MULTITARGETED POLYPHARMACOTHERAPY for CANCER TREATMENT. THEORETICAL CONCEPTS and PROPOSALS.

INTRODUCTION: . The pharmacological treatment of cancer has evolved from cytotoxic to molecular targeted therapy. The median survival gains of 124 drugs approved by the FDA from 2003 to 2021 is 2.8 months. Targeted therapy is based on the somatic mutation theory, which has some paradoxes and limitations. While efforts of targeted therapy must continue, we must study newer approaches that could advance therapy and affordability for patients. AREAS COVERED: This work briefly overviews how cancer therapy has evolved from cytotoxic chemotherapy to current molecular-targeted therapy. The limitations of the one-target, one-drug approach considering cancer as a robust system and the basis for multitargeting approach with polypharmacotherapy using repurposing drugs. EXPERT OPINION: Multitargeted polypharmacotherapy for cancer with repurposed drugs should be systematically investigated in preclinical and clinical studies. Remarkably, most of these proposed drugs already have a long history in the clinical setting, and their safety is known. In principle, the risk of their simultaneous administration should not be greater than that of a first-in-human phase I study as long as the protocol is developed with strict vigilance to detect early possible side effects from their potential interactions. Research on cancer therapy should go beyond the prevailing paradigm targeted therapy.

Chitin Nanocomposites for Fused Filament Fabrication: Flexible Materials with Enhanced Interlayer Adhesion.

In this work, we present a series of nanocomposites for Fused filament fabrication (FFF) based on polycaprolactone (PCL) and chitin nanocrystals (ChNCs). The ChNCs were synthesized by acid hydrolysis using HCl or lactic acid (LA). The approach using LA, an organic acid, makes the ChNCs synthesis more sustainable and modifies their surface with lactate groups, increasing their compatibility with the PCL matrix. The ChNCs characterization by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy revealed that both ChNCs presented similar morphologies and crystallinity, while differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis proved that they can bear temperatures up to 210 °C without degrading, which allows their processing in the manufacturing of PCL composites by twin-screw extrusion. Therefore, PCL composites in the form of filaments containing 0.5-1.0 wt % ChNCs were produced and used as feedstock in FFF, and standard tensile and flexural specimens were printed at different temperatures, up to 170 °C, to assess the influence of the ChNCs in the mechanical properties of the material. The tensile testing results showed that the presence of ChNCs enhances the strength and ductility of the PCL matrix, increasing the elongation at break around 20-50%. Moreover, the vertically printed flexural specimens showed a very different bending behavior, such that the pure PCL specimens presented a brittle fracture at 7% strain, while the ChNCs composites were able to bend over themselves. Hence, this work proves that the presence of ChNCs aims to improve the interlayer adhesion of the objects manufactured by FFF due to their good adhesive properties, which is currently a concern for the scientific community and the industrial sector.

Progress of patients hospitalized with acute heart failure treated with empagliflozin.

Aim: To describe the epidemiological, clinical and laboratory characteristics and clinical progress of patients hospitalized with heart failure (HF) who started treatment with empagliflozin before discharge. Methods: We performed a retrospective observational study of patients aged ≥18 years admitted to the Internal Medicine Department of University Hospital Jaen, Jaen, Spain with acute HF between 1 May 2022 and 31 May 2023. Patients had to have a life expectancy of ≥1 year and have started treatment with empagliflozin during admission. Results: We included 112 patients (mean age, 85.2 ± 6.5 years; 67.9% women; 35.7 and 31.3% in NYHA functