Prevalence of cigarette smoking: a cross-sectional survey between individual and team sport athletes.

BACKGROUND: Studies on the relationship between sport and smoking among adolescents and young adults reported contradictory results: some findings indicate that sport is a protective factor against smoking initiation, while other studies documented the inclination to unhealthy habits among athletes. The aim of this study was to evaluate smoking prevalence in a sample of young athletes practicing team (football, basket) or individual (swim) sports. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study carried out in a convenience sample of athletes. METHODS: The survey was performed by a self-administered, anonymous questionnaire. RESULTS: The study included 327 athletes, 81.0% male, with an average age of 16 years; 36.7% play football, 31.8% basketball, and 31.5% swim. Smoking prevalence among participants was 16.8%. Basket and soccer players were 3 times more likely to be current smokers (20.1%), particularly those aged 16-18 years (35.9%), compared to swimmers (7.8%; in 16-18 year-old: 11.3%). Moreover, basket and soccer players were 7 times more likely to be smokers and to smoke before the practice session compared to swimmers. CONCLUSION: Smoking prevalence in all athletes was lower than that observed in youths. However, athletes of team sports were three times more likely to smoke than athletes of sprint and resistance sports. The reason is likely to be psychological: these sports, not focusing on the individual physical performance, allow athletes to feel less responsible for successes of their teams. It is essential to ensure a specific alliance for prevention between Health and Sport authorities, such as Federations and sporting societies, in order to develop interventions to inform athletes of team sports about the health and physical risks associated to smoking.

Alemtuzumab-induced thyroid events in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: Autoimmune thyroid events (ATEs) are common side effects after alemtuzumab (ALZ) therapy in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Our purpose was to reach more robust evidence on prevalence and outcome of the spectrum of alemtuzumab-induced autoimmune thyroid events in patients with multiple sclerosis. METHODS: PubMed and Scopus were systematically searched through July 2019. Studies dealing with patients without personal history of thyroid dysfunctions and affected by MS treated with ALZ and reporting ATEs were selected. Data on prevalence and outcome of ATEs were extracted. A proportion of meta-analysis with random-effects model was performed. RESULTS: Considering the overall pooled number of 1362 MS patients treated with ALZ (seven included studies), a 33% prevalence of newly diagnosed ATEs was recorded. Among all ATEs, Graves' disease (GD) was the most represented [63% of cases, 95% confidence interval (CI) 52-74%], followed by Hashimoto thyroiditis (15%, 95% CI 10-22%). Interestingly, GD showed a fluctuating course in 15% of cases (95% CI 8-25%). Of all GD, 12% (95% CI 2-42%) likely had spontaneous remission, 56% (95% CI 34-76%) required only antithyroid drugs, 22% (95% CI 13-32%) needed additional RAI, and 11% (95% CI 0.9-29%) underwent definitive surgery. CONCLUSION: Among different categories of ATEs, Graves' hyperthyroidism was the most common thyroid dysfunction, occurring in more than half of cases. Antithyroid drugs should represent the first-line treatment for ALZ-induced GD patients. However, alemtuzumab-induced GD could not be considered as having a more favourable outcome than conventional GD, given the substantial chance to encounter a fluctuating and unpredictable course.

Isoxazolo[3,4-d]pyridazinones and analogues as Leishmania mexicana PDE inhibitors.

A series of isoxazolopyridazinones and analogues has been prepared and evaluated as Leishmania mexicana phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors. Some of the synthesized compounds showed a moderate PDE inhibitory activity at 100 microM and preliminary structure-activity relationships were discussed.

The cortical serotonin2 receptors studied with positron-emission tomography and [18F]-setoperone during depressive illness and antidepressant treatment with clomipramine.

BACKGROUND: Changes in serotonin (5-HT)2 receptor densities were reported in depression by postmortem studies and following treatment with tricyclic antidepressants in animal studies. Here, 5-HT2 receptors were studied in vivo in depressed patients. METHODS: Cortical 5-HT2 receptors were investigated prospectively using positron-emission tomography and [18F]-setoperone in 7 depressed patients, before and after at least 3 weeks of clomipramine (CMI), 150 mg daily. They were compared to 7 age-matched controls. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between the untreated patients and the controls, except in the frontal region, where the [18F]-setoperone specific binding was slightly lower in patients. After CMI treatment, depression scores significantly improved and [18F]-setoperone specific binding decreased in cortical regions, suggesting receptor occupancy and/or receptor regulation, by CMI; however, no clinical score correlated with the 5-HT2 receptor measurements either in the untreated or in the treated conditions. CONCLUSIONS: These data substantiate the view that tricyclic antidepressants such as clomipramine significantly interact with cortical 5-HT2 serotoninergic receptors in actual therapeutic situations.

Frontal dysfunction in neurologically normal chronic alcoholic subjects: metabolic and neuropsychological findings.

