Phonon Pseudoangular Momentum in α-MoO3.

In recent studies, it has been discovered that phonons can carry angular momentum, leading to a series of investigations into systems with three-fold rotation symmetry. However, for systems with two-fold screw rotational symmetry, such as α-MoO3, there has been no relevant discussion. In this paper, we investigated the pseudoangular momentum of phonons in crystals with two-fold screw rotational symmetry. Taking α-MoO3 as an example, we explain the selection rules in circularly polarized Raman experiments resulting from pseudoangular momentum conservation, providing important guidance for experiments. This study of pseudoangular momentum in α-MoO3 opens up a new degree of freedom for its potential applications, expanding into new application domains.

A Flexible and Wearable Photodetector Enabling Ultra-Broadband Imaging from Ultraviolet to Millimeter-Wave Regimes.

Flexible and miniaturized photodetectors, offering a fast response across the ultraviolet (UV) to millimeter (MM) wave spectrum, are crucial for applications like healthcare monitoring and wearable optoelectronics. Despite their potential, developing such photodetectors faces challenges due to the lack of suitable materials and operational mechanisms. Here, the study proposes a flexible photodetector composed of a monolayer graphene connected by two distinct metal electrodes. Through the photothermoelectric effect, these asymmetric electrodes induce electron flow within the graphene channel upon electromagnetic wave illumination, resulting in a compact device with ultra-broadband and rapid photoresponse. The devices, with footprints ranging from 3 × 20 µm2 to 50 × 20 µm2, operate across a spectrum from 325 nm (UV) to 1.19 mm (MM) wave. They demonstrate a responsivity (RV) of up to 396.4 ± 5.1 mV W-1, a noise-equivalent power (NEP) of 8.6 ± 0.1 nW Hz- 0.5, and a response time as small as 0.8 ± 0.1 ms. This device facilitates direct imaging of shielded objects and material differentiation under simulated human body-wearing conditions. The straightforward device architecture, aligned with its ultra-broadband operational frequency range, is anticipated to hold significant implications for the development of miniaturized, wearable, and portable photodetectors.

Characterization of individual spores of two biological insecticides, Bacillus thuringiensis and Lysinibacillus sphaericus, in response to glutaraldehyde using single-cell optical approaches.

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and Lysinibacillus sphaericus (Ls) are the most widely used microbial insecticides. Both encounter unfavorable environmental factors and pesticides in the field. Here, the responses of Bt and Ls spores to glutaraldehyde were characterized using Raman spectroscopy and differential interference contrast imaging at the single-cell level. Bt spores were more sensitive to glutaraldehyde than Ls spores under prolonged exposure: <1.0% of Bt spores were viable after 10 min of 0.5% (v/v) glutaraldehyde treatment, compared to ~ 20% of Ls spores. The Raman spectra of glutaraldehyde-treated Bt and Ls spores were almost identical to those of untreated spores; however, the germination process of individual spores was significantly altered. The time to onset of germination, the period of rapid Ca2+-2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid (CaDPA) release, and the period of cortex hydrolysis of treated Bt spores were significantly longer than those of untreated spores, with dodecylamine germination being particularly affected. Similarly, the germination of treated Ls spores was significantly prolonged, although the prolongation was less than that of Bt spores. Although the interiors of Bt and Ls spores were undamaged and CaDPA did not leak, proteins and structures involved in spore germination could be severely damaged, resulting in slower and significantly prolonged germination. This study provides insights into the impact of glutaraldehyde on bacterial spores at the single cell level and the variability in spore response to glutaraldehyde across species and populations.

Stretchable, Transparent, and Ultra-Broadband Terahertz Shielding Thin Films Based on Wrinkled MXene Architectures.

