[Massive tricuspid valve insufficiency after blunt chest trauma: report of one case]. / Rotura de válvula tricúspide con insuficiencia masiva secundaria a traumatismo torácico cerrado: Caso clínico.

Cardiac valve lesions after a blunt chest trauma are rare and less than 1% of cardiac lesions because of chest trauma affect the tricuspid valve. We report a 70 year-old female that suffered a severe chest trauma in a car accident. During the repair of the multiple skeletal lesions, the patient had a severe hemodynamic decompensation. A myocardial trauma with pericardial effusion and massive tricuspid insufficiency, due to anterior leaflet prolapse, was diagnosed on echocardiography. After discharge the patient remained in functional class II, with hepatomegaly, jugular ingurgitation and lower limb edema. A control echocardiogram, performed six months after the accident, showed dilatation of right heart chambers and massive tricuspid insufficiency. The patient was operated, and a tricuspid valve repair was performed suturing the ruptured papillary muscle to the ventricular wall and performing a tricuspid annuloplasty with a prosthetic ring. After 15 months of follow up, the patient remains asymptomatic.

[Fighting the coronary artery disease epidemic in Chile: caveats in the control of cardiovascular risk factors]. / Combatiendo la epidemia de enfermedad coronaria en Chile: Potencialidades y problemas en el control de los factores de riesgo.

In this issue of the journal Lanas et al report an estimation of population attributable risk (PAR) for myocardial infarction (MI) derived from different risk factors in Chile. Cigarette smoking, dyslipidemia and hypertension accounted for 71% of total PAR. Mortality from MI has decreased in Chile, but epidemiologic surveys carried out in different hospitals across the country, strongly support that most of this effect comes from better treatment of MI. Recent changes in public health policies, favoring the treatment of hypertension and diabetes may help control cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. However, a really significant impact will be obtained when the development of the disease may be halted. To evaluate this possibility, newer methods to diagnose atherosclerosis non invasively may come to our rescue. On the other hand, pharmacologic treatment of dyslipidemia and hypertension continue to offer the most powerful way to decrease levels of cardiovascular risk factors. According to current knowledge, wise balance of non pharmacologic and pharmacologic means of primary prevention, with due respect for ethic aspects, is the most effective way to curve the epidemic of coronary artery disease in Chile.

Rotura de válvula tricúspide con insuficiencia masiva secundaria a traumatismo torácico cerrado: caso clínico / Massive tricuspid valve insufficiency after blunt chest trauma: report of one case

Cardiac valve lesions after a blunt chest trauma are rare and less than 1 percent of cardiac lesions because of chest trauma affect the tricuspid valve. We report a 70 year-old female that suffered a severe chest trauma in a car accident. Duríng the repair of the múltiple skeletal lesions, the patient had a severe hemodynamic decompensation. A myocardial trauma with pericardial effusion and massive tricuspid insufficiency, due to anterior leaflet prolapse, was diagnosed on echocardiography. After discharge the patient remained in functional class II, with hepatomegaly, jugular ingurgitation and lower limb edema. A control echocardiogram, perfomed six months after the accident, showed dilatation of right heart chambers and massive tricuspid insufficiency. The patient was operated, and a tricuspid valve repair was performed suturing the ruptured papillary muscle to the ventricular wall and performing a triscuspid annuloplasty with a prosthetic ring. After 15 months of follow up, the patient remains asymptomatic.

Combatiendo la epidemia de enfermedad coronaria en Chile: Potencialidades y problemas en el control de los factores de riesgo: [editorial] / Fighting the coronary artery disease epidemic in Chile: Caveats in the control of cardiovascular risk factors: [editorial]

In this issue of the journal Lanas et al report an estimation of population attributable risk (PAR) for myocardial infarction (MI) derived from different risk factors in Chile. Cigarette smoking, dyslipidemia and hypertension accounted for 71 percent of total PAR. Mortality from MI has decreased in Chile, but epidemiologic surveys carried out in different hospitals across the country, strongly support that most of this effect comes from better treatment of MI. Recent changes in public health policies, favoring the treatment of hypertension and diabetes may help control cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. However, a really significant impact will be obtained when the development of the disease may be halted. To evaluate this possibility, newer methods to diagnose atherosclerosis non invasively may come to our rescue. On the other hand, pharmacologic treatment of dyslipidemia and hypertension continue to offer the most powerful way to decrease levels of cardiovascular risk factors. According to current knowledge, wise balance of non pharmacologic and pharmacologic means of primary prevention, with due respect for ethic aspects, is the most effective way to curve the epidemic of coronary artery disease in Chile.