BACKGROUND: Neuropsychological and imaging studies suggest that frontal dysfunction may occur in apparently normal chronic alcoholic subjects. METHODS: To investigate this issue further, we performed neuropsychological and fluorodeoxy-glucose-PET studies in 17 chronic alcoholics without patent neurological and psychiatric complications. RESULTS: Metabolic abnormalities were found in the mediofrontal and in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, but not in the orbitofrontal cortex. Neuropsychological testing revealed significantly reduced verbal fluency and impaired performance on the Stroop test. The mediofrontal hypometabolism correlated with the reduction in verbal fluency and the time necessary to perform the interference condition of the Stroop test. The left dorsolateral prefrontal hypometabolism correlated with the number of errors on the Stroop test. CONCLUSION: These data indicate that circumscribed frontal dysfunctions may occur in chronic alcoholic subjects before clinically obvious neurological complications, and may account for some of the alcohol-related neuropsychological and behavioural impairments.

Presynaptic dopaminergic function in the striatum of schizophrenic patients.

The dopaminergic hypothesis of schizophrenia postulates increased brain dopaminergic activity. Two previous studies reported increased 18F-DOPA uptake with positron emission tomography in schizophrenic patients (n = 5, n = 7). In the present study, striatal dopaminergic function was assessed in vivo in six untreated schizophrenics and seven control subjects, comparable for age and sex. The 18F-fluoro-L-DOPA (18F-DOPA) uptake rate constant Ki was determined in the caudate and putamen using coregistered positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. No difference between groups for mean Ki was found. The variability of the 18F-DOPA uptake values was higher in the caudate (p < 0.01) and in the putamen (p < 0.001) in schizophrenic patients than in control subjects, suggesting that schizophrenia is a disorder involving heterogeneous states of the striatal presynaptic dopaminergic function.

In vivo characteristics of dopamine D2 receptor occupancy by amisulpride in schizophrenia.

The relationship between the daily oral dose of the benzamide amisulpride and the striatal D2-dopamine receptors occupancy was investigated in 11 schizophrenic patients using positron emission tomography with 76Br-bromolisuride. The patients were studied before and during chronic treatment with amisulpride over a wide range of doses. The test-retest variability of the method was estimated to be 5.8% in a group of four patients receiving placebo. A curvilinear relationship was demonstrated between the amisulpride doses and the D2-receptor occupancy. A range of 70-80% occupancy of the striatal D2 receptors, suggested as an optimal interval for therapeutic action on positive psychotic symptoms, was obtained with doses of amisulpride ranging between 630 and 910 mg per day, while an occupancy of 85%, suggested to be associated with pronounced extrapyramidal side-effects, was reached with 1,100 mg per day.

Peduncular 'rubral' tremor and dopaminergic denervation: a PET study.

Lesions causing so-called rubral tremors frequently involve the substantia nigra or the nigrostriatal fibers, suggesting dopaminergic denervation as possibly contributory. We examined this hypothesis using PET and [18F]-fluorodopa in six patients with a contralateral tremor following a peduncular lesion. The denervation revealed by PET was even more marked than in severe parkinsonian patients. All patients showed partial to complete improvement with levodopa therapy. PET evaluation of D2-receptors with [76Br]bromolisuride showed no asymmetry of the D2 binding despite the important asymmetry of 18F-fluorodopa uptake. Our results indicate an important involvement of the nigral dopaminergic system in peduncular tremors that appears to be independent of postsynaptic dopamine receptors.

Delusional misidentification: a clinical, neuropsychological and brain imaging case study.

The case of a young woman with a disorder involving Capgras syndrome, Frégoli syndrome, intermetamorphosis, and the subjective-doubles syndrome is reported. Neuropsychological assessment showed a low efficiency in the complex visuospatial organization tasks and in non-verbal memory. MRI found a left lenticular hypodensity, and two PET scans performed in the symptomatic and recovered states showed significant changes and asymmetries in cerebral glucose metabolism in the frontal, parietal, and subcortical regions. These findings are discussed with respect to recent models of delusional misidentification syndromes.

Central D2 receptors and negative symptoms of schizophrenia.

Most in vivo studies of striatal D2 receptor (SD2R) density with positron emission tomography in schizophrenia have attempted to relate this variable to the diagnosis of the illness. In the present study, a relationship between SD2R and clinical dimensions of this psychosis was searched for in a highly selected group of young negative schizophrenics (8 drug-naïve and 2 drug-free). The SD2R density index measured in vivo using 76Br-bromolisuride and PET correlated negatively (r = 0.80, P < 0.01) with a psychomotor dimension of schizophrenia involving blunted affect and alogia. The mean SD2R index of the patients did not differ from that of age-matched control subjects. Therefore, this behavioural dimension accounts for the variance of the SD2R, suggesting that the striatal dopamine system modulates symptoms such as flattened affect and alogia.

[Positron-emission tomographic study of the dopaminergic system in a case of secondary unilateral tremor after mesencephalic hematoma]. / Etude du système dopaminergique en tomographie par émission de positons dans un cas de tremblement unilatéral secondaire à un hématome mésencéphalique.

