Nobody's land? The oldest evidence of early Upper Paleolithic settlements in inland Iberia.

The Iberian Peninsula is a key region for unraveling human settlement histories of Eurasia during the period spanning the decline of Neandertals and the emergence of anatomically modern humans (AMH). There is no evidence of human occupation in central Iberia after the disappearance of Neandertals ~42,000 years ago until approximately 26,000 years ago, rendering the region "nobody's land" during the Aurignacian period. The Abrigo de la Malia provides irrefutable evidence of human settlements dating back to 36,200 to 31,760 calibrated years before the present (cal B.P.) This site also records additional levels of occupation around 32,420 to 26,260 cal B.P., suggesting repeated settlement of this territory. Our multiproxy examination identifies a change in climate trending toward colder and more arid conditions. However, this climatic deterioration does not appear to have affected AMH subsistence strategies or their capacity to inhabit this region. These findings reveal the ability of AMH groups to colonize regions hitherto considered uninhabitable, reopening the debate on early Upper Paleolithic population dynamics of southwestern Europe.

What Matters When Examining Attitudes of Economic Abuse? Gender and Student Status as Predictors of Blaming, Minimizing, and Excusing Economic Abuse.

Extensive research has been conducted regarding attitudes toward various types and patterns of violence against intimate partners, but there is a lack of research on attitudes toward economic abuse in general. In the current study, we examined attitudes toward economic abuse by examining how participants blamed the victim, minimized the economic abuse, and excused the perpetrator in hypothetical scenarios. We also examined two characteristics of participants: binary gender differences (i.e., woman, man) and differences between students and non-students. Participants (N = 239) were recruited via the SONA system of a private university (n = 120) and via Amazon's Mechanical Turk (n = 119). Participants were randomly assigned to read one of two hypothetical scenarios to evaluate how scenario condition (i.e., victim employed, victim unemployed), participant gender, and participant student status predicted attitudes toward economic abuse involving blaming, minimizing, and excusing. Moreover, we also examined ambivalent sexism and gender role ideology as predictors. A 2 (scenario condition: job, no job) × 2 (participant gender: woman, man) × 2 (student status: college student, non-college student) MANOVA indicated main effects of both participant gender and participant student status. Follow-up ANOVAs revealed that men were more likely to blame victims, minimize the economic abuse, and excuse perpetrators compared to women. Additionally, students were less likely to minimize the economic abuse compared to non-students. Moreover, both hostile sexism and traditional gender role ideology were significant predictors. Implications of the findings and future directions for researchers are discussed.

Medial amygdala ERα expression influences monogamous behaviour of male prairie voles in the field.

Formation of long-term pair-bonds is a complex process, involving multiple neural circuits and is context- and experience-dependent. While laboratory studies using prairie voles have identified the involvement of several neural mechanisms, efforts to translate these findings into predictable field outcomes have been inconsistent at best. Here we test the hypothesis that inhibition of oestrogen receptor alpha (ERα) in the medial amygdala of male prairie voles would significantly increase the expression of social monogamy in the field. Prairie vole populations of equal sex ratio were established in outdoor enclosures with males bred for high levels of ERα expression and low levels of prosocial behaviour associated with social monogamy. Medial amygdala ERα expression was knocked down in half the males per population. Knockdown males displayed a greater degree of social monogamy in five of the eight behavioural indices assessed. This study demonstrates the robust nature of ERα in playing a critical role in the expression of male social monogamy in a field setting.

Adolescent fluoxetine treatment mediates a persistent anxiety-like outcome in female C57BL/6 mice that is ameliorated by fluoxetine re-exposure in adulthood.

The objective of this study was to evaluate whether juvenile fluoxetine (FLX) exposure induces long-term changes in baseline responses to anxiety-inducing environments, and if so, whether its re-exposure in adulthood would ameliorate this anxiety-like phenotype. An additional goal was to assess the impact of adolescent FLX pretreatment, and its re-exposure in adulthood, on serotonin transporters (5-HTT) and brain-derived-neurotrophic-factor (BDNF)-related signaling markers (TrkB-ERK1/2-CREB-proBDNF-mBDNF) within the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. To do this, female C57BL/6 mice were exposed to FLX in drinking water during postnatal-days (PD) 35-49. After a 21-day washout-period (PD70), mice were either euthanized (tissue collection) or evaluated on anxiety-related tests (open field, light/dark box, elevated plus-maze). Juvenile FLX history resulted in a persistent avoidance-like profile, along with decreases in BDNF-signaling markers, but not 5-HTTs or TrkB receptors, within both brain regions. Interestingly, FLX re-exposure in adulthood reversed the enduring FLX-induced anxiety-related responses across all behavioral tasks, while restoring ERK2-CREB-proBDNF markers to control levels and increasing mBDNF within the prefrontal cortex, but not the hippocampus. Collectively, these results indicate that adolescent FLX history mediates neurobehavioral adaptations that endure into adulthood, which are indicative of a generalized anxiety-like phenotype, and that this persistent effect is ameliorated by later-life FLX re-exposure, in a prefrontal cortex-specific manner.