With the increasing demand for terahertz (THz) technology in security inspection, medical imaging, and flexible electronics, there is a significant need for stretchable and transparent THz electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials. Existing EMI shielding materials, like opaque metals and carbon-based films, face challenges in achieving both high transparency and high shielding efficiency (SE). Here, a wrinkled structure strategy was proposed to construct ultra-thin, stretchable, and transparent terahertz shielding MXene films, which possesses both isotropous wrinkles (height about 50 nm) and periodic wrinkles (height about 500 nm). Compared to flat film, the wrinkled MXene film (8 nm) demonstrates a remarkable 36.5% increase in SE within the THz band. The wrinkled MXene film exhibits an EMI SE of 21.1 dB at the thickness of 100 nm, and an average EMI SE/t of 700 dB µm-1 over the 0.1-10 THz. Theoretical calculations suggest that the wrinkled structure enhances the film's conductivity and surface plasmon resonances, resulting in an improved THz wave absorption. Additionally, the wrinkled structure enhances the MXene films' stretchability and stability. After bending and stretching (at 30% strain) cycles, the average THz transmittance of the wrinkled film is only 0.5% and 2.4%, respectively. The outstanding performances of the wrinkled MXene film make it a promising THz electromagnetic shielding materials for future smart windows and wearable electronics.

Volumetric reconstruction of settling mud flocs: A new insight of equilibrium flocculation in saline water.

Mud flocculation and settling play key role in understanding sediment transport cycle and affect water quality in estuaries and coastal seas. However, the morphological irregularity and structural instability of fragile mud flocs set huge obstacles for quantifying geometric property accurately and establishing reliable predicting tools in settling dynamics via previous observing strategies based on instant measured and 2-dimensional imagery floc parameterizations. Here we designed a multi-camera apparatus targeting capturing multiple angles of individual flocs, and developed a multi-view segmentation algorithm on floc images analysis. We finally accomplished batch of 3-dimensional reconstruction obtaining each settling floc's volumetric size in equilibrium flocculation. The results indicate a stable bimodal floc size distribution in equilibrium flocculation with a dominant peak of microflocs (<200 µm) and a secondary smaller peak of macroflocs (> 200 µm). The flocculi (<50 µm) shows more spherical outlines with dense structure while the larger-sized macroflocs (>200 µm) have high irregular morphologies with high porosity and visible biological debris attaching, and the microflocs (50-200 µm) tend to be irregular in shape and dense inside. The terminal settling velocity of mud flocs shows increasing with floc size in <200 µm but keeps stable around 1-2 mm s-1 after >200 µm due to the increase in size being compensated by the decrease of density according to the fractal theory on floc geometry. The higher organic matter content within larger porous flocs reduces the macroflocs effective density. These lead to high volumetric settling flux but low mass settling flux of macroflocs in natural water systems. This work provides new insight to reveal more accurate mud floc geometric parameterizations in volumetric aspect and reliable characterizations of equilibrium flocculation using a fast and sound batch of direct measuring approach. This may importantly improve the predictions of suspended mud dynamics in nature.

M1 Macrophage-Derived Exosome LncRNA PVT1 Promotes Inflammation and Pyroptosis of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm by Inhibiting miR-186-5p and Regulating HMGB1.

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a chronic vascular degenerative disease. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are essential for maintaining the integrity of healthy blood vessels. Macrophages play an important role in the inflammatory process of AAA. However, the effect of macrophage-derived exosome LncRNA PVT1 on VSMCs is unclear. Exosomes from M1 macrophages (M1φ-exos) were isolated and identified. The expression of LncRNA PVT1 in M1φ-exos was determined. AAA cell model was constructed by treating VSMCs with Ang-II. AAA cell model was treated with M1φ exosomes transfected with si-LncRNA PVT1 (M1φsi-LncRNA PVT1-exo). VSMCs were transfected with miR-186-5p mimic and oe-HMGB1. Cell viability was detected by CCK-8. The accumulation of LDH was detected by ELISA. Western blot was used to detect the expression of HMGB1, inflammatory factors (IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1ß) and pyroptosis-related proteins (GSDMD, N-GSDMD, ASC, NLRP3, Caspase-1 and Cleaved-Capase-1). Cell pyroptosis rate was detected by flow cytometry. At the same time, the targeting relationship between miR-186-5p and LncRNA PVT1 and HMGB1 was verified by double fluorescein experiment. Exosomes from M1φ were successfully extracted. The expression of LncRNA PVT1 in M1φ-exos was significantly increased. M1φ-exo promotes inflammation and pyroptosis of VSMCs. M1φsi-LncRNA PVT1-exos inhibited the inflammation and pyroptosis of VSMCs. LncRNA PVT1 can sponge miR-186-5p mimic to regulate HMGB1 expression. MiR-186-5p mimic further inhibited inflammation and pyroptosis induced by M1φsi-LncRNA PVT1-exos. However, oe-HMGB1 could inhibit the reversal effect of miR-186-5p mimic. LncRNA PVT1 in exosomes secreted by M1φ can regulate HMGB1 by acting as ceRNA on sponge miR-186-5p, thereby promoting cell inflammatory and pyroptosis and accelerating AAA progression.

