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In this study, we analyzed associations between vaccination knowledge, vaccination intention, political ideology, and belief in conspiracy theories before and during the 2020 Sars-Cov-2 pandemic in the Brazilian population. It was conducted a longitudinal study into three data collections. Participants responded to the Flexible Inventory of Conspiracy Suspicions (FICS), questionnaires measuring their knowledge, and opinion about vaccines, and sociodemographic data. The results were: the greater the belief in conspiracy theories about vaccines, the lesser the intention to get vaccinated, the vaccine knowledge, and the attitudes towards vaccine investment. Religious, prone to right-wing politics, parents, and older people scored more for FICS than atheists/agnostics, and younger people. From 2019 to 2020 the vaccination intention and vaccination investment did not differ, showing that people did not change their opinion about vaccines regardless of personal experience or the pandemic scenario. The research strengthened the relevance of health education as a milestone for public health and protection from dangerous conspiracy theories.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Intenção , Política , Vacinação , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Vacinação/psicologia , Vacinação/estatística & dados numéricos , Masculino , Feminino , Brasil , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto Jovem , Vacinas contra COVID-19/administração & dosagem , Adolescente , Idoso , Educação em Saúde , Vacinas/administração & dosagemRESUMO
Akinetopsia is a rare neurological syndrome characterized by an impaired perception of movement, often resulting from brain damage due to ischemia, epilepsy, or medication. It is also known as visual motion blindness, and patients with this condition are unable to perceive motion normally even with perfect visual acuity. This report aims to present a case of a patient in their late 40 s who developed akinetopsia and also an impairment in movement perception of objects without emitting sounds, after experiencing a late relapse of breast cancer with the occurrence of multiple brain metastases. The patient also experienced visual hallucinations, night terrors, and difficulty forming anterograde memory. Neuroimaging with MRI revealed severe brain damage, especially in the middle temporal area of the visual cortex. Akinetopsia is a rare phenomenon, and this is the first known case of its association with brain metastases.
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Neoplasias Encefálicas , Neoplasias da Mama , Humanos , Feminino , Neoplasias Encefálicas/secundário , Neoplasias Encefálicas/complicações , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Neoplasias da Mama/complicações , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Percepção de Movimento/fisiologia , Imageamento por Ressonância MagnéticaRESUMO
Resumo Objetivo: Identificar a prevalência e os fatores associados à violência contra mulheres durante a pandemia de Covid-19 no mundo. Método: O levantamento foi realizado em outubro de 2021, nos bancos de dados Embase, Scopus e Web of Science, publicados em 2020 e 2021, apenas no idioma inglês. Foram incluídos estudos empíricos, com população feminina, no período da Covid-19, e foram excluídos artigos que incluíam homens ou crianças em sua amostra. Para avaliar a qualidade dos estudos, foi usado o instrumento MMAT, e o resultado final foi organizado e sintetizado a partir de tabelas. Resultados: Foram selecionados 35 artigos, predominaram estudos quantitativos, on-line e investigando violência por parceiro íntimo. A prevalência foi significativa, com aumento e agravamento da violência; os principais fatores associados foram o estresse econômico, a pandemia e relações de gênero. Discussão: O viés de publicação foi estudos publicados apenas em inglês e os resultados envolvem o viés dos estudos primários referente a subnotificação e não generalização das amostras. É possível concluir que a pandemia e as medidas para conter a Covid-19 aumentaram a vulnerabilidade das mulheres coabitadas em ambiente violento.
Abstract Objective: To identify the prevalence and factors associated with violence against women during the Covid-19 pandemic in the world. Method: The survey was carried out in October 2021, in the Embase, Scopus and Web of Science databases, published in 2020 and 2021, only in the English language. Empirical studies were included, with a female population, during the Covid-19 period and articles that included men or children in their sample were excluded. To evaluate the quality of the studies, the MMAT instrument was used and the final result was organized and summarized using tables. Results: Thirty-five articles were selected, predominantly quantitative, on-line studies investigating intimate partner violence. The prevalence was significant, with an increase and worsening of violence and the main associated factors were economic stress, the pandemic and gender relations. Discussion: The publication bias was studies published only in English and the results involve the bias of primary studies regarding underreporting and non-generalization of the samples. It is possible to conclude that the pandemic and measures to contain Covid-19 increased the vulnerability of women cohabiting in a violent environment.