Gel-to-gel non-variant transition of an organogel caused by polymorphism from nanotubes to crystallites.

An amide based gelator forms gels in trans-decalin. Below concentrations of 1 wt% the gels melt at temperatures varying with concentration. Above a concentration of 1 wt%, upon heating, the gel transforms into an opaque gel at an invariant temperature, and melts at higher temperature. The gel-to-gel transition is evidenced by several techniques: DSC, rheology, NMR, OM and turbidimetry. The phase diagram with the domain of the existence of both morphs was mapped by these techniques. Optical and electronic microscopy studies show that the first gel corresponds to the self-assembled nanotubes while the second gel is formed by crystalline fibers. The fibers are crystalline, as shown by the presence of Bragg peaks in the scattering curves. Both morphs correspond to a different H-bonding pattern as shown by FTIR. The first gel forms at a higher cooling rate, is metastable and transforms slowly into the second one. The second gel is stable. It forms at a low cooling rate, or by thermal annealing or aging of the first gel.

Diagnostic accuracy of regadenoson stress echocardiography: concordance with gated-spect myocardial perfusion imaging.

Regadenoson Stress Echocardiography (RSE) can detect myocardial ischemia, and its diagnostic accuracy should be evaluated. We sought to investigate the agreement between RSE and gated-SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) and appraise its diagnostic accuracy. Consecutive patients (n = 202) referred for non-invasive evaluation of myocardial ischemia, with (38.6%) or without a previous coronary artery disease (CAD) diagnosis, were enrolled. Both tests were performed simultaneously. Invasive coronary angiography (CA) is considered the gold standard. The mean age was 70.9 (9.8) years, and 59.9% were male. The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors (arterial hypertension [81.7%], diabetes mellitus [37.6%], hypercholesterolemia [71.8%], and smoking [18.8%]) was high. Forty-four patients (21.8%) had a non-interpretable electrocardiogram, 15 (34.1%) of them were a result of ventricular paced-rhythm, while 29 (65.9%) were a result of advanced left ventricular branch block. The overall agreement between both diagnostic techniques was good: Gwet's AC1 0.66 (CI95% 0.55 to 0.76), and it was higher in patients without a previous CAD diagnosis: 0.76 (CI95% 0.65 to 0.87). In the biased sample (those who underwent CA), RSE and nuclear study sensitivity was 0.50 and 0.78 and specificity was 0.75 and 0.75, respectively. We noted a dramatic reduction in sensitivity for RSE after debiasing (debiased sensitivity of 0.16), and the negative predictive value was similar to the biased and debiased samples. RSE is in strong agreement with gated-SPECT MPI. However, its low sensitivity and negative predictive value preclude its use as a bedside test to detect myocardial ischemia.

Clinical Outcomes Following Urgent vs. Elective Percutaneous Mitral Valve Repair.

AIM: To examine procedural and clinical outcomes among patients undergoing percutaneous mitral valve repair (PMVR) within an admission for acute-decompensated heart failure (ADHF). METHODS AND RESULTS: Prospective registry of all consecutive patients with symptomatic mitral regurgitation (MR) grade 3+ or 4+ who underwent PMVR our centre and classified in 2 groups: elective group and urgent PMVR group (within the index admission for ADHF). Echocardiographic, procedural and clinical outcomes were compared between groups. 85 patients (median age 77.0 [67.8-83.4] years, 64.7% male) were treated within the recruitment period. Among them, 17 (20%) underwent urgent MitraClip®. Urgent PMVR were at a higher risk for conventional surgery (p = 0.002) and had worse estimated prognosis according to HF risk scores (p < 0.001). Overall technical success was 100%, without differences between groups. At 30 days, no differences were found in mortality, MR reduction and in NYHA functional improvement between groups. Cumulative estimated survival free from all-cause death was 92.9% (82.4% vs. 95.6%), 89.4% (82.4% vs. 91.1%), 76.3% (82.4 vs. 74.9%) at 6 months, 1-year and 2-years, respectively, with no significant differences between urgent or elective PMVR (p = 0.769). CONCLUSION: MitraClip® implantation can be considered as an urgent therapy during admission for ADHF.