Broadband Photodetection of Centimeter-Scale T-Phase Gallium Telluride Grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy.

Two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors have recently attracted considerable attention due to their promising applications in future integrated electronic and optoelectronic devices. Large-scale synthesis of high-quality 2D semiconductors is an increasingly essential requirement for practical applications, such as sensing, imaging, and communications. In this work, homogeneous 2D GaTe films on a centimeter scale are epitaxially grown on fluorphlogopite mica substrates by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). The epitaxial GaTe thin films showed an atomically 2D layered lattice structure with a T phase, which has not been discovered in the GaTe geometric isomer. Furthermore, semiconducting behavior and high mobility above room temperature were found in T-GaTe epitaxial films, which are essential for application in semiconducting devices. The T-GaTe-based photodetectors demonstrated respectable photodetection performance with a responsivity of 13 mA/W and a fast response speed. By introducing monolayer graphene as the substrate, we successfully realized high-quality GaTe/graphene heterostructures. The performance has been significantly improved, such as the responsivity was enhanced more than 20 times. These results highlight a feasible scheme for exploring the crystal phase of 2D GaTe and realizing the controlled growth of GaTe films on large substrates, which could promote the development of broadband, high-performance, and large-scale photodetection applications.

Discovery of two novel bioactive algicidal substances from Brevibacillus sp. via metabolomics profiling and back-validation.

Identifying potent bacterial algicidal agents is essential for the development of effective, safe, and economically viable algaecides. Challenges in isolating and purifying these substances from complex secretions have impeded progress in this field. Metabolomics profiling, an efficient strategy for identifying metabolites, was pioneered in identifying bacterial algicidal substances in this study. Extracellular secretions from different generations of the algicidal bacterium Brevibacillus sp. were isolated for comprehensive analysis. Specifically, a higher algicidal efficacy was observed in the secretion from Generation 3 (G3) of Brevibacillus sp. compared to Generation 1 (G1). Subsequent metabolomics profiling comparing G3 and 1 revealed 83 significantly up-regulated metabolites, of which 9 were identified as potential algicidal candidates. Back-validation highlighted the potency of 4-acetamidobutanoic acid (4-ABC) and 8-hydroxyquinoline (8-HQL), which exhibited robust algicidal activity with 3d-EC50 values of 6.40 mg/L and 92.90 µg/L, respectively. These substances disrupted photosynthetic activity in M. aeruginosa by ceasing electron transfer in PSⅡ, like the impact exerted by Brevibacillus sp. secretion. These findings confirmed that 4-ABC and 8-HQL were the main algicidal components derived from Brevibacillus sp.. Thus, this study presents a streamlined strategy for identifying bacterial algicidal substances and unveils two novel and highly active algicidal substances. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATION: Harmful cyanobacterial blooms (HCBs) pose significant environmental problems and health effects to humans and other organisms. The increasing frequency of HCBs has emerged as a pressing global concern. Bacterial-derived algicidal substances are expected to serve as effective, safe, and economically viable algaecides against HCBs. This study presents a streamlined strategy for identifying bacterial algicidal substances and unveils two novel substances (4-ABC and 8-HQL). These two substances demonstrate remarkable algicidal activity and disrupt the photosynthetic system in M. aeruginosa. They hold potential as prospective algaecides for addressing HCBs.

Controlled Preparation of High Quality Bubble-Free and Uniform Conducting Interfaces of Vertical van der Waals Heterostructures of Arrays.

