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This paper introduces two-dimensional (2D) and 3D acoustic modeling and modal analysis using the wavelet finite-element method (WFEM). Governed by the Helmholtz equation, the acoustic domain is parameterized and analyzed using the scaling functions of B-spline wavelets, which facilitates the construction of elements with varying numbers of nodes via multi-resolution analysis. The wavelet-based shape functions provide a semi-orthogonal basis that enables rapid searching for approximate solutions in Lebesgue spaces, thereby offering significantly reduced interpolation errors and computational burden. Numerical examples are considered using WFEM, comprising a 2D acoustic problem involving a tube for predicting acoustic pressure and eigenfrequency investigations, and 3D acoustic problems involving a cubic room and an L-shaped room for capturing acoustic characteristics. The results are compared with those of (i) standard FEM with the same mesh and (ii) analytical solutions. Importantly, WFEM demonstrates stability by being insensitive to internal mesh size variations, indicating that B-spline wavelet elements have minimal effects on the numerical results. Furthermore, B-spline wavelet elements effectively control the pollution (dispersion) error of numerical methods when imposing Neumann boundary conditions in the high-frequency range, and they reduce interpolation errors caused by polynomial interpolation in the low-frequency domain.
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OBJECTIVE: The impact of nitric oxide (NO) administered via cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) on pediatric heart surgery remains controversial. The objective of this study is to conduct a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis to examine the impact of NO administered via CPB on pediatric heart surgery. METHODS: This study searched 7 electronic databases to identify Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) on the impact of NO administration during CPB on postoperative outcomes in pediatric heart surgery. The searched databases included Embase, Medline (though PubMed), Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Wan Fang database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and ClinicalTrials.gov from their inception to November 2, 2022. The included RCTs compared NO administration during CPB with standard CPB procedures or placebo gas treatment in pediatric heart surgery. fixed-effects models and/or random-effects models were used to estimate the effect size with 95% confidence interval (CI). Heterogeneity among studies was indicated by p-values and I2. All analyses were performed using Review Manager software (version 5.4) in this study. RESULTS: A total of 6 RCTs including 1,739 children were identified in this study. The primary outcome was duration of postoperative mechanical ventilation, with the length of hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) stay as the second outcomes. Through a pooled analysis, we found that exogenous NO administered via CPB for pediatric heart surgery could not shorten the duration of postoperative mechanical ventilation when compared with the control group (standardized mean difference (SMD) -0.07, CI [-0.16, 0.02], I2 = 45%, P = 0.15). Additionally, there were also no difference between the two groups in terms of length of hospital stay (mean difference (MD) -0.29, CI [-1.03, 0.46], I2 = 32%, P = 0.45) and length of ICU stay (MD -0.22, CI [-0.49 to 0.05], I2 = 72%, P = 0.10). CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis showed that exogenous NO administration via CBP had no benefits on the duration of mechanical ventilation, the length of postoperative hospital, and ICU stay after pediatric heart surgery.
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Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Cardíacos , Ponte Cardiopulmonar , Óxido Nítrico , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Humanos , Ponte Cardiopulmonar/métodos , Óxido Nítrico/administração & dosagem , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Cardíacos/métodos , Criança , Tempo de Internação/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
Sodium ions and protons regulate various fundamental processes at the cell and tissue levels across all biological kingdoms. It is therefore pivotal for bioelectronic devices, such as biosensors and biotransducers, to control the transport of these ions through biological membranes. Our study explores the regulation of proton and sodium concentrations by integrating an Na+-type ATP synthase, a glucose dehydrogenase (GDH), and a urease into a multienzyme logic system. This system is designed to operate using various chemical control input signals, while the output current corresponds to the local change in proton or sodium concentrations. Therein, a H+ and Na+ biotransducer was integrated to fulfill the roles of signal transducers for the monitoring and simultaneous control of Na+ and H+ levels, respectively. To increase the proton concentration at the output, we utilized GDH driven by the inputs of glucose and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), while recorded the signal change from the biotransducer, together acting as an AND enzyme logic gate. On the contrary, we introduced urease enzyme which hydrolyzed urea to control the decrease in proton concentration, serving as a NOT gate and reset. By integrating these two enzyme logic gates we formed a simple multienzyme logic system for the control of proton concentrations. Furthermore, we also demonstrate a more complex, Na+-type ATP synthase-urease multienzyme logic system, controlled by the two different inputs of ADP and urea. By monitoring the voltage of the peak current as the output signal, this logic system acts as an AND enzyme logic gate. This study explores how multienzyme logic systems can modulate biologically important ion concentrations, opening the door toward advanced biological on-demand control of a variety of bioelectronic enzyme-based devices, such as biosensors and biotransducers.