Structure of Nanotubes Self-Assembled from a Monoamide Organogelator.

Some organic compounds are known to self-assemble into nanotubes in solutions, but the packing of the molecules into the walls of the tubes is known only in a very few cases. Herein, we study two compounds forming nanotubes in alkanes. They bear a secondary alkanamide chain linked to a benzoic acid propyl ester (HUB-3) or to a butyl ester (HUB-4). They gel alkanes for concentrations above 0.2 wt.%. The structures of these gels, studied by freeze fracture electron microscopy, exhibit nanotubes: for HUB-3 their external diameters are polydisperse with a mean value of 33.3 nm; for HUB-4, they are less disperse with a mean value of 25.6 nm. The structure of the gel was investigated by small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering. The evolution of the intensities show that the tubes are metastable and transit slowly toward crystals. The intensities of the tubes of HUB-4 feature up to six oscillations. The shape of the intensities proves the tubular structure of the aggregates, and gives a measurement of 20.6 nm for the outer diameters and 11.0 nm for the inner diameters. It also shows that the electron density in the wall of the tubes is heterogeneous and is well described by a model with three layers.

Enduring effects of adolescent ketamine exposure on cocaine- and sucrose-induced reward in male and female C57BL/6 mice.

Ketamine has shown promising antidepressant efficacy for adolescent treatment-resistant depression. However, the potential enduring consequences of ketamine exposure have not been thoroughly evaluated. Thus, we examined if juvenile ketamine treatment results in long-lasting changes for the rewarding properties of sucrose and cocaine in adulthood, across three separate experiments. In Experiment 1, adolescent male and female C57BL/6 mice received ketamine (20 mg/kg) for 15 consecutive days (Postnatal Day [PD] 35-49). Twenty-one days later (PD70; adulthood) we examined their behavioral responsivity to sucrose (1%) on a two-bottle choice design, or cocaine (0, 5, 10 mg/kg) using the conditioned place preference (CPP) test. We found that juvenile ketamine-pretreatment increased preference for sucrose and environments paired with cocaine in male, but not female, adult mice. This long-term outcome was not observed when male and female mice received ketamine as adults (PD70-84) and tested for sucrose and cocaine preference 21-days later (Experiment 2). Similarly, in Experiment 3, no long-lasting differences in these measures were observed when adolescent male mice were exposed to concomitant ketamine and social stressors (PD35-44), namely the social defeat or vicarious defeat stress paradigms-procedures that mediated a depression-related phenotype (along with a ketamine antidepressant-like response). Collectively, we demonstrate that in the absence of physical or psychological stress, adolescent ketamine exposure increases later life preference for the rewarding properties of sucrose and cocaine in a sex- and age-specific manner. As such, this preclinical work provides awareness for the potential long-term behavioral consequences associated with juvenile ketamine exposure.

Adolescent fluoxetine history impairs spatial memory in adult male, but not female, C57BL/6 mice.

BACKGROUND: Epidemiological reports indicate that mood-related disorders are common in the adolescent population. The prevalence of juvenile major depressive disorder has resulted in a parallel increase in the prescription rates of fluoxetine (FLX) within this age group. Although such treatment can last for years, little is known about the enduring consequences of adolescent antidepressant exposure on memory-related performance. METHODS: We exposed separate groups of adolescent (postnatal day [PD] 35) male and female C57BL/6 mice to FLX (20 mg/kg) for 15 consecutive days (PD35-49). Three weeks after FLX exposure (PD70), we assessed learning and memory performance on a single-day training object novelty recognition test, or a spatial memory task on the Morris water maze (MWM). RESULTS: We found that FLX pretreatment did not influence performance on either the object novelty recognition task or the MWM, 24 h after training. Conversely, 48 h post spatial-training on the MWM, FLX pretreated male mice spent significantly less time on the quadrant of the missing platform during a standard probe trial. No differences in MWM performance were observed in the adult female mice pretreated with FLX. LIMITATIONS: A limitation of this study is that normal adolescent mice (i.e., non-stressed) were evaluated for memory-related behavior three weeks after antidepressant exposure. Thus, it is possible that FLX pre-exposure in combination with animal models for the study of depression may yield different results. CONCLUSION: Together, these results demonstrate enduring spatial memory-related deficiencies after pre-exposure to FLX during adolescence in male, but not female, C57BL/6 mice.