Sharp and clean interfaces of van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures are highly demanded in two-dimensional (2D) materials-based devices. However, current assembly methods usually cause interfacial bubbles and wrinkles, hindering carrier interlayer transport. The preparation of a large-scale vdW heterostructure with a bubble-free interface is still a challenge. Although many efforts have been made to eliminate bubbles, the evolution processes of the interfacial bubbles are rarely studied. Here, the interface bubble formation and evolution of the transferred 2D materials and their vdW heterostructure are systemically studied by the atomic force microscopy (AFM) technique and high-resolution surface current mapping. A thermal annealing procedure is developed to reduce the number of bubbles and to improve the quality of interfaces. In addition, influences of the interface residues and nanosteps on bubble evolution are also discussed. Further, we develop the polystyrene (PS)-mediated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) transfer technique to realize the high-quality transfer of heterostructure arrays. Finally, high-resolution surface current mapping results confirm that we can now produce highly uniform electrical conduction interfaces of heterojunctions. This study provides guidance for assembling high quality interfaces and paves the way for production of bubble-free heterostructure-based electronic devices with high performance and good uniformity.

Plasma Treatment for Achieving Oxygen Substitution in Layered MoS2 and the Room-Temperature Mid-Infrared (10 µm) Photoresponse.

Highly sensitive photodetectors in the mid-infrared (MIR, 3-15 µm) are highly desired in a growing number of applications. However, only a handful of narrow-band-gap semiconductors are suitable for this purpose, most of which require cryogenic cooling to increase the signal-to-noise ratio. The realization of high-performance MIR photodetectors operating at room temperature remains a challenge. Herein, we report on plasma-treated few-layer MoS2 for room-temperature MIR (10 µm) photodetection. Oxygen plasma treatment, which is a mature microfabrication process, is employed. The ion kinetic energy of oxygen plasma is adjusted to 70-130 eV. A photoresponsivity of 0.042 mA/W and a detectivity of 1.57 × 107 Jones are obtained under MIR light (10 µm) illumination with an average power density of 114.6 mW/cm2. The photoresponse is attributed to the introduction of electronic states in the band gap of MoS2 through oxygen substitution. A graphene/plasma-treated MoS2/graphene device is further demonstrated to shorten the active channel while maintaining the illumination area. The photoresponsivity and detectivity are largely boosted to 1.8 A/W and 2.64 × 109 Jones, respectively. The excellent detective performance of the graphene/plasma-treated MoS2/graphene device is further demonstrated in single-detector MIR (10 µm) scanning imaging. This work offers a facile approach to constructing integrated MoS2-based MIR photodetectors.

Research Progress on the Relationship Between Sleep Status During Pregnancy and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.

In recent years, the morbidity of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) maintained an upward trend. GDM can't merely lead to negative pregnancy consequences, but also endanger life of the mother and child in severe cases, and may also bring long-term complications and sequelae to the mother and child. Studies using subjective or objective methods to evaluate the correlation between sleep and GDM are inconsistent, but still suggest that poor sleep status may be related to GDM. In order to further understand the current research status of the relationship between sleep measured by different tools and gestational diabetes mellitus, this paper will review the articles from Web of Science, Wanfang, PubMed, VIP, CNKI and other databases.

In-plane dipolar nano-antenna steers polariton waves at nanoscale.

Hyperbolic polaritons can be launched and guided into mirror-symmetric-broken trajectories using an in-plane dipolar nano-antenna, and this asymmetry can be configured by adjusting the polarization direction of the in-plane dipole moment.

Néel-type optical target skyrmions inherited from evanescent electromagnetic fields with rotational symmetry.

Optical skyrmions have recently attracted growing interest due to their potential applications in deep-subwavelength imaging and nanometrology. While optical skyrmions have been successfully demonstrated using different field vectors, the study of their generation and control, as well as their general correlation with electromagnetic (EM) fields, is still in its infancy. Here, we theoretically propose that evanescent transverse-magnetic-polarized (TM-polarized) EM fields with rotational symmetry are actually Néel-type optical target skyrmions of the electric field vectors. Such optical target skyrmions are independent of the operation frequency and medium. Our proposal was verified by numerical simulations and real-space nano-imaging experiments performed on a graphene monolayer, where the target skyrmions could be as small as ∼100 nm in diameter. The results can therefore not only further our understanding of the formation mechanisms of EM topological textures, but also provide guidelines for the facile construction of EM skyrmions that may impact future information technologies.