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Glucose 1-Desidrogenase , Sódio , Sódio/metabolismo , Sódio/química , Glucose 1-Desidrogenase/metabolismo , Glucose 1-Desidrogenase/química , Urease/metabolismo , Urease/química , Prótons , Glucose/metabolismo , Técnicas Biossensoriais/métodos , NAD/metabolismo , NAD/químicaRESUMO
Achieving both robust adhesion to arbitrary surfaces and thermal-switchable/recyclable properties has proven challenging, particularly for commodity polyolefins. Herein, a simple and effective route is reported to transform polyolefins elastomer (POE) into a fully recycled epoxy-functionalized POE vitrimers (E-POE vit) with ultra-high, universal, stable, and switchable adhesion via facile free radical grafting and dynamic cross-linking. The resultant E-POE vit exhibits increase in adhesion strength on glass exceeding three to ten times compared to those commonly used polymers, due to the synergy of dense hydrogen (H)-bonds and strong interfacial affinity. In addition, E-POE vit also displays strong adhesion on diverse surfaces ranging from inorganic to organic while maintaining good stability in various harsh environments. More importantly, temperature-sensitive H-bonds allow E-POE vit to switch between attachment-detachment at alternating temperatures, resulting in reversible adhesion without adhesion loss, even after 10 cycles. Moreover, E-POE vit is able to be fully recycled and reused more than ten times via thermo-activated transesterification reactions with negligible change in structure and performance. This work may unlock strategies to fabricate high-performance commercial polymer-based adhesives with adhesion and recyclable features for intelligent and sustainable applications.
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Intrinsic conducting hydrogels fabricated in situ at low temperatures with self-adhesive properties and excellent flexibility hold significant promise for energy applications and outdoor damage repair. However, challenges such as low polymerization rate and self adhesion, insufficient ionic conductivity, inflexibility, and poor stability under extreme cold conditions have hindered their utilization as high-performance sensors. In this study, we designed an intrinsic conducting hydrogel (PADOC) composed of acrylic acid, acryloyloxyethyltrimethylammonium chloride, N,N'-methylenebis(2-propenamide), self-fabricated oxidized curdlan (OC), and a water/glycerol binary solvent. The novel hydrogel exhibited rapid gelation (30 s) at 0 °C facilitated by the promotion of OC, without the need for external energy input. Our findings from FT-IR, NMR, XPS, XRD, EPR spectra, MS, and DSC analyses revealed that OC underwent selective oxidation via the evolved Fenton reaction at 30 °C, serving as bioaccelerators for PAD polymerization. Due to OC's reductive structure and increased solubility, the reaction activation energy of the PAD polymerization reaction significantly reduced from 103.2 to 54.4 kJ/mol. PADOC ionic hydrogels demonstrated an electrical conductivity of 1.00 S/m, 0.7% low hysteresis, 39.6 kPa self-adhesive strength, and 923% strain-at-break and kept even at -20 °C owing to dense hydrogen and ionic bonds between PAD and OC chains. Furthermore, PADOC ionic hydrogels exhibited antifatigue properties for 10 cycles (0-100%) due to electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding. Remarkably, using a self-designed device, the rapid polymerization of PADOC effectively repaired copper pipeline leakage under 86 kPa pressure and detected 1% strain variation as a strain sensor. This study opens a new avenue for the rapid gelation of self-adhesive and flexible intrinsic conducting hydrogels with robust sensor performance.
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Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is a promising alternative to non-biodegradable flexible packaging materials, and nanocellulose is often used to enhance the properties of PVA films, but the composite films still have poor water resistance and barrier properties. To address this issue, iron ions (Fe3+) were introduced into PVA/cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) films, and Fe3+ formed coordination bonds with carboxyl and hydroxyl groups on the surface of CNF and PVA chains. Therefore, constructing a strong coordination crosslinking network within the film and improving the interfacial interaction between PVA and CNF. The water resistance, mechanical and barrier properties of the crosslinked films were significantly improved. Compared with the un-crosslinked film, the oxygen transmission rate (OTR) was decreased by up to 67 %, and the water swelling ratio was significantly reduced from 1085 % to 352 %. The tensile strength of the film with 1.5 wt% Fe3+ reached 41.93 MPa, which was 62 % higher than that of the un-crosslinked film. Furthermore, the composite film demonstrated good recyclability, almost recovering its original mechanical properties in two recycling tests. This simple and effective method for preparing water resistance and barrier films shows potential applications in flexible packaging areas.