Fluoxetine exposure in adolescent and adult female mice decreases cocaine and sucrose preference later in life.

BACKGROUND: Preclinical evidence from male subjects indicates that exposure to psychotropic medications, during early development, results in long-lasting altered responses to reward-related stimuli. However, it is not known if exposure to the antidepressant fluoxetine, in female subjects specifically, changes sensitivity to natural and drug rewards, later in life. AIMS: The aim of this work was to investigate if exposure to fluoxetine mediates enduring changes in sensitivity to the rewarding properties of cocaine and sucrose, using female mice as a model system. METHODS: We exposed C57BL/6 female mice to fluoxetine (250 mg/L in their drinking water) for 15 consecutive days, either during adolescence (postnatal day 35-49) or adulthood (postnatal day 70-84). Twenty-one days later, mice were examined on their behavioral reactivity to cocaine (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 mg/kg) using the conditioned place preference paradigm, or assessed on the two-bottle sucrose (1%) test. RESULTS: We found that regardless of age of antidepressant exposure, female mice pre-exposed to fluoxetine displayed reliable conditioning to the cocaine-paired compartment. However, when compared to respective age-matched controls, antidepressant pre-exposure decreased the magnitude of conditioning at the 5 and 7.5 mg/kg cocaine doses. Furthermore, fluoxetine pre-exposure reduced sucrose preference without altering total liquid intake. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that pre-exposure to fluoxetine, during adolescence or adulthood, results in a prolonged decrease in sensitivity to the rewarding properties of both natural and drug rewards in female C57BL/6 mice.

Chitosan-Starch Films with Natural Extracts: Physical, Chemical, Morphological and Thermal Properties.

The aim of this study is to analyze the properties of a series of polysaccharide composite films, such as apparent density, color, the presence of functional groups, morphology, and thermal stability, as well as the correlation between them and their antimicrobial and optical properties. Natural antioxidants such as anthocyanins (from cranberry; blueberry and pomegranate); betalains (from beetroot and pitaya); resveratrol (from grape); and thymol and carvacrol (from oregano) were added to the films. Few changes in the position and intensity of the FTIR spectra bands were observed despite the low content of extract added to the films. Due to this fact, the antioxidants were extracted and identified by spectroscopic analysis; and they were also quantified using the Folin-Denis method and a gallic acid calibration curve, which confirmed the presence of natural antioxidants in the films. According to the SEM analysis, the presence of natural antioxidants has no influence on the film morphology because the stretch marks and white points that were observed were related to starch presence. On the other hand, the TGA analysis showed that the type of extract influences the total weight loss. The overall interpretation of the results suggests that the use of natural antioxidants as additives for chitosan-starch film preparation has a prominent impact on most of the critical properties that are decisive in making them suitable for food-packing applications.

Vicarious Social Defeat Stress Induces Depression-Related Outcomes in Female Mice.

BACKGROUND: Stress is a prevailing risk factor for mood-related illnesses, wherein women represent the majority of those affected by major depression. Despite the growing literature suggesting that affective disorders can arise after a traumatic event is vicariously experienced, this relationship remains understudied in female subjects at the preclinical level. Thus, the objective of the current investigation was to examine whether exposure to emotional and/or psychological stress (ES) mediates depression-related outcomes in female mice. METHODS: Female C57BL/6 mice (8 weeks old, null parity) vicariously experienced the defeat bout of a male conspecific, by a male CD1 aggressor, for 10 consecutive days. Twenty-four hours after the last stress exposure, female mice were tested in the social interaction, sucrose preference, tail suspension, or elevated plus maze tests. Furthermore, we examined whether ketamine and chlordiazepoxide, pharmacological agents used to treat mood-related disorders in the clinical population, would reverse the ES-induced social dysfunction. RESULTS: When compared with control mice, female mice exposed to ES displayed decreased social behavior and preference for sucrose, along with increased immobility in the tail suspension test. Also, they displayed higher levels of blood serum corticosterone, as well as decreased body weight. Lastly, the ES-induced avoidance-like phenotype was ameliorated by both ketamine and chlordiazepoxide. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that female mice exposed to ES display a behavioral and physiologic profile that mimics symptoms of depression in the clinical population. As such, this experimental model may be adopted to examine vicarious stress-induced mood-related disorders, as well as pharmacological antidepressant response, in a sex-specific manner.