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O modelo do Estresse de Minoria (EM) propõe uma explicação de como estressores relacionados ao preconceito levam pessoas lésbicas, gays e bissexuais (LGB) a terem piores desfechos negativos de saúde mental do que pessoas heterossexuais. Os componentes básicos do EM são o preconceito internalizado, preconceito antecipado e preconceito experienciado. O modelo do EM foi desenvolvido primeiramente no campo da sexualidade e hoje tem sido também aplicado no contexto da diversidade de gênero. Ainda não há instrumentos adaptados para sua avaliação no contexto da diversidade de gênero no Brasil. Para esse fim, este estudo objetiva a adaptação transcultural e a investigação de evidências de validade para o contexto brasileiro do "Protocolo para Avaliação do EM em pessoas trans e diversidade de gênero" (PEM-TD-BR). Participaram 455 indivíduos cuja identidade de gênero discordava daquela designada ao nascimento. As análises fatoriais exploratórias e confirmatórias sugerem a estrutura de três fatores do PEM-TD-BR como a mais adequada, fornecendo evidências de validade e fidedignidade para o protocolo no contexto brasileiro.
The Minority Stress (MS) model explains how prejudice-related stressors lead lesbian, gay, and bisexual people (LGB) to have worse negative mental health outcomes compared to heterosexuals. The basic components of MS are internalized prejudice, anticipated prejudice, and experienced prejudice. MS model was first developed in the field of sexuality and is now also applied in the context of gender diversity. There are still no adapted tools for its assessment in the context of gender diversity in Brazil. To this end, this study aims at the cross-cultural adaptation and production of validity evidence for the Brazilian context of a protocol for the "assessment of MS in transgender and gender diverse people" (PEM-TD-BR). It included 455 participants whose current gender identity disagreed with that assigned at birth. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyzes suggest the three-factor structure of the PEM-TD-BR as the most appropriate and provide evidence for the validity and reliability for the protocol in the Brazilian context.
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BACKGROUND: We systematically reviewed the literature and performed a meta-analysis on the effects of speech therapy and phonosurgery, for transgender women, in relation to the fundamental frequency gain of the voice, regarding the type of vocal sample collected, and we compared the effectiveness of the treatments. In addition, the study design, year, country, types of techniques used, total therapy time, and vocal assessment protocols were analyzed. METHODS: We searched the PubMed, Lilacs, and SciELO databases for observational studies and clinical trials, published in English, Portuguese, or Spanish, between January 2010 and January 2023. The selection of studies was carried out according to Prisma 2020. The quality of selected studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. RESULTS: Of 493 studies, 31 were deemed potentially eligible and retrieved for full-text review and 16 were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. Six studies performed speech therapy and ten studies phonosurgery. The speech therapy time did not influence the post-treatment gain in voice fundamental frequency (p = 0.6254). The type of sample collected significantly influenced the post-treatment voice frequency gain (p < 0.01). When the vocal sample was collected through vowel (p < 0.01) and reading (p < 0.01), the gain was significantly more heterogeneous between the different types of treatment. Phonosurgery is significantly more effective in terms of fundamental frequency gain compared to speech therapy alone, regardless of the type of sample collected (p < 0.01). The average gain of fundamental frequency after speech therapy, in the /a/ vowel sample, was 27 Hz, 39.05 Hz in reading, and 25.42 Hz in spontaneous speech. In phonosurgery, there was a gain of 71.68 Hz for the vowel /a/, 41.07 Hz in reading, and 39.09 Hz in spontaneous speech. The study with the highest gain (110 Hz) collected vowels, and the study with the lowest gain (15 Hz), spontaneous speech. The major of the included studies received a score between 4 and 8 on the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. CONCLUSION: The type of vocal sample collected influences the gain result of the fundamental frequency after treatment. Speech therapy and phonosurgery increased the fundamental frequency and improved female voice perception and vocal satisfaction. However, phonosurgery yielded a greater fundamental frequency gain in the different samples collected. The study protocol was registered at Prospero (CRD42017078446).