[Partial or total replacement of the aortic arch. Experience in 23 patients]. / Reemplazo parcial o total del arco aórtico. Experiencia en 23 pacientes.

BACKGROUND: Surgery of the aortic arch is a very complex procedure since it requires protective strategies for the brain, heart and rest of the body. AIM: To communicate our experience in the first 23 total or partial replacements of aortic arch. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective search in the database of the Cardiovascular Surgery Unit for patients subjected to partial or total replacement of the aortic arch since 1998. RESULTS: Between 1988 and 2002, 23 patients were operated. Seventeen had aortic dissection (10 acute and 7 chronic), five had an atherosclerotic aneurysm and one had a traumatic lesion. Thirteen patients were subjected to a replacement of the arch plus ascending aorta, six to a replacement of the arch plus descending aorta and four to a replacement of the arch, ascending and descending aorta. Seven patients had previous operation of the thoracic aorta. Arterial perfusion was done via the femoral artery, axillary artery or a combination of both. A hypothermic circulatory arrest was induced in 22; it was associated with cerebral retro perfusion alone in 8 patients, antegrade cerebral perfusion in 5; isolated or associated axillary perfusion was used in five patients. In seven, procedures on the aortic or mitral valve, or coronary artery operations were added. Operative mortality was 26%, 3 of the 8 patients operated as an emergency and 3 of 15 elective operations. There was no mortality among those without dissection and of 7 chronic dissections, one died. All patients were followed for an average of 45 months. Two patients required reinterventions on the aorta and one for colon cancer. There was one late death of unknown cause. Postoperative complications were agitation, bleeding and temporary vocal cord dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS: There is a learning curve, where more extensive operations, particularly those done as emergency or for dissections, had an increased operative risk.

Reemplazo parcial o total del arco aórtico: Experiencia en 23 pacientes / Partial or total replacement of the aortic arch: Experience in 23 patients

Background: Surgery of the aortic arch is a very complex procedure since it requires protective strategies for the brain, heart and rest of the body. Aim: To communicate our experience in the first 23 total or partial replacements of aortic arch. Material and methods: Retrospective search in the database of the Cardiovascular Surgery Unit for patients subjected to partial or total replacement of the aortic arch since 1998. Results: Between 1988 and 2002, 23 patients were operated. Seventeen had aortic dissection (10 acute and 7 chronic), five had an atherosclerotic aneurysm and one had a traumatic lesion. Thirteen patients were subjected to a replacement of the arch plus ascending aorta, six to a replacement of the arch plus descending aorta and four to a replacement of the arch, ascending and descending aorta. Seven patients had previous operation of the thoracic aorta. Arterial perfusion was done via the femoral artery, axillary artery or a combination of both. A hypothermic circulatory arrest was induced in 22; it was associated with cerebral retro perfusion alone in 8 patients, antegrade cerebral perfusion in 5; isolated or associated axillary perfusion was used in five patients. In seven, procedures on the aortic or mitral valve, or coronary artery operations were added. Operative mortality was 26%, 3 of the 8 patients operated as an emergency and 3 of 15 elective operations. There was no mortality among those without dissection and of 7 chronic dissections, one died. All patients were followed for an average of 45 months. Two patients required reinterventions on the aorta and one for colon cancer. There was one late death of unknown cause. Postoperative complications were agitation, bleeding and temporary vocal cord dysfunction. Conclusions: There is a learning curve, where more extensive operations, particularly those done as emergency or for dissections, had an increased operative risk.

Resultados alejados de la reparación versus reemplazo en insuficiencia mitral degenerativa / Long-term results of repair versus replacement for degenerative mitral valve regurgitation