Conocimientos y prácticas sobre las medidas de bioseguridad que aplica el profesional de enfermería en el cuidado del catéter venoso central del Servicio de Emergencia en el Hospital Nacional Arzobispo Loayza Lima - 2010 / Knowledge and practice biosecurity measures applied by the nurse in the care of central venous catheter Emergency Service at the National Hospital Archbishop Loayza Lima - 2010

El objetivo fue determinar los conocimientos y prácticas sobre las medidas de bioseguridad que aplica el profesional de enfermería en el cuidado del catéter venoso central (CVC). Material y Método: El estudio fue de nivel aplicativo, tipo cuantitativo, método descriptivo, de corte transversal. La población estuvo conformada por 42 Enfermeras (os) que laboran en emergencia, y la muestra por 30 Enfermeras (os). La técnica fue la encuesta y la observación, los instrumentos el cuestionario y la lista de cotejo. Resultados: Respecto a los conocimientos sobre las medidas de bioseguridad que aplica el profesional de enfermería en el cuidado del CVC, del 100 por ciento (30), 53 por ciento (16) conoce y 47 por ciento (14) desconoce. En cuanto a las prácticas, 60 por ciento (18) tiene medidas inadecuadas antes de la curación, 57 por ciento (17) adecuadas durante la curación, y 60 por ciento (18) inadecuadas después de la curación. Conclusiones: Existe un porcentaje considerable de enfermeras que conoce las medidas de bioseguridad aplicadas en el cuidado del CVC referidos a la definición y principios de bioseguridad, higiene de manos, y eliminación de guantes estériles. Los aspectos que desconocen están dados por el tiempo utilizado en la higiene de manos, colocación de barreras protectoras, y el registro de la fecha de curación del catéter. Así mismo un porcentaje considerable de enfermeras tiene prácticas adecuadas en la aplicabilidad de las medidas de bioseguridad en el cuidado del CVC referidos a la higiene de manos, utilización de guantes estériles, inspección y palpación del sitio de inserción y fijación del catéter, y eliminación de gasas y guantes contaminados. Las prácticas inadecuadas, se dan porque no explican el procedimiento al paciente, y no retiran el apósito transparente de la forma adecuada, repercutiendo seriamente en el mismo a través de la prolongación de su estancia hospitalaria, costos y procesos de restablecimiento de su salud.

The objective was to determine the knowledge and practices about applies the professional nursing care of central venous catheter (CVC) biosecurity measures. Materials and methods: The study was applicatif level, quantitative type, cross-sectional descriptive method. The population was made up by 42 nurse (os) working in emergency, and displays by 30 nurses (os). The technique was the survey and observation, the questionnaire and the list of matching instruments. Results: Regarding knowledge on Biosafety that applies the professional nursing care of the CVC 100 per cent action (30), 53 per cent (16) known and 47 per cent (14) is unknown. In practice, 60 per cent (18) has inadequate measures before curing, 57 per cent (17) appropriate during the curing process, and 60 per cent (18) inadequate of healing. Conclusions: There is a considerable percentage of nurses who knows biosecurity measures applied in the care of the CVC referred to the definition and principies of biosafety, hand hygiene and elimination of sterile gloves. Unaware aspects are given by the time spent in hands, placing protective barriers, hygiene and the registration date of healing the catheter. Likewise a considerable percentage of nurses has good practices on the applicability of biosecurity in the care of the CVC measures relating to use of sterile gloves hands hygiene inspection and palpation of the site insertion and fixation of the catheter, and elimination of gauze and contaminated gloves. Inadequate practices occur because do not explain the procedure to the patient, and not to withdraw the transparent dressing appropriately, to impact seriously on it on the prolongation of their hospital stay, costs, and processes for the restoration of your health.

