimicry between unrelated species were first described by Wallace in 1889. Notably, the distantly related longhorn beetle Doliops, despite being soft-bodied and ostensibly palatable, mimics the heavily armored, flightless Pachyrhynchus. To address mimicry in this system, we reconstructed the phylogeny of Doliops using a probe set consisting of 38,000 ultraconserved elements. Our study examines the following questions central to understanding the Pachyrhynchus-Doliops mimicry system: (1) to what extent are coevolutionary interactions conserved (i.e., lineage-constrained) and (2) are the codiversification patterns primarily driven by biotic or abiotic factors?4,5,6 To assess color mimicry and cospeciation, we examined the evolution of nanostructure-based warning colors and the effect of island biogeography on cospeciation. Our findings demonstrate the beetle's ability to repeatedly evolve multiple solutions to similar evolutionary challenges, evolving similar color patterns using different types of photonic crystals with varying degrees of order. We revealed that the observed pattern of cospeciation is driven mainly by abiotic factors from their biogeographic history. Unlike the patterns of coevolution seen between angiosperms and insect lineages,7 most ecological interactions do not persist longer than a few million years, leading to patterns of modularity rather than ecological nestedness.4,6,7.
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We describe and illustrate two new species from two previously monotypic genera Eumacrocyrtus Schultze, 1923 and Enoplocyrtus Yoshitake, 2017 from Luzon Island, Philippines: Eumacrocyrtusrobertfoxisp. nov., and Enoplocyrtusangelalcalaisp. nov.Eumacrocyrtusrobertfoxisp. nov. serves as a new record for Luzon Island for Eumacrocyrtus which was only previously represented by E.canlaonensis Schultze, 1923 from Negros Island whereas Enoplocyrtusangelalcalaisp. nov. serves as an additional record of Enoplocyrtus in Mountain Province in Luzon Island. The discovery of these two new species from the Zoological Collections of the Philippine National Museum, collected in 1947 and 1985, respectively, highlights the value of natural history collections for the present and future generations of researchers.
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We describe and illustrate two new species of Glenea Newman, 1842 from the Philippines: G. barsevskisi sp. nov. and G. vitali sp. nov. Both species belong to the subgenus Glenea sçnsu strictô. At present, the total number of Glenea species in the Philippines is 89 (79 species and 10 subspecies).
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Besouros , Animais , Filipinas , Distribuição AnimalRESUMO
The evolutionary origins of mimicry in the Easter egg weevil, Pachyrhynchus, have fascinated researchers since first noted more than a century ago by Alfred Russel Wallace. Müllerian mimicry, or mimicry in which 2 or more distasteful species look similar, is widespread throughout the animal kingdom. Given the varied but discrete color patterns in Pachyrhynchus, this genus presents one of the best opportunities to study the evolution of both perfect and imperfect mimicry. We analyzed more than 10,000 UCE loci using a novel partitioning strategy to resolve the relationships of closely related species in the genus. Our results indicate that many of the mimetic color patterns observed in sympatric species are due to convergent evolution. We suggest that this convergence is driven by positive frequency-dependent selection. [Biogeography, discrete traits, frequency-dependent selection, mimicry, partitioning, Philippines, polymorphic, UCE.].
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Mimetismo Biológico , Besouros , Gorgulhos , Animais , Gorgulhos/genética , Filogenia , FilipinasRESUMO
Two new species of the genus Metapocyrtus Heller, 1912 from the islands of Homonhon and Mindanao: Metapocyrtus (Sclerocyrtus) rolandmuelleri Cabras and Mainda sp. nov. and Metapocyrtus (Sclerocyrtus) dabaw Cabras and Mainda sp. nov. are described and illustrated in this paper. It is also proposed to transfer a species from the subgenus Artapocyrtus Heller, 1912 to Sclerocyrtus Heller, 1912: Metapocyrtus (Sclerocyrtus) latinasus Heller, 1925.