A tunable photo-electric co-excited point electron source: low-intensity excitation emission and structure-modulated spectrum-selection.

The development of a point electron source requires an efficient excitation mode with low energy consumption, flexible tunability, and high performance. In particular for traditional electron emission cathode materials, it is necessary to expand the function of this aspect to meet application demands in many emerging fields. In this study, we propose a photo-electric co-excited scheme to drive a tungsten (W) needle nano-cold-cathode. The developed W needle cathode has been demonstrated to show electron emission performance with a narrow energy spread of 0.76 eV and a high brightness of 4 × 109 A m-2 sr-1 V-1. This could be achieved through low-intensity co-excitation, including an electrostatic field below ∼0.5 V µm-1 and a laser intensity at ∼10 W cm-2 level. Based on this co-excitation, the electron emission further exhibited a tunable property relative to the intrinsic properties of the incident light, such as optical frequency and polarization, which is shown to be directly modulated by the structure of the W needle nano-cold-cathode. This work provides a choice to achieve tunable, miniaturized and integrated vacuum micro- and nano-electronic devices.

The relationship between physical activity in early pregnancy and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: a cohort study in Chinese women.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to examine prospective associations between different intensities and different types of physical activity (PA) in early pregnancy and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) among Chinese women. METHODS: A total of 6,820 pregnant women from the Tongji-Shuangliu Birth Cohort were included in this study. The pregnancy physical activity questionnaire (PPAQ) was used to assess PA, including household/caregiving, occupational, sports/exercise, and transportation activities in the first trimester of pregnancy. The diagnosis of HDP was collected, including gestational hypertension (GH) and preeclampsia (PE). Data were analyzed by unconditional multivariate logistic regression, and the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated. RESULTS: A total of 178 (2.6%) of the 6,820 women were diagnosed with HDP, of which 126 (1.8%) were GH and 52 (0.8%) were PE. Overall, we found no association between PA in early pregnancy and PE. A trend toward lower risk was found only among women with GH and among those with higher levels of moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) (adjusted OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.31-0.96). No association was observed between PA and HDP in early pregnancy, regardless of different intensities or types of PA. CONCLUSION: MVPA in the first trimester is an influencing factor of HDP. Encouraging pregnant women to engage in MVPA in the first trimester may help to prevent GH.

In-plane hyperbolic polariton tuners in terahertz and long-wave infrared regimes.

One of the main bottlenecks in the development of terahertz (THz) and long-wave infrared (LWIR) technologies is the limited intrinsic response of traditional materials. Hyperbolic phonon polaritons (HPhPs) of van der Waals semiconductors couple strongly with THz and LWIR radiation. However, the mismatch of photon - polariton momentum makes far-field excitation of HPhPs challenging. Here, we propose an In-Plane Hyperbolic Polariton Tuner that is based on patterning van der Waals semiconductors, here α-MoO3, into ribbon arrays. We demonstrate that such tuners respond directly to far-field excitation and give rise to LWIR and THz resonances with high quality factors up to 300, which are strongly dependent on in-plane hyperbolic polariton of the patterned α-MoO3. We further show that with this tuner, intensity regulation of reflected and transmitted electromagnetic waves, as well as their wavelength and polarization selection can be achieved. Our results can help the development of THz and LWIR miniaturized devices.

Applications-oriented algicidal efficacy research and in-depth mechanism of a novel strain Brevibacillus sp. on Microcystis aeruginosa.

The utilization of algicidal bacteria for the control of harmful algal blooms (HABs) is a promising technology for ecological remediation. In our most recent publication, a novel strain of Brevibacillus sp. was isolated and proved to have significant algicidal activity and stability against Microcystis aeruginosa. In order to verify the algicidal effect of the strain in the practical application scenario, the algicidal efficacy of Brevibacillus sp. under conditions close to water in the environment was investigated. Results indicated that the algicidal threshold of Brevibacillus sp. culture was 3‰ inoculation concentration, and the removal rate of M. aeruginosa reached 100%. The process of Chl-a degradation followed a first-order kinetic model, which could be used to predict the degradation effect of M. aeruginosa in practical applications. Additionally, the inoculation of Brevibacillus sp. culture introduced additional nutrients, some of which remained in the water. Furthermore, the algicidal substances demonstrated good sustainability, with a removal rate of up to 78.53% at 144 h after three repeated uses. At 12 h, the algicidal substances caused a 78.65% increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) content in M. aeruginosa compared to the control group, thereby triggering the antioxidant system of M. aeruginosa. Moreover, algal cell fragments were observed to aggregate. This study provides a promising direction for treating cyanobacterial blooms using algicidal bacteria in practical applications.