Hallagos histopatológicos en la gastritis nodular: experienca en el Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia / Histopathological fundings in nodular gastritis

Introducción: La gastritis nodular (GN) es un hallazgo endoscópico frecuente en adultos. Desde enero de 1994 a abril 1997 hemos observado que de 3600 endoscopías altas 261 pacientes presentaban este hallazgo. Se piensa que la GN es más frecuente en adultos jóvenes y sobretodo en mujeres. Existe bibliografía que afirma que se presenta en niños con más frecuencia y que es rara en adultos. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar si existe algún patrón histopatológico característico en la GN. Materiales y métodos: Se revisó 112 informes de endoscopía altas de pacientes con GN que hubiesen sido biopsiados: éstos pacientes apareados según edad y sexo con un grupo control constituído por 111 pacientes, cuyo informe endoscópico hubiese sido considerado normal o el de una gastritis no nodular, excluyéndose diagnósticos como úlcera gástrica o duodenal, duodenitis y neoplasia. Luego las biopsias fueron examinadas por un sólo examinador en un tipo de estudio doble ciego. Las biopsias se evaluaron según los siguientes parámetros: presencia y tipo de gastritis; presencia y grado de inflamación en la mucosa; presencia y porcentaje de metaplasia completa o incompleta; presencia y grado de actividad inflamatoria; presencia y número de folículos linfoides ( primarios y secundarios); presencia de eosinófilos en la superficie y en la profundidad de la mucosa; presencia de Helicobacter pylori y presencia de edema en el epitelio. Resultados: Los pacientes con GN estuvieron constituídos por 62 mujeres y 50 hombres y el grupo control por 62 mujeres y 49 hombres. Las edades de los pacientes con GN fue de 37 + 17 años (16-82 años) y las del grupo control de 38 + 17 años (16-82 años). Ambos grupos tuvieron el mismo número de folículos linfoides (tanto primarios como secundarios), siendo la media de 1+1 folículos (folículos primarios: 0-4; folículos secundarios: 0-5). Se encontró diferencias estadísticamente significativas únicamente para las siguientes variables: grado de inflamación de la mucosa (p=0.042); presencia de actividad de la gastritis (p=0.031); presencia de eosinófilos en la superficie (p=0.019) y presencia de Helicobacter pylori (p=0.024). Conclusiones: La gastritis nodular es un hallazgo endoscópico cuyo correlato anatomopatológico es una gastritis crónica con infiltración eosinofílica superficial, inflamación moderada y una actividad inflamatoria importante, que se asocia a la presencia de Helicobacter pylori (HP)...

Hallazgos histopatológicos en la gastritis nodular. Experiencia en el HNCH / Hystological features in nodular gastritis experience in Cayetano Heredia National Hospital

Introducción: La gastritis nodular (GN) es un hallazgo frecuente en adultos. Desde enero de 1994 a abril 1997 hemos observado que de 3600 endoscopías altas 261 pacientes presentaban este hallazgo. Se piensa que la GN es más frecuente en adultos jóvenes y sobretodo en mujeres. Existe bibliografía que afirma que se presenta en niños con más frecuencia y que es rara en adultos. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo encontrar si existe algún patrón histopatológico característico en la GN. Materiales y métodos: se revisó 112 informes de endoscopías altas de pacientes con GN que hubiesen sido biopsiados; éstos pacientes fueron apareados según edad y sexo con un grupo control constituido por 111 pacientes, cuyo informe endoscópico hubiese sido considerado normal o el de una gastritis crónica no nodular, excluyéndose diagnósticos como úlcera gástrica o duodenal, duodenitis y neoplasia. Luego las biopsias fueron examinadas por un solo examinador en un tipo de estudio doble ciego. Las biopsias se evaluaron según los siguientes parámetros: tipo de gastritis; presencia de gastritis; grado de inflamación de la mucosa; presencia de inflamación en la mucosa; presencia y porcentaje de metaplasia completa o incompleta; presencia de actividad inflamatoria; grado de actividad inflamatoria de la gastritis; presencia y número de foliculo linfoides (primario y secundarios) presencia y número de eosinófilos en la superficie y en la profundidad de la mucosa; presencia de helicobacter pylori y presencia de edema en la mucosa. Resultados: Los pacientes con GN estuvieron constituidos por 62 mujeres y 50 hombres y el grupo control por 62 mujeres y 49 hombres. Las edades de los pacientes con GN fue de 37 mas 17 años (16-82 años) y las del grupo control de 38 mas 17 años (16 - 82 años)...