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Pyruvate lies at a pivotal node of carbon metabolism in eukaryotes. It is involved in diverse metabolic pathways in multiple organelles, and its interorganelle shuttling is crucial for cell fitness. Many apicomplexan parasites harbor a unique organelle called the apicoplast that houses metabolic pathways like fatty acid and isoprenoid precursor biosyntheses, requiring pyruvate as a substrate. However, how pyruvate is supplied in the apicoplast remains enigmatic. Here, deploying the zoonotic parasite Toxoplasma gondii as a model apicomplexan, we identified two proteins residing in the apicoplast membranes that together constitute a functional apicoplast pyruvate carrier (APC) to mediate the import of cytosolic pyruvate. Depletion of APC results in reduced activities of metabolic pathways in the apicoplast and impaired integrity of this organelle, leading to parasite growth arrest. APC is a pyruvate transporter in diverse apicomplexan parasites, suggesting a common strategy for pyruvate acquisition by the apicoplast in these clinically relevant intracellular pathogens.
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Apicoplastos , Ácido Pirúvico , Toxoplasma , Apicoplastos/metabolismo , Toxoplasma/metabolismo , Ácido Pirúvico/metabolismo , Proteínas de Protozoários/metabolismo , Proteínas de Protozoários/genética , Animais , Proteínas de Membrana Transportadoras/metabolismo , Proteínas de Membrana Transportadoras/genética , Transporte Biológico , Redes e Vias MetabólicasRESUMO
This paper presents a comprehensive investigation into the thermal stability of superlattice-like (SLL) thin films fabricated by varying the sputtering sequences of the SLL [Ge8Sb92(25nm)/GeTe(25nm)]1 and SLL [GeTe(25nm)/Ge8Sb92(25nm)]1 configurations. Our results reveal significantly enhanced ten-year data retention (Tten) for both thin films measured at 124.3 °C and 151.9 °C, respectively. These values surpass the Tten of Ge2Sb2Te5 (85 °C), clearly demonstrating the superior thermal stability of the studied SLL configurations. Interestingly, we also observe a distinct difference in the thermal stability between the two SLL configurations. The superior thermal stability of SLL [GeTe(25nm)/Ge8Sb92(25nm)]1 is attributed to the diffusion of the Sb precipitated phase from Ge8Sb92 to GeTe. This diffusion process effectively reduces the impact of the Sb phase on the thermal stability of the thin film. In contrast, in the case of SLL [Ge8Sb92(25nm)/GeTe(25nm)]1, the presence of the Sb precipitated phase in Ge8Sb92 facilitates the crystallization of GeTe, leading to reduced thermal stability. These findings underscore the significant influence of the sputtering sequence on the atomic behavior and thermal properties of superlattice-like phase change materials. Such insights provide a robust foundation for the design and exploration of novel phase change materials with improved thermal performance.
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Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua (P. cyrtonema) rhizomes are rich in flavonoids and other secondary metabolites, exhibiting remarkable antioxidant, anti-tumor, and immunomodulatory effects. Polygonatum flavonoid-biosynthesis-related genes have been characterized already. However, a comprehensive overview of Polygonatum flavonoid biosynthesis pathways is still absent. To articulate the accumulation of the flavonoid biosynthesis pathways, we examined transcriptome changes using Illumina HiSeq from five different tissues and the RNA-seq of 15 samples had over 105 Gb of a clean base, generating a total of 277,955 unigenes. The cDNA libraries of the fruits (F), leaves (L), roots (R), stems (S), and rhizomes (T) of three-year-old P. cyrtonema plants generated 57,591, 53,578, 60,321, 51,530, and 54,935 unigenes. Comparative transcriptome analysis revealed that 379 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were in the group of F _vs_ T, L _vs_ T, R _vs_ T, and S _vs_ T, and the transcripts of flavonoid-biosynthesis-related DEGs were principally enriched in rhizomes. In addition, combined with WGCNA and the FPKM of five tissues' transcription, nine differentially expressed transcription factor families (MYB, WRKY, AP2/ERF, etc.) were characterized in the red module, the red module positively correlated with rhizome flavonoid accumulation. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) further indicated that BZIP1, C3H31, ERF114, and DREB21 are differentially expressed in rhizomes, accompanied in rhizome development in P. cyrtonema. Therefore, this study provides a foundation for further research into uncovering the accumulation of flavonoid biosynthesis in the rhizomes of P. cyrtonema.