Assuntos
Pessoas Transgênero , Voz , Feminino , Humanos , Fonoterapia , Fala , Bases de Dados FactuaisRESUMO
Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) is a central predictor of distinct phenomena such as prejudice, voting behavior, corruption, conspiratory beliefs and dietary habits. Given its theoretical and practical relevance, researchers have incorporated RWA measures in large-scale surveys but their length can be an impediment. Although short RWA scales exist, none consider the cultural variability of the RWA structure in non-WEIRD contexts such as Brazil. Here, we report data from five cross-sectional and longitudinal Brazilian samples (Ntotal = 2,493) used to develop a short RWA version that considers cross-cultural specificities of the Brazilian context, where an alternative four-factor model was observed. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses confirmed a four-factor structure comprising Authoritarianism, Traditionalism, Submission to Authority and Contestation to Authority dimensions. Six-month longitudinal results indicated that Authoritarianism and Traditionalism are more stable than both Submission and Contestation to Authority. Correlations between these dimensions and right-wing political self-categorization were statistically equivalent for the full 34-item RWA scale version and the new 12-item version. Results confirm the psychometric properties of the four-factor, 12-item RWA scale in this cultural context.
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The rates of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts among transgender youths are high. However, in Brazil, there are no studies about these outcomes in this population. The present study aims to investigate the prevalence of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in Brazilian transgender youths (binary and non-binary), in association with predictor variables, following the Minority Stress Theory. The predictor variables analyzed were depressive symptoms, discrimination, gender distress, deprivation, social support, and gender identity support from parents and friends. Participants were recruited through an online survey. The final sample consisted of 213 participants, aged 13 to 25 years old. Two equal regression analyses were performed, one for each outcome. Out of the total, 103 (48.6%) identified as transgender boys, 44 (20.8%) as transgender girls, and 65 (30.7%) as non-binary. The mean age was 18.53 years (SD 2.50). The study found that 57.6% of the sample had depressive symptoms, 72.3% experienced suicidal ideation, and 42.7% had attempted suicide. In the final model, the variables that were associated with suicidal ideation were deprivation, gender distress, and depressive symptoms. As for suicide attempts, the variables deprivation and depressive symptoms were correlated. Further studies on this population should be conducted to analyze protective factors for these outcomes.
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Tentativa de Suicídio , Pessoas Transgênero , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto Jovem , Adulto , Ideação Suicida , Brasil , Identidade de Gênero , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Abstract The applicability of objectification theory on undergraduate female students from Rio Grande do Sul was analyzed, examining if the constructs of self-objectification, self-surveillance, appearance anxiety and body shame worked to predict disordered eating and depressive symptomatology. Participants were female undergraduate students from Rio Grande do Sul. Two quantitative, cross-sectional studies were conducted. On the first one (n = 622), the psychometric characteristics of the adapted instruments (English-Portuguese) were evaluated. On the second one, only data provided by Psychology students (n = 371) was used to test the framework using the innovative method of Bayesian Networks. Results indicate that the tested variables predict outcomes related to depression and eating disorders, partially explaining the gender disparity in the development of these pathologies. Objectification theory is useful to understand how the phenomenon can affect the mental health of Brazilian women.
Resumo Analisou-se a aplicabilidade da teoria da objetificação em universitárias do Rio Grande do Sul, examinando as variáveis objetificação do self, automonitoramento corporal, ansiedade de aparência e vergonha corporal como possíveis preditoras de sintomatologia associada à transtornos alimentares e depressivos. Trata-se de dois estudos quantitativos, de corte transversal. No primeiro (n = 622), avaliou-se as características psicométricas dos instrumentos adaptados (Inglês-Português). No segundo, usou-se apenas dados de estudantes de Psicologia (n = 371) para testar a estrutura através do método inovador de Redes Bayesianas. Os resultados indicam que as variáveis testadas predizem desfechos ligados a depressão e transtornos alimentares, explicando parcialmente a disparidade de gênero no acometimento destas patologias. A teoria mostra-se útil para entender como o fenômeno pode afetar a saúde mental de brasileiras.