Histopathologic findings in Nodular Gastritis at Cayetano Heredia National Hospital.Nodular Gastritis (NG) is not a so unfrequently finding in adults. From January 1994 to April 1997, 261 patientes from a total number of 3600 that were submitted to an upper endoscopy at Cayetano Heredia National Hospital in Lima, Perú, had this finding. The aim of this study is to find whether there is a characteristic histopathologic pattern in NG. Material and methods : 112 endoscopy reports with the diagnosis of NG that at the same time had biopsies , were reviewed. These patients were compared to a group matched for age and sex with an endoscopic finding of normality, or a diagnosis different from NG, excluding diagnosis of gastric or duodenal ulcers , duodenitis or neoplasia , that had also biopsies. The biopsies of both groups were reviewed by an experimented pathologist in a double blind fashion. The following parameters were considered : Presence and type of gastritis, presence and grade of mucosal inflammation, presence and type of intestinal metaplasia, presence and degree of inflammatory activity, presence and number of lymphoid follicles, presence and number of eosinophils in the mucosa, presence of Helicobacter pylori and edema.Results: Significative statistic difference was found in the group of patients with NG on the following parameters: grade of mucosal inflammation, gastritis activity, presence of eosinophils and presence of Helicobacter pylori. Conclusion : NG is a chronic gastritis with superficial eosinophilic infiltration and a very important inflammatory activity associated to the presence of Helicobacter pylori. Further studies are required to determine the cause for these histopathologic findings.

Correlación de valores de péptido natriurético auricular con los de renina, angiotensina y aldosterona en pacientes hipertensos menores y mayores de 50 años / Correlation between atrial natriuretic peptide, renin, angiotensin and aldosterone in hypertensive patients younger or older than 50 years

Se compararon determinaciones por radioinmunoanálisis de péptido natriurético auricular (PHA), con los de renina, angiotensina y aldosterona (RAA) en 6 voluntarios sanos >50 años y en 5 sujetos sanos >50 años, con aquellos efectuados en 44 hipertensos esenciales >50 años, y 41>50 años. Los valores de PNA en voluntarios sanos fueron X = 44 ñ 7 PG/ml en los <50 años, y X = 87.33 ñ 14 PG/ml en los >50 años (p < 0.01). En hipertensos <50 años, 80 por ciento tuvieron valores normales (X = 63.8 ñ 10 PG/ml) y 20 por ciento, elevados (X = 131 ñ 6 PG/ml), P < 0.001. En hipertensos >50 años, 70 por ciento tuvieron PNA elevado (X = 260 ñ 114 PG/ml) y 30 por ciento, normal (X = 75 ñ 5 PG/ml), P < 0.001. Los valores de RAA fueron normales o bajos en 96 por ciento de los casos con PNA elevado, P < 0.001; en el 100 por ciento de los casos con RAA elevados, los valores de PNA fueron bajos (P < 0.0001). Esta correlación fue estadísticamente significativa para los hipertensos >50 años (PNA alto y RAA bajos), P < 0.001, así como para los valores de RAA altos, PNA bajo en pacientes <50 años (P < 0.001). De acuerdo con nuestros resultados, en pacientes hipertensos esenciales <50 años los valores de PNA son normales en la mayoría de los casos y elevados en la mayoría de los casos de hipertensión >50 años (P < 0.001). No obtuvimos una correlación significativa entre los valores de PNA y los signos de hipertrofia ventricular izquierda en ambos grupos. Como en reportes previos, hubo una relación inversamente proporcional entre los valores de RAA y los de PNA independiente de la edad. Se corrobora que el sistema de PNA es un mecanismo más, en la regulación de la presión arterial en los sujetos hipertensos mayores de 50 años

Utilidad de la tomografía computada en la patología aguda del piso de la boca y glándulas salivales / Utility of CT in the evaluation of the acute pathology of the floor of the mouth and salivary glands

Se empleó la Tomografía Computada (TC) en un grupo de 18 pacientes con historia de dolor, inflamación a nivel del piso de la boca y/o glándulas salivales, antecedentes de expulsión y formación de cálculos así como también con historia de extracción reciente de piezas dentales. La TC resultó un excelente método en pacientes con inflamación aguda ya que nos permitió determinar la posible causa etiológica y el compromiso de espacios potenciales de infección a nivel del cuello; se pudo valorar la presencia de calcificaciones a nivel intraglandular y en el trayecto de los conductos principales. Se obtuvo una buena resolución y contraste de los tejidos blandos y estructuras vasculares en los diferentes segmentos del cuello.