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The variability of element carbon (EC) mixed with secondary species significantly complicates the assessment of its environmental impact, reflecting the complexity and diversity of EC-containing particles' composition and morphology during their ascent and regional transport. While the catalytic role of EC in secondary aerosol formation is recognized, the effects of heterogeneous chemistry on secondary species formation within diverse EC particle types are not thoroughly understood, particularly in the troposphere. Alpine sites offer a prime environment to explore EC properties post-transport from the ground to the free troposphere. Consequently, we conducted a comprehensive study on the genesis of secondary aerosols in EC-containing particles at Mt. Hua (altitude: 2069 m) from 1 May to 10 July, using a single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS). Our analysis identified six major EC particle types, with EC-K, EC-SN, and EC-NaK particles accounting for 27.6 %, 27.0 %, and 19.6 % of the EC particle population, respectively. The concentration-weighted trajectory (CWT) indicated that the lower free troposphere over Mt. Hua is significantly affected by anthropogenic emissions at ground-level, predominantly from northwestern and eastern China. Atmospheric interactions are crucial in generating high sulfate levels in EC-SN and EC-OC particles (> 70 %) and notable nitrate levels in EC-K, EC-BB, and EC-Fe particles (> 80 %). The observed high chloride content in EC-OC particles (56 ± 32 %) might enhance chlorine's reactivity with organic compounds via heterogeneous reactions within the troposphere. Distinct diurnal cycles for sulfate and nitrate are mainly driven by varying transport dynamics and formation processes, showing minimal dependency on EC particle types. Enhanced nocturnal oxalate conversion in EC-Fe particles is likely due to the aqueous oxidation of precursors, with Fe-catalyzed Fenton reactions enhancing OH radical production. This investigation provides critical insights into EC's role in secondary aerosol development during its transport in the lower free troposphere.
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Benzoxazinoids (BXs) are tryptophan-derived indole metabolites and play a role in various physiological processes, such as auxin metabolism. Auxin is essential in the process of somatic embryogenesis (SE) in plants. In this study, we used bioinformatics, transcriptome data, exogenous treatment experiments, and qPCR analysis to study the evolutionary pattern of Bx genes in green plants, the regulatory mechanism of DlBx genes during early SE, and the effect of 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazine-3-one (DIMBOA) on the early SE in Dimocarpus longan Lour. The results showed that 27 putative DlBxs were identified in the longan genome; the Bx genes evolved independently in monocots and dicots, and the main way of gene duplication for the DlBx was tandem duplication (TD) and the DlBx were strongly constrained by purification selection during evolution. The transcriptome data indicated varying expression levels of DlBx during longan early SE, and most DlBxs responded to light, temperature, drought stress, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) treatment; qRT-PCR results showed DlBx1, DlBx6g and DlBx6h were responsive to auxin, and treatment with 0.1mg/L DIMBOA for 9 days significantly upregulated the expression levels of DlBx1, DlBx3g, DlBx6c, DlBx6f, DlB6h, DlBx7d, DlBx8, and DlBx9b. The correlation analysis showed a significantly negative correlation between the expression level of DlBx1 and the endogenous IAA contents; DIMBOA significantly promoted the early SE and significantly changed the endogenous IAA content, and the IAA content increased significantly at the 9th day and decreased significantly at the 13th day. Therefore, the results suggested that DIMBOA indirectly promote the early SE by changing the endogenous IAA content via affecting the expression level of DlBx1 and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content in longan.