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Abstract Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) is a central predictor of distinct phenomena such as prejudice, voting behavior, corruption, conspiratory beliefs and dietary habits. Given its theoretical and practical relevance, researchers have incorporated RWA measures in large-scale surveys but their length can be an impediment. Although short RWA scales exist, none consider the cultural variability of the RWA structure in non-WEIRD contexts such as Brazil. Here, we report data from five cross-sectional and longitudinal Brazilian samples ( N total = 2,493) used to develop a short RWA version that considers cross-cultural specificities of the Brazilian context, where an alternative four-factor model was observed. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses confirmed a four-factor structure comprising Authoritarianism, Traditionalism, Submission to Authority and Contestation to Authority dimensions. Six-month longitudinal results indicated that Authoritarianism and Traditionalism are more stable than both Submission and Contestation to Authority. Correlations between these dimensions and right-wing political self-categorization were statistically equivalent for the full 34-item RWA scale version and the new 12-item version. Results confirm the psychometric properties of the four-factor, 12-item RWA scale in this cultural context.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Autoritarismo , Comparação Transcultural , Inquéritos e Questionários , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Política , BrasilRESUMO
This cross-sectional and descriptive study aimed to evaluate the sexual function, urinary function, and quality of life of 26 Brazilian trans women who have undergone gender-affirming surgery (GAS) using the gold standard technique (penile inversion vaginoplasty) in the Gender Identity Transdisciplinary Program at Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil, between March 2016 and July 2017. The Female Sexual Function Index, the SF-36 Health Survey, and the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form were used. Regarding their surgical results, 84.6% of the women said they were satisfied, 73.1% were sexually functional, and 15.4% reported urinary incontinence not associated with surgery. Participants also reported a good quality of life, despite low scores of pain and physical vitality. Transgender women in our sample reported a good quality of life and sexual function after GAS. Further studies are required to improve the psychosexual wellbeing of this specific population.
Assuntos
Cirurgia de Readequação Sexual , Pessoas Transgênero , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Cirurgia de Readequação Sexual/métodos , Estudos Transversais , Qualidade de Vida , Identidade de GêneroRESUMO
Background: HIV disproportionately affects people who inject drugs, transgender people, sex workers, men who have sex with men, and incarcerated people. Recognized as key populations (KP), these groups face increased impact of HIV infection and reduced access to health assistance. In 1990, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention organized technical guidance on HIV Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT-HIV), with subsequent trials comparing intervention methodologies, no longer recommending this strategy. However, KP needs have not been explicitly considered. Methods: We assessed VCT-HIV effectiveness for sexual risk-reduction among KP (PROSPERO 2020 CRD42020088816). We searched Pubmed, EMBASE, Global Health, Scopus, PsycINFO, and Web of Science for peer-reviewed, controlled trials from February, 2020, to April, 2022. We screened the references list and contacted the main authors, extracted data through Covidence, applied the Cochrane Risk-of-Bias tool, and performed the meta-analysis using Review Manager. Findings: We identified 17 eligible trials, including 10,916 participants and evaluated HIV risk behaviors. When compared to baseline, VCT-HIV reduced unsafe sex frequency (Z=5.40; p<0.00001, I²=0%). Interpretation: While our meta-analysis identified VCT-HIV as protective for sexual risk behaviors for among KP, the results are limited to MSM and PWID, demonstrating the paucity of data on the other KP. Also, it highlights the importance of applying a clear VCT-HIV guideline as well as properly training the counselors. Funding: Research funded by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPQ/MS-DIAHV N° 24/2019), and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior.