A 30 year-old woman developed a postural and rest tremor of the left hand following a right peduncular post-traumatic hematoma. Two years later, positron emission tomography showed a marked decrease in [18F] fluorodopa uptake contrasting with a normal [76Br] bromolisuride uptake in the right striatum. This suggests that: 1) chronic unilateral dopaminergic striatal denervation may occur without persistent D2 dopaminergic receptor upregulation in humans; and 2) symptomatic mesencephalic tremor may be, at least in part, related to dopaminergic striatal denervation.

Increased thromboxane biosynthesis in patients with polycythemia vera: evidence for aspirin-suppressible platelet activation in vivo.

Increased thromboxane (TX) production and modified aspirin sensitivity has been detected in vitro in platelets isolated from patients with polycythemia vera. To verify the relevance of these capacity-related measurements to the actual rate of TXA2 biosynthesis in vivo and its suppression by oral aspirin, we have investigated the urinary excretion of major enzymatic metabolites of TXB2 in 17 patients with polycythemia vera and 23 gender- and age-matched controls. Urinary 11-dehydro-TXB2 and 2,3-dinor-TXB2 were measured by previously validated radioimmunoassays. In addition, urinary immunoreactive leukotriene (LT) E4 was measured to explore the 5-lipoxygenase pathway of arachidonate metabolism. Polycythemic patients had significantly (P < .001) higher excretion rates of both 11-dehydro-TXB2 (1,033 +/- 1,050 v 117 +/- 45 pmol/mmol creatinine; mean +/- SD) and 2,3-dinor-TXB2 (725 +/- 676 v 82 +/- 43 pmol/mmol creatinine) than controls. In contrast, urinary LTE4 was not significantly different. Enhanced metabolite excretion did not correlate with the platelet count or with the hematocrit value, and was not related to the current treatment or to a clinical history of thrombotic complications. Platelet TX receptor studies did not show any significant changes in the binding characteristics of two different ligands. A platelet-selective regimen of aspirin therapy (50 mg/d for 7 to 14 days) was associated with greater than 80% suppression in metabolite excretion in nine patients. These results are consistent with abnormal stimuli operating in polycythemia vera to induce a selective enhancement in the platelet biosynthesis of TXA2 without changes in receptor binding. This in vivo abnormality in platelet biochemistry can be largely suppressed by low doses of aspirin.

Oxidation of membrane proteins and functional activity of band 3 in human red cell senescence.

The state of oxidation of membrane proteins was analyzed in red cell subpopulations of different age by quantifying the oxidation of methionine to its sulfoxide and by determining the amount of thiol groups in ghost membrane preparations and the reactivity of thiols of individual membrane proteins in intact cells. The results obtained show that oxidation of methionine occurs early during red cell life in the circulation, and can be detected in middle-aged and senescent cells. Thiol content of ghost membranes is kept constant in all the red cell subpopulations analyzed, but reactivity of thiol groups to the thiol reagent N-(7-dimethyl-amino-4-methyl-coumarinyl) maleimide (DACM) in intact cells decreased 30% in alpha-spectrin, band 3 (B3), 4.1 and 4.2 proteins, probably as a consequence of conformational changes of these molecules. Since the role played by band 3 in the exposure of senescence antigen has been described by many authors, the functional activity of the anion transporter has been analyzed by measuring the 4-4'-diisothiocyano-stilbene-2-2-'-disulfonate (DIDS) binding capacity in different red cell subpopulations. The results obtained are in agreement with the possibility that during senescence band 3 undergoes conformational changes involving the anion channel subsite being more exposed to the extracellular space and responsible for binding of DIDS.

Influence of serum proteins on fructosamine concentration in multiple myeloma.

Serum fructosamine levels in 36 subjects with various types of multiple myeloma and in 64 normal controls were evaluated by means of a Nitroblue tetrazolium colorimetric assay. Only the IgA myeloma group showed significantly raised serum fructosamine values (P less than 0.001). In the IgG myeloma group, which showed a higher mean serum protein concentration, serum fructosamine levels were not significantly different from controls. The study shows that elevated IgA levels do influence serum fructosamine and this effect should be taken into due consideration in order to avoid possible misinterpretations in evaluating this widely used index of glucose metabolism.

Evidence for membrane protein oxidation during in vivo aging of human erythrocytes.

Oxidative lesions to membrane proteins were studied in human erythrocytes of different age and were evaluated on ghost membrane preparations by assaying thiol and methionine sulphoxide groups, and in situ on intact cells, after treating erythrocytes with the fluorochrome N-(7-dimethyl-amino-4-methyl-coumarinyl) maleimide (DACM). DACM reacts with thiol groups and the amount of this reagent bound by membrane proteins was quantified after SDS-PAGE separation. Results obtained show that during aging of normal cells the oxidative state of membrane proteins increases: this was better shown by the assay of methionine sulphoxide residues rather than by the thiol titration, when studies were carried out on ghost membranes. After separation of individual membrane proteins by SDS-PAGE, decreased accessibility of DACM to thiol groups of band 3 and of the main proteins of the membrane skeleton was evident in senescent erythrocytes. These results show that during aging, band 3 and membrane skeleton proteins undergo conformational changes and/or oxidation. Similar results were obtained when thiol distribution was studied in membrane proteins separated by SDS-PAGE in both reducing and non-reducing conditions.