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Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo (D. officinale) is one of the most important traditional Chinese medicinal herbs, celebrated for its abundant bioactive ingredients. This study demonstrated that the diurnal temperature difference (DIF) (T1: 13/13 °C, T2: 25/13 °C, and T3: 25/25 °C) was more favorable for high chlorophyll, increased polysaccharide, and total flavonoid contents compared to constant temperature treatments in D. officinale PLBs. The transcriptome analysis revealed 4251, 4404, and 4536 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in three different comparisons (A: 25/13 °C vs. 13/13 °C, B: 13/13 °C vs. 25/25 °C, and C: 25/13 °C vs. 25/25 °C, respectively). The corresponding up-/down-regulated DEGs were 1562/2689, 2825/1579, and 2310/2226, respectively. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses of DEGs showed that the pathways of biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, carotenoid biosynthesis, and flavonoid biosynthesis were enriched in the top 20; further analysis of the sugar- and flavonol-metabolism pathways in D. officinale PLBs revealed that the DIF led to a differential gene expression in the enzymes linked to sugar metabolism, as well as to flavonol metabolism. Certain key metabolic genes related to ingredient accumulation were identified, including those involved in polysaccharide metabolism (SUS, SUT, HKL1, HGL, AMY1, and SS3) and flavonol (UGT73C and UGT73D) metabolism. Therefore, these findings indicated that these genes may play an important role in the regulatory network of the DIF in the functional metabolites of D. officinale PLBs. In a MapMan annotation of abiotic stress pathways, the DEGs with significant changes in their expression levels were mainly concentrated in the heat-stress pathways, including heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and heat-shock transcription factors (HSFs). In particular, the expression levels of HSP18.2, HSP70, and HSF1 were significantly increased under DIF treatment, which suggested that HSF1, HSP70 and HSP18.2 may respond to the DIF. In addition, they can be used as candidate genes to study the effect of the DIF on the PLBs of D. officinale. The results of our qPCR analysis are consistent with those of the transcriptome-expression analysis, indicating the reliability of the sequencing. The results of this study revealed the transcriptome mechanism of the DIF on the accumulation of the functional metabolic components of D. officinale. Furthermore, they also provide an important theoretical basis for improving the quality of D. officinale via the DIF in production.
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Real-world water wave fields exhibit significant nonlinear and nonisospectral characteristics, making it challenging to predict their evolution by relying solely on numerical simulation or exact solutions using integrable system theory. Hence, this paper introduces a fast and adaptive method of modal identification and prediction in nonisospectral water wave fields using the reduced-order nonlinear solution (RONS) scheme. Specifically, we discuss the coarse graining and mode extraction of wave field snapshots from the data-driven and physics-driven perspectives and utilize the RONS method for principle modal prediction of nonisospectral water wave fields. This is achieved by investigating the standard and nonisospectral Gardner system describing nonlinear water waves as a demonstration. Through detailed comparison and analysis, the fundamental solitary behaviors and dispersive effects in the Gardner system are discussed. Subsequently, a neighbor approximation is developed that combines the essences of symbolic precomputation and numerical computation in the RONS procedure, which exploits the locality of nonlinear interactions in water wave fields.
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In frigid regions, it is imperative to possess functionality materials that are ultrastrong, reusable, and economical, providing self-generated heat and electricity. One promising solution is a solarâthermalâelectric (STE) generator, composed of solarâthermal conversion phase change composites (PCCs) and temperature-difference power-generation-sheets. However, the existing PCCs face challenges with conflicting requirements for solarâthermal conversion efficiency and mechanical robustness, mainly due to monotonous functionalized aerogel framework. Herein, a novel starch vitrimer aerogel is proposed that incorporates orientational distributed carboxylated carbon nanotubes (CCNT) to create PCC. This innovative design integrates large through-holes, mechanical robustness, and superior solarâthermal conversion. Remarkably, PCC with only 0.8 wt.% CCNT loading achieves 85.8 MPa compressive strength, 102.4 °C at 200 mW cm-2 irradiation with an impressive 92.9% solar-thermal conversion efficiency. Noteworthy, the STE generator assembled with PCC harvests 99.1 W m-2 output power density, surpassing other reported STE generators. Strikingly, even under harsh conditions of -10 °C and 10 mW cmâ2 irradiation, the STE generator maintains 20 °C for PCC with 325 mV output voltage and 45 mA current, showcasing enhanced electricity generation in colder environments. This study introduces a groundbreaking STE generator, paving the way for self-sufficient heat and electricity supply in cold regions.