A Centimeter-Scale Type-II Weyl Semimetal for Flexible and Fast Ultra-Broadband Photodetection from Ultraviolet to Sub-Millimeter Wave Regime.

Flexible photodetectors with ultra-broadband sensitivities, fast response, and high responsivity are crucial for wearable applications. Recently, van der Waals (vdW) Weyl semimetals have gained much attention due to their unique electronic band structure, making them an ideal material platform for developing broadband photodetectors from ultraviolet (UV) to the terahertz (THz) regime. However, large-area synthesis of vdW semimetals on a flexible substrate is still a challenge, limiting their application in flexible devices. In this study, centimeter-scale type-II vdW Weyl semimetal, Td -MoTe2 films, are grown on a flexible mica substrate by molecular beam epitaxy. A self-powered and flexible photodetector without an antenna demonstrated an outstanding ability to detect electromagnetic radiation from UV to sub-millimeter (SMM) wave at room temperature, with a fast response time of ≈20 µs, a responsivity of 0.53 mA W-1 (at 2.52 THz), and a noise-equivalent power (NEP) of 2.65 nW Hz-0.5 (at 2.52 THz). The flexible photodetectors are also used to image shielded items with high resolution at 2.52 THz. These results can pave the way for developing flexible and wearable optoelectronic devices using direct-grown large-area vdW semimetals.

Highly Efficient Single-Exciton Strong Coupling with Plasmons by Lowering Critical Interaction Strength at an Exceptional Point.

The single-exciton strong coupling with the localized plasmon mode (LPM) at room temperature is highly desirable for exploiting quantum technology. However, its realization has been a very low probability event due to the harsh critical conditions, severely compromising its application. Here, we present a highly efficient approach for achieving such a strong coupling by reducing the critical interaction strength at the exceptional point based upon the damping inhibition and matching of the coupled system, instead of enhancing the coupling strength to overcome the system's large damping. Experimentally, we compress the LPM's damping linewidth from about 45 nm to about 14 nm using a leaky Fabry-Perot cavity, a good match to the excitonic linewidth of about 10 nm. This method dramatically relaxes the harsh requirement in mode volume by more than an order of magnitude and allows a maximum direction angle of the exciton dipole relative to the mode field of up to around 71.9°, significantly improving the success rate of achieving the single-exciton strong coupling with LPMs from about 1% to about 80%.

Precisely modulated 2D PdCu alloy nanodendrites as highly active peroxidase mimics for the elimination of biofilms.

Pd-based nanomaterials are good candidates for antibacterial applications because of their high catalytic activity and good biocompatibility. Nonetheless, there is still much work to do to improve the catalytic activity of Pd nanomaterials as antibacterial agents, particularly for anti-biofilms. In this work, Cu was introduced into Pd to form a series of 2D PdCu alloy nanodendrites (PdCu NDs) as high-performance peroxidase mimics based on flexible control of compositions. Remarkably, catalytic kinetics show that the composition-dependent synergy in the PdCu NDs strongly enhances the peroxidase-like activity. The detailed theoretical study reveals that the tuning of the electrostatic adsorption and dissociative chemisorption of the H2O2 molecule on PdCu ND surfaces by the precise introduction of Cu plays a key role in obtaining superior peroxidase-like catalytic activity. Significantly, the distinct peroxidase-like properties of the fine-tuned PdCu NDs endow them with excellent biofilm elimination capability via the generation of hydroxyl radicals. This work offers a great opportunity to design noble metal nanozymes with enhanced performance, which might advance the development of nanozymes as a new class of highly efficient antibacterial agents.