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O presente estudo buscou adaptar a Escala de Orientação à Dominância Social (SDO7) para o contexto brasileiro, propor uma versão reduzida do instrumento, avaliar sua estrutura fatorial e evidências de validade entre grupos. Para tanto, realizou-se coleta de dados on-line em que participaram 1.056 indivíduos de quatro diferentes amostras. Análises fatoriais confirmatórias indicaram os melhores índices de ajuste para a estrutura original de quatro fatores, sendo dois substanciais (Dominância e Anti-Igualitarismo) e dois de método (pró-traço e contra-traço). Os fatores substanciais, denominados "Dominância Social" e "Anti-Igualitarismo", apresentaram alfa de Cronbach superior a 0,70 em todas as amostras. As versões longa e reduzida da escala apresentaram bons índices de validade de critério entre grupos com correlações altas entre os escores dos fatores substanciais e a autocategorização política. Portanto, o instrumento apresentou evidências de validade e fidedignidade e podem ser utilizados em estudos futuros. (AU)
This study aims to cross-culturally adapt the Social Dominance Orientation Scale (SDO7) for the Brazilian context, propose a reduced version of the instrument, and assess its factor structure and validity evidences. Participants included 1,056 individuals across four different samples collected online. Confirmatory factor analyses indicated the best fit indices for the original four-factor structure, two substantial (Dominance x Anti-Egalitarianism) and two methodological (pro-trait x counter-trait). The substantial factors had Cronbach's alpha values above 0.70 in all samples. Furthermore, both the long and reduced versions of the scale were highly correlated with political self-categorization. Hence, the instrument in its long and reduced versions showed good validity and reliability evidences for the Brazilian context and can be used in future studies. (AU)
Este estudio tiene como objetivo adaptar transculturalmente la Escala de Orientación a la Dominancia Social (SDO7) para el contexto brasileño, proponer una versión reducida del instrumento, evaluar su estructura factorial y evidencias de validez entre grupos. Por lo que, se llevó a cabo una recogida de datos online en la que participaron 1056 individuos de cuatro muestras diferentes. Los análisis factoriales confirmatorios indicaron los mejores índices de ajuste para la estructura original de cuatro factores, dos de ellos son sustanciales (Dominancia x Anti-Igualitarismo) y los otros dos son metodológicos (pro-rasgo x contra-rasgo). Los factores sustanciales, denominados "Dominancia social" y "Anti-Igualitarismo", presentaron alfa de Cronbach por encima de 0,70 en todas las muestras. Las versiones larga y corta de la escala presentaron buenos índices de validez con altas correlaciones entre los puntajes de los factores sustanciales y la autocategorización política. Por lo tanto, el instrumento presentó evidencias de validez y confiabilidad para el contexto brasileño y puede utilizarse en futuros estudios. (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Adulto Jovem , Preconceito/psicologia , Predomínio Social , Psicometria , Tradução , Comparação Transcultural , Inquéritos e Questionários , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Análise Fatorial , Fatores SociodemográficosRESUMO
This cross-sectional study investigated whether depression, self-esteem, and resilience (mental health indicators) are associated with some psychological features of sexuality (sexual fear, sexual anxiety, sexual dissatisfaction, and sexual body image worries) in a sample of 462 transgender men and women from Brazil. Pearson's correlations were performed between all continuous variables in the study. Those that were significantly associated with the psychological features of sexuality in previous analyses were tested as independent variables in multiple linear regression models. Sexual fear, sexual anxiety, sexual dissatisfaction, and sexual body image worries were negatively related to self-esteem and resilience, while positively related to depression. Higher levels of depression were associated with sexual fear, while higher levels of depression and lower self-esteem were associated with sexual anxiety. In addition, higher levels of depression and lower levels of resilience were associated with sexual dissatisfaction. Depression and resilience were associated with the composite score of sexual dissatisfaction and sexual anxiety. Our results suggest that negative mental health indicators may impair the sexual life of transgender individuals. Clinical interventions should be developed and tested to address the psychological features of sexuality.
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Resiliência Psicológica , Pessoas Transgênero , Brasil , Estudos Transversais , Depressão/psicologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Autoimagem , Sexualidade/psicologiaRESUMO
O presente artigo se propõe a discutir teoricamente de que forma os discursos relativos ao conceito de gênero e de sexualidade atravessam a pauta da educação no Brasil. Este trabalho parte da posição que a escola possui uma função política fundamental a formação de cidadãos ao mesmo tempo que enfrentasucessivas tentativasde controle de professores/ase currículos por parte de organizações político-partidárias conservadoras. A partir da literatura de gênero, argumentamos neste artigo,quea escoladevaser um espaço em que temáticas como gênero, sexualidade, diversidade sexual, dentre outras, possam ser debatidas e problematizadas, uma vez que tais discussões contribuem para uma formação que estimula o pensamento crítico e a valorização da diversidade. Conclui-se que estimular o pensamento plural não é uma armadilha para desmantelar os lares e as famílias, como a realidade conservadora brasileira busca supor. Ao contrário, é contribuir para a formação de cidadãos/ãscomprometidos/ascom um país menos desigual. (AU)