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BACKGROUND: The mechanism of liver X receptor in cancer has been gradually revealed in recent years. This study is committed to analyzing the current research status of the mechanism of liverâ ×â receptor in cancer progression by using bibliometric methods and to explore the development trend of liverâ ×â receptor related research in the future, in order to provide some reference for further exploration in this field. METHODS: The Web of Science core collection database was used to carry out the original data retrieval. Excel software was used for data statistics. Vosviewer and CiteSpace software were used to analyze the publication situation, cooperation network, reference co-citation, keyword and term co-occurrence, term bursts, and cluster analysis, and draw visual maps. RESULTS: A total of 631 publications meeting the research criteria were included by December 2022, with an average of 32.5 citations per paper. The main research fields were molecular biology, oncology and cell biology, and the papers were mainly published in journals about molecular, biology and immunology. Cell is the journal with the highest citation. The United States is the most influential country, the University of California, Los Angeles is the main research institution, and Gustafsson, Jan-ake is the author with the highest output. In reference co-citation clustering, cluster#2 "cancer development" is the main cluster, and the period from 2014 to 2018 is an important stage of relevant theoretical progress. "Tumor microenvironment" with high burst and novelty became the most noteworthy term in term burst. CONCLUSION: Using bibliometric methods to reveal the current status of LXR and cancer mechanisms, and making predictions of possible future hotspots based on the analysis of the current situation, the translation of LXR anti-cancer research to clinical applications, the impact on the tumor microenvironment as a whole and more immune pathways, and the formation of a systematic cognition of the effects of more cancer cell lines and oncogenic signaling crosstalk, which is a possible direction for future research.
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Neoplasias , Humanos , Receptores X do Fígado , Oncologia , Fígado , Bibliometria , Microambiente TumoralRESUMO
Aerosol and cloud acidity are essential to human health, ecosystem health and productivity, as well as climate effects. The main chemical composition of cloud water greatly varies in different regions, resulting in substantial differences in the pH of cloud water. However, the influences of the anthropogenic emissions of acidic gases and substances, alkaline dust components, and dicarboxylic acids (diacids) on the ground concerning the acidity of cloud water in the free troposphere of the Guanzhong Plain, China, remain clear. In this study, cloud water and PM2.5 samples were simultaneously collected in the troposphere (Mt. Hua, 2060 m a.s.l). The results indicated that the cloud water was alkaline (pH = 7.6) and PM2.5 was acidic (pH = 3.2). These results showed the neutral property of clouds collected in the heavily polluted Guanzhong Plain, although most previous studies always considered acidity as a marker of pollution. The sulfate (SO42-), nitrate (NO3-), and ammonium (NH4+) (SNA) of particulate matter and cloud water in the same period were compared. SO42- was dominant in particulate matters (accounting for 63.4 % of the total SNA) but substantially decreased in cloud water (only 30.1 % of the total SNA), whereas NO3- and NH4+ increased from 28.5 % and 8.2 % to 39.8 % and 30.2 %, respectively. This could be attributed to the complex formation mechanism and sources of SO42- and NO3- in the cloud. The results of ion balance indicated that a significant deficit of inorganic anion equivalents was observed in the cloud water samples. The high concentration of diacids in the cloud phase (1237.4 µg L-1) may facilitate the formation of salt complexes with NH4+, thus influencing the acidity of the cloud water. The pH of cloud water has increased in recent decades due to the sustained reduction of sulfur dioxide, which may also affect the acidity of future precipitation.
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There has been debate about whether individuals with different color phenotypes should have different taxonomic status. In order to determine whether the different color phenotypes of Nedyopus patrioticus require separate taxonomic status or are simply synonyms, here, the complete mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) of two different colored N. patrioticus, i.e., red N. patrioticus and white N. patrioticus, are presented. The two mitogenomes were 15,781 bp and 15,798 bp in length, respectively. Each mitogenome contained 13 PCGs, 19 tRNAs, 2 rRNAs, and 1 CR, with a lack of trnI, trnL2, and trnV compared to other Polydesmida species. All genes were located on a single strand in two mitogenomes. Mitochondrial DNA analyses revealed that red N. patrioticus and white N. patrioticus did not show clear evolutionary differences. Furthermore, no significant divergence was discovered by means of base composition analysis. As a result, we suggest that white N. patrioticus might be regarded as a synonym for red N. patrioticus. The current findings confirmed the existence of color polymorphism in N. patrioticus, which provides exciting possibilities for future research. It is necessary to apply a combination of molecular and morphological methods in the taxonomy of millipedes.