Background: Mitral valve repair is considered better than mitral valve replacement for degenerative mitral regurgitation. Aim: To evaluate late clinical results of mitral valve repair as compared to mitral valve replacement in patients with degenerative mitral regurgitation. Patients and methods: All patients subjected to open heart surgery for degenerative mitral regurgitation between 1990 and 2002 were assessed for surgical mortality, late cardiac and overall mortality, reoperation, readmission to hospital, functional capacity and anticoagulant therapy. Eighty eight patients (48 males) had mitral valve repair and 28 (19 males) had mitral valve replacement (23 with a mechanical prosthesis). Mean age was 59.9 ± 14.8 (SD) and 61.3 ± 14.6 years, respectively. Sixty three percent of patients with repair and 50% of those with valve replacement were in functional class III or IV before surgery. Results: Operative mortality was 2.3% for mitral valve repair and 3.6% for mitral valve replacement (NS). Also, there was no statistical difference in the need of reoperation during the follow-up period between both procedures (2.3% and 0%, respectively). Ninety four percent of the replacement patients but only 26% of the repair patients were in anticoagulant therapy at the end of the follow-up period (p <0.001). Ten years survival rates were 82 ± 6% for mitral valve repair and 54 ± 11% for replacement. The corresponding cardiac related survival rates were 89 ± 6% and 79 ± 10%. At the end of follow-up, all surviving patients were in functional class I or II. Ten years freedom from cardiac event rates (death, cardiac related rehospitalization and reoperation) were 90 ± 3% for mitral valve repair and 84 ± 6% for replacement. Conclusion: Repair of the mitral valve offers a better overall survival and a better chance of freedom from cardiac events as well as need for anticoagulation 10 years after surgery.

Insuficiente control de factores de riesgo en prevención secundaria cardiovascular / Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among patients suffering vascular events on admission and one year later

Background: International studies show a low compliance with norms for the management of cardiovascular risk factors. Aim: To assess the prevalence of risk factors in patients admitted for a coronary or vascular event and to evaluate the proportion of patients that normalize these factors after one year of follow up. Material and Methods: Three hundred and fifty seven patients aged 64±13 years (264 males), admitted to a University Clinical Hospital for a coronary or vascular event were studied. They were educated about cardiovascular risk factors and followed by their treating physicians for a mean of 11.9±2 months. During this period, smoking habits, body mass index. blood pressure, serum lipid levels, blood glucose and the appearance of new cardiovascular events were registered. Results: One year survival was 96% (all 13 deaths were of cardiac origin). Eighty seven percent of patients were free of major cardiovascular events. At discharge from hospital and at the end of follow up 49% and 44% had a total cholesterol over 200 mg/dl respectively, 9,6% and 20,8% had systolic pressure over 140 mmHg. There was no diastolic hypertension in these patients, 27% and 31% had a body mass index over 25 kg/m2 and 2% smoked (versus 32% before the event). Conclusions: After one year of follow up, the prevalence of risk factors in patients that had suffered a cardiovascular event, continues to be high.

Ciruguía reparadora de la válvula aórtica bicúspide insuficiente / Valve repair surgery for incompetent bicuspid aortic valves

Background: Surgical valve repair is a good alternative for correction of incompetent bicuspid aortic valve. Aim: To report the early and late surgical, clinical and ecochardiographic results of surgical repair of incompetent bicuspid aortic valves. Patients and methods: Retrospective review of medical records of 18 patients aged 19 to 61 years, with incompetent bicuspid aortic valve in whom a valve repair was performed. Four patients had infectious endocarditis and 17 were in functional class I or II. Follow up ranged from 3 to 113 months after surgery. Results: A triangular resection of the prolapsing larger cusp, which included the middle raphe, was performed in 17 cases; in 13 of these, a complementary subcommisural annuloplasty was performed. In the remaining case, with a perforation of the non-coronary cusp, a pericardial patch was implanted; this procedure was also performed in 2 other cases. In 3 cases large vegetations were removed. Postoperative transesophageal echocardiography showed no regurgitation in 11 patients (62percent) and mild regurgitation in 7 (38percent). There was no operative morbidity or mortality. There were no deaths during the follow-up period. In 3 patients (17percent) the aortic valve was replaced with a mechanical prosthesis, 8 to 108 months after the first operation. Reoperation was not needed in 93percent±6,4percent at 1 year and 85percent±9,5percentat 5 years, these patients were all in functional class I at the end of the follow-up period. 60percen had no aortic regurgitation, 20percent had mild and 20percent moderate aortic regurgitation on echocardiographic examination. A significant reduction of the diastolic diameter of the left ventricle was observed, but there were no significant changes in systolic diameter or shortening fraction. Conclusions: Surgical repair of incompetent bicuspid aortic valves has low operative morbidity and mortality and has a low risk of reoperation.