The present article proposes to discuss theoretically how the discourses related to the concept of gender and sexuality conflate and are reproduced in the context of the school. This paper starts from the position that this institution has a fundamental political function -the formation of citizens -although also faces a moment of attempt of control of teachers and curricula by Brazilian conservative political-partisan organizations. From the gender literature, we argue about the importance of the school being a space in which themes such as gender, sexuality, sexual diversity, among others, can be debated and problematized, contributing to a formation that stimulates critical thinking and appreciation of diversity. Stimulating plural thinking isnot a trap to dismantle households and families, as Brazilian conservative suppose. On the contrary, it contribute to the formation of citizens committed to a less unequal country. (AU)
El presente artículo propone discutir teóricamente cómo los discursos relacionados con el concepto de género y sexualidad entran en conflicto y se reproducen en el contexto de la escuela. Este trabajo parte de la posición de que esta institución tiene una función política fundamental -la formación de ciudadanos -aunque también enfrenta un momento de intento de control de los docentes y los planes de estudio por parte de las organizaciones político-partidistas conservadoras brasileñas. Desde la literatura de género, argumentamos sobre la importancia de que la escuela sea un espacio en el que se puedan debatir y problematizar temas como género, sexualidad, diversidad sexual, entre otros, contribuyendo a una formación que estimule el pensamiento crítico y la apreciación de la diversidad. Estimular el pensamiento plural no es una trampa para desmantelar hogares y familias, como suponen los conservadores brasileños. Al contrario, contribuye a la formación de ciudadanos comprometidos con un país menos desigual. (AU)
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Política , Sexualidade , Educação , Identidade de Gênero , Instituições Acadêmicas , Brasil , Diversidade de GêneroRESUMO
Preliminary studies indicate that ideologies and worldviews are key in understanding the motivation behind corruption. Yet, there is no model seeking to explain corrupt intention that incorporates ideology and worldviews as predictors. Our objective was to propose a model integrating ideological factors (social dominance orientation [SDO] and right-wing authoritarianism [RWA]) and their underlying worldviews (competitive worldview beliefs [CWB] and dangerous worldview beliefs [DWB]) as predictors of corrupt intention and attitudes toward corrupt people and examine the model in the high corruption context of Brazil. For that purpose, preregistered hypotheses were tested across six studies. Results confirmed that corrupt intention is predicted by SDO but not RWA, while attitudes toward corrupt people are predicted by RWA but not SDO (Studies 1, 2, and 4). Replicating these findings cross-culturally, World Values Survey data (Study 3) indicated that corrupt intention is predicted by a proxy SDO index but not by a proxy RWA index. Experimentally increasing DWB amplified corrupt intention, but attitudes toward corrupt people remained unaffected (Study 5). Study 6 further confirmed the independence of corrupt intention and attitudes toward corrupt people, with corrupt intention primarily predicted by CWB and attitudes toward corrupt people primarily predicted by RWA. Hence, the first social psychological model that seeks to explain corruption integrating ideologies and worldviews was successfully proposed with implications for future research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Autoritarismo , Intenção , Atitude , Humanos , Modelos Psicológicos , Política , Predomínio SocialRESUMO
Correctly recognizing gender identity in population-based surveys is essential to develop effective public health strategies to improve the living conditions of transgender and gender-diverse populations, as well as to adequately collect data on cisgender individuals. This study aims to present the two-step measure as the best strategy for assessing gender identity in Brazilian surveys, thus we performed two separate analyses. Firstly, we conducted a systematic review concerning HIV-related care among Brazilian transgender and gender-diverse populations to assess the strategy used to identify participants' gender identity. Secondly, we re-analyzed data from a recent survey that included Brazilian transgender populations, comparing characteristics and health outcomes from the sample identified by single-item and by the two-step measure. Concerning the systematic review, from 6,585 references, Brazilian research teams published seven articles, and only one study used the two-step measure. Regarding this survey, the two-step measure recognized 567 cisgender and 773 transgender and gender diverse participants among the 1,340 participants who answered the questionnaire, whereas the single-item measure was able to recognize only 540 transgender and gender diverse people. Furthermore, 31 transgender women self-identified as "transgender men" on the single-item measure. Therefore, although scarcely used in Brazil, the two-step measure is a more accurate strategy to recognize gender identity.