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The basic leucine zip (bZIP) transcription factors (TFs) are a group of highly conserved gene families that play important roles in plant growth and resistance to adversity stress. However, studies on hormonal regulatory pathways and functional analysis during somatic embryogenesis (SE) in Dimocarpus longan is still unavailable. In this study, a total of 51 bZIP family members were systematically identified in the whole genome of longan, a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis of DlbZIP (bZIP family members of D. longan) was performed, and subcellular localization and profiles patterns after transiently transformed DlbZIP60 were analyzed. The combined analysis of RNA-seq, ATAC-seq and ChIP-seq showed that four members have different H3K4me1 binding peaks in early SE and differentially expressed with increased chromatin accessibility. Comparative transcriptome analysis of bZIPs expression in early SE, different tissues and under 2,4-D treatment revealed that DlbZIP family might involved in growth and development during longan early SE. The qRT-PCR results implied that DlbZIP family were subjected to multiple hormonal responses and showed different degrees of up-regulated expression under indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatments, which indicated that they played an important role in the hormone synthesis pathways associated with the early SE of longan. Subcellular localization showed that DlbZIP60 was located in the nucleus, and the contents of endogenous IAA, MeJA and ABA were up-regulated in transiently DlbZIP60 overexpressed cell lines. These results suggest that DlbZIP60 may mediate hormones pathways that functions the development during early SE in longan.
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Ran GTPases play essential roles in plant growth and development. Our previous studies revealed the nuclear localization of DlRan3A and DlRan3B proteins and proposed their functional redundancy and distinction in Dimocarpus longan somatic embryogenesis, hormone, and abiotic stress responses. To further explore the possible roles of DlRan3A and DlRan3B, gene expression analysis by qPCR showed that their transcripts were both more abundant in the early embryo and pulp in longan. Heterologous expression of DlRan3A driven by its own previously cloned promoter led to stunted growth, increased root hair density, abnormal fruits, bigger seeds, and enhanced abiotic stress tolerance. Conversely, constitutive promoter CaMV 35S (35S)-driven expression of DlRan3A, 35S, or DlRan3B promoter-controlled expression of DlRan3B did not induce the alterations in growth phenotype, while they rendered different hypersensitivities to abiotic stresses. Based on the transcriptome profiling of longan Ran overexpression in tobacco plants, we propose new mechanisms of the Ran-mediated regulation of genes associated with cell wall biosynthesis and expansion. Also, the transgenic plants expressing DlRan3A or DlRan3B genes controlled by 35S or by their own promoter all exhibited altered mRNA levels of stress-related and transcription factor genes. Moreover, DlRan3A overexpressors were more tolerant to salinity, osmotic, and heat stresses, accompanied by upregulation of oxidation-related genes, possibly involving the Ran-RBOH-CIPK network. Analysis of a subset of selected genes from the Ran transcriptome identified possible cold stress-related roles of brassinosteroid (BR)-responsive genes. The marked presence of genes related to cell wall biosynthesis and expansion, hormone, and defense responses highlighted their close regulatory association with Ran.
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ATR has emerged as a promising target for anti-cancer drug development. Several potent ATR inhibitors are currently undergoing various stages of clinical trials, but none have yet received FDA approval due to unclear regulatory mechanisms. In this study, we discovered a potent and selective ATR degrader. Its kinase-independent regulatory functions in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells were elucidated using this proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) molecule as a probe. The ATR degrader, 8 i, exhibited significantly different cellular phenotypes compared to the ATR kinase inhibitor 1. Mechanistic studies revealed that ATR deletion led to breakdown in the nuclear envelope, causing genome instability and extensive DNA damage. This would increase the expression of p53 and triggered immediately p53-mediated apoptosis signaling pathway, which was earlier and more effective than ATR kinase inhibition. Based on these findings, the in vivo anti-proliferative effects of ATR degrader 8 i were assessed using xenograft models. The degrader significantly inhibited the growth of AMLâ cells in vivo, unlike the ATR inhibitor. These results suggest that the marked anti-AML activity is regulated by the kinase-independent functions of the ATR protein. Consequently, developing potent and selective ATR degraders could be a promising strategy for treating AML.