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Besouros , Gorgulhos , Animais , FilipinasRESUMO
Two new species of the genus Metapocyrtus subgenus Trachycyrtus, Metapocyrtus baltazarae sp. nov. Cabras & Bollino (Luzon) and M. siargaonon sp. nov. Bollino & Cabras (Mindanao) from the Philippines are described, illustrated and compared with related species. The new species epithets are derived in honor of Dr. Clare Baltazar as Metapocyrtus (Trachycyrtus) baltazarae sp.nov., and Metapocyrtus (Trachycyrtus) siargaonon sp.nov. after the indigenous inhabitants of Siargao Island.
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Besouros , Gorgulhos , Animais , FilipinasRESUMO
As the number of observations submitted to the citizen science platform iNaturalist continues to grow, it is increasingly important that these observations can be identified to the finest taxonomic level, maximizing their value for biodiversity research. Here, we explore the benefits of acting as an identifier on iNaturalist.
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Ciência do Cidadão , BiodiversidadeRESUMO
In the present contribution two new species of the genus Gauromaia (Tenebrionidae: Cnodalonini), namely G. ruffordi sp. nov. and G. kitangladensis sp. nov. from the island of Mindanao (Philippines) are described and illustrated.
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Besouros , Distribuição Animal , Animais , FilipinasRESUMO
The brilliant appearance of Easter Egg weevils, genus Pachyrhynchus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae), originates from complex dielectric nanostructures within their elytral scales and elytra. Previous work, investigating singular members of the Pachyrhynchus showed the presence of either quasi-ordered or ordered 3D photonic crystals based on the single diamond ( Fd3¯m ) symmetry in their scales. However, little is known about the diversity of the structural coloration mechanisms within the family. Here, the optical properties within Pachyrhynchus are investigated by systematically identifying their spectral and structural characteristics. Four principal traits that vary their appearance are identified and the evolutionary history of these traits to identify ecological trends are reconstructed. The results indicate that the coloration mechanisms across the Easter Egg weevils are diverse and highly plastic across closely related species with features appearing at multiple independent times across their phylogeny. This work lays a foundation for a better understanding of the various forms of quasi-ordered and ordered diamond photonic crystal within arthropods.
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Besouros , Nanoestruturas , Gorgulhos , Animais , Besouros/química , Diamante , Nanoestruturas/química , FótonsRESUMO
Three new species of genus Metapocyrtus Heller, 1912, subgenus Orthocyrtus Heller, 1912 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae, Pachyrhynchini) from Mindanao Island, Philippines are described: M. (O.) regalissp. nov., M. (O.) tbolisp. nov., and M. (O.) reaganisp. nov. Photographs of their habitus and male genitalia are presented.
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A catalog of the genus Cylindrepomus Blanchard, 1853 in the Philippines, along with the description of a new species from northern Mindanao, is presented. Notes on the ecology, threats, and conservation of the new species are also provided.
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Two new species of the genus MetapocyrtusHeller, 1912,subgenusOrthocyrtus Heller, 1912 are described and illustrated from southern Mindanao, Philippines: M. (O.) melibengoysp. nov. and M. (O.) flomloksp. nov. Another two species were transferred from the subgenus Artapocyrtus Heller, 1912 to Orthocyrtus, namely, M. (O.) willietorresi Cabras & Medina, 2018 and M. (O.) villalobosaePatano et al., 2021. Ecological notes are provided.
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BACKGROUND: The genus Metapocyrtus Heller, 1912 is the most speciose and taxonomically complex genus in the tribe Pachyrhynchini. It is known to be endemic in the Philippines, with most species having a very narrow range of distribution. There are already more than 230 species of Metapocyrtus documented in the Philippines. NEW INFORMATION: Metapocyrtusdagtum sp. nov., a new species of the genus Metapocyrtus Heller, 1912 from Davao de Oro, Mindanao Island, Philippines, is described with brief notes about its ecology. Its specific epithet is from the Cebuano word "dagtum" which means pitch black referring to the colour of the integument of the species.