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Pessoas Transgênero , Brasil , Feminino , Identidade de Gênero , Humanos , Masculino , Viés de Seleção , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, and Asexual (LGBTQA+) youth have a greater chance of experiencing stressful life events when compared to cisgender heterosexual peers, which can lead to mental health problems. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of mental disorders among LGBTQA+ youths from two large cities in Brazil. METHODS: Participants were 13-22 years old youths from the 3rd wave of the Brazilian High-Risk Cohort for Psychiatric Disorders (n = 1475). Mental disorders were assessed using the Development and Well-Being Behavior Assessment. Sexual orientation and gender identity were assessed using a self-report confidential questionnaire. Data were analyzed through logistic regressions (adjusting for sociodemographic) using sampling weights to account for attrition and our oversampling high-risk design. RESULTS: 15.18% of the sample described themselves as LGBTQA+. The LGBTQA+ group presented higher rates of anxiety disorders (30.14% vs. 13.37%; OR = 3.37; 95%CI:2.51-4.50), depressive disorders (27.75% vs. 15.34%; OR = 2.17; 95%CI:1.60-2.93) and post-traumatic stress disorder (4.98% vs. 2.25%; OR = 4.20; 95%CI:2.24-7.82), if compared with the cisgender heterosexual group. No difference was found for conduct disorders (2.97% vs. 5.21%; OR = 0.82; 95%CI:0.35-1.65) or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (5.92% vs. 3.28%; OR = 1.56; 95%CI:0.83-2.79). LIMITATIONS: Although recruitment was performed at 57 schools in the two cities, sampling was non-probabilistic and included only urban areas, which might bias prevalence estimates and group comparisons. CONCLUSIONS: Our results elucidate the mental health disparities between LGBTQA+ people and cisgender heterosexuals in Brazil. It highlights the need to promote the inclusion of this population in policy formulation and support actions to mitigate the suffering related to sexual orientation and gender identity.
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Minorias Sexuais e de Gênero , Pessoas Transgênero , Adolescente , Adulto , Brasil/epidemiologia , Feminino , Identidade de Gênero , Humanos , Masculino , Saúde Mental , Comportamento Sexual , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Abstract The themes of sexuality and gender must be addressed at all stages of schooling. However, there is a certain invisibility during childhood, as well as a lack of interventions focused on educators. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a formative intervention about sexuality and gender in teachers of Early Childhood Education, in relation to the level of prejudice and attitudes related to sexual and gender diversity, gender roles, and educational competences for working with LGBT students. In total, 37 teachers participated in the study. Descriptive statistics and bivariate analyses were performed in the form of parametric tests (paired samples t-tests) and a thematic analysis. The intervention was positively evaluated, the prejudice level was significantly reduced and there was an immediate effect in relation to the application of knowledge. We suggest the development of interventions on subtle manifestations of prejudice towards sexual diversity and gender roles.
Resumo As temáticas de sexualidade e gênero devem ser trabalhadas em todas as etapas da escolarização. Contudo, verifica-se certa invisibilidade no contexto da infância e uma carência de trabalhos com educadores/as. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia de uma intervenção formativa em sexualidade e gênero para professoras/es de Educação Infantil, em relação ao nível de preconceito e de atitudes relacionadas à diversidade sexual e de gênero, aos papéis de gênero e às competências educacionais para trabalhar com estudantes LGBT. Trinta e sete professoras/es participaram. Foram realizadas estatísticas descritivas, análises bivariadas na forma de testes paramétricos (testes t de amostras pareadas) e uma análise temática. A intervenção foi avaliada de maneira positiva, o nível de preconceito reduziu significativamente e houve um imediato efeito em relação à aplicação dos conhecimentos. Sugerimos o desenvolvimento de intervenções sobre manifestações sutis de preconceito à diversidade sexual e aos papéis de gênero.
Resumen Los temas de sexualidad y género deben ser abordados en todas las etapas de la escolaridad. Sin embargo, existe cierta invisibilidad en el contexto de la infancia y escasos trabajos con los/las educadores/as. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la eficacia de una intervención formativa en sexualidad y género para profesores/as de Educación Infantil, con relación al nivel de prejuicios y actitudes relacionadas con la diversidad sexual y de género, roles de género y competencias educativas para el trabajo con estudiantes LGBT. Participaron 37 profesores/ras. Se realizaron estadísticas descriptivas, análisis bivariados en forma de pruebas paramétricas (pruebas t de muestras apareadas) y un análisis temático. La intervención fue evaluada positivamente, se redujo significativamente el nivel de prejuicio y hubo un efecto inmediato con relación a la aplicación de conocimientos. Se sugiere desarrollar intervenciones sobre manifestaciones sutiles de prejuicio a la diversidad sexual y los roles de género.