Cirugía valvular reparadora en endocarditis infecciosa / Valve repair surgery in infectious endocarditis

Background: Valve replacement has been the treatment of choice for patients with valvular complications of infectious endocarditis (IE). However, excellent results with valve repair allowed it to become a new therapeutic alternative for these patients. Aim: To evaluate the results of valve repair in patients with valvular complications of IE. Patients and Methods: From January 1991 to December 2000, 14 patients with valvular complications of IE underwent valve repair. Mean age was 37.9 ± 14.9. Results: New York Heart Association (NYHA) class was 2.8 ± 0.9. IE was located in the aortic in 6 (42 percent), in the mitral valve in 4 (29 percent) and in both valves in 4 cases (29 percent). Surgical indication was hemodynamic in 50 percent of the cases, echocardiographic in 29 percent and septic in 21 percent. Five aortic valves were bicuspid, 3 mitral valves were myxomatous and the rest were normal. The most common septic lesions were vegetations and leaflet perforations. A total of 23 aortic and 21 mitral valve repair procedures were performed. There were no deaths. Only 1 patient had a surgical complication (renal failure and prolonged mechanical ventilation). Follow-up was 100 percent complete. There was not late mortality. One patient with bone marrow aplasia required reoperation for a new episode of IE 19 months later. At the end of the follow-up NYHA class was 1.3 ± 0.6 and echocardiography showed a mild or absence of valve regurgitation in most patients. Conclusions: Valve repair surgery in IE has good results, with advantages over valve replacement (Rev MÚd Chile 2004; 132: 307-15).

Resultados alejados de la cirugía reparadora de la insuficiencia mitral degenerativa / Long-term results of repair surgery of degenerative mitral insufficiency

Background: Mitral valve repair is probably the procedure of choice for the surgical treatment of degenerative mitral insufficiency. Aim: To evaluate the late results of mitral valve repair in degenerative mitral insufficiency. Patients and method: The records of 88 patients who underwent mitral valve repair for degenerative mitral insufficiency from December 1991 through June 2002 were reviewed. Mean age was 59.9 years (range 22 to 82). At least moderate mitral insufficiency was present in every patient. Mean left atrial diameter was 55 mm and mean end diastolic and end systolic left ventricular diameters were 61 and 37 mm respectively. Results: The most common underlying lesion was ruptured chordae tendineae (66%) and posterior leaflet prolapse (68%). The surgical procedure most frecuently performed was quadrilateral resection of the posterior leaflet (68%). A Carpentier-Edwards ring was placed in 97% of patients. An associated procedure was performed in 34%. Operative mortality was 2.3%. A complete follow up was obtained in 93% of cases with a mean of 54±36 months. Overall survival rate was 98% at one year, 88% at 5 and 82% at 10 years. Free of cardiac death rates were 94% at 5 and 89% at 10 years. Only 2 patients were reoperated during follow up, resulting in a 98% reoperation free rate follow up. Functional class improved in all patients at the end of follow up. Late echocardiographic evaluation showed absent or minimal mitral regurgitation in 83% and mild mitral regurgitation in 17%. Conclusion: Good late results have been obtained with mitral valve repair, avoiding the inconveniencies of prosthetic replacement. Therefore, mitral valve repair should be the procedure of choice to treat degenerative mitral insufficiency (Rev Méd Chile 2003; 131: 1355-64).

Evolución alejada del reemplazo valvular aórtico con prótesis mecánica: experiencia con prótesis de Starr-Edwards (1965-1974) y Bjork Shiley (1973-1981) / Results of isolated aortic valve replacement using either Starr-Edwards or Bjork-Shilley prosthesis

We compared the short and long term results of isolated aortic valve replacement in 98 patients receiving a Starr-Edwards (SE) prosthesis from 1965 to 1974 and 80 pts receiving a Bjork-Shiley (BS) prosthesis from 1973 to 1981 at our institution. Operative mortality was 20% (SE) and 6% (BS). Follow up information was obtained in 88% (SE) and 96% (BS) of pts discharged alive. The mean period of follow up was 8.2 and 6.7 years respectively. the 5 and 10 year acturial survival rates were 72% and 61% (SE) vs 89% and 83% (BS). Complications per 100 pt-years among pts with SE and those with BS were: systemic emboli 2.8 vs 0.6, major hemorrhagic events 1.25 vs 1.36, perivalvular leak 1.6 vs 1.15, endocarditis 0.31 vs 0.39, prosthetic thrombosis 0 vs 0.58 and ball variance 0.47 vs 0m respectively. Some of these differences may reflect shortcomings of the initial surgical experience during the period in which the SE prothesis was used, rather than different performance of both valves