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Patterns of genomic architecture across insects remain largely undocumented or decoupled from a broader phylogenetic context. For instance, it is unknown whether translocation rates differ between insect orders. We address broad scale patterns of genome architecture across Insecta by examining synteny in a phylogenetic framework from open-source insect genomes. To accomplish this, we add a chromosome level genome to a crucial lineage, Coleoptera. Our assembly of the Pachyrhynchus sulphureomaculatus genome is the first chromosome scale genome for the hyperdiverse Phytophaga lineage and currently the largest insect genome assembled to this scale. The genome is significantly larger than those of other weevils, and this increase in size is caused by repetitive elements. Our results also indicate that, among beetles, there are instances of long-lasting (>200 Ma) localization of genes to a particular chromosome with few translocation events. While some chromosomes have a paucity of translocations, intra-chromosomal synteny was almost absent, with gene order thoroughly shuffled along a chromosome. This large amount of reshuffling within chromosomes with few inter-chromosomal events contrasts with patterns seen in mammals in which the chromosomes tend to exchange larger blocks of material more readily. To place our findings in an evolutionary context, we compared syntenic patterns across Insecta in a phylogenetic framework. For the first time, we find that synteny decays at an exponential rate relative to phylogenetic distance. Additionally, there are significant differences in decay rates between insect orders, this pattern was not driven by Lepidoptera alone which has a substantially different rate.
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Besouros/genética , Sintenia/genética , Gorgulhos/genética , Animais , Evolução Biológica , Cromossomos/genética , Evolução Molecular , Genoma de Inseto/genética , Genômica/métodos , FilogeniaRESUMO
How flightless animals disperse to remote oceanic islands is a key unresolved question in biogeography. The flightless Pachyrhynchus weevils represent repetitive colonization history in West Pacific islands, which attracted our interests about how some weevils have successfully dispersed in the reverse direction against the sea current. Here, we propose endozoochory as a possible mechanism that the eggs of the weevils might be carried by embedded in the fruits as the food of frugivorous birds. In this study, Pachyrhynchus eggs were embedded in small pieces of persimmon fruits (Diospyros kaki) and fed to captive frugivorous birds. After digestion, 83%-100% eggs were retrieved from the feces of a bulbul (Hypsipetes leucocephalus) and two thrushes (Turdus chrysolaus). The retrieved eggs had hatching rates higher than 84%, which were not different from the control. In contrast, no egg was retrieved from the feces of the frugivorous pigeon (Treron sieboldii), which took a longer retention time in the guts. Our study identified that the eggs of Pachyrhynchus weevils are possible to be transported by internal digesting in some bird species.
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Two new species of Metapocyrtus Heller, 1912, subgenus Orthocyrtus Heller, 1912 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae, Pachyrhynchini) are described and illustrated from Mindanao Island, Philippines. The species are Metapocyrtus (Orthocyrtus) davaoensissp. nov. and Metapocyrtus (Orthocyrtus) hirakuisp. nov. from Davao City and Bukidnon, respectively. Brief bionomical notes and phenotypic characters compared to their sympatric Entiminae counterparts are also reported. The discovery of M. (O.) davaoensissp. nov. in Davao City confirms how understudied Coleoptera are in Mindanao and underlines the potential for the discovery of new species even in highly urbanized areas.
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Background: The genus Metapocyrtus Heller, 1912 is the most speciose and complex amongst the tribe Pachyrhynchini with seven subgenera and more than 200 described species. The genus is endemic to the Philippines and remains largely unknown particularly in the less explored areas or mountains. New information: Four new species of Metapocyrtus Heller, 1912 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae, Pachyrhynchini), are described from Mindanao Island, Philippines. Brief bionomical notes and mimicry with their sympatric beetles and other insect counterparts are also reported.
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A description of a new species from the genus Metapocyrtus Heller, 1912 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Pachyrhynchini) from Mt Kitanglad Range Natural Park, an ASEAN Heritage Site in northern Mindanao is presented and illustrated. The recent discovery is also the first mimic record of Pachyrhynchuscumingii GR Waterhouse, 1841 which are both found in the same locality. A Coptorhynchus sp. showing similar elytral patterns was also documented to be part of the mimicry complex. The new species differs from the other two species in having a distinct transverse groove between forehead and rostrum and the antennal scape reaching beyond the hind margin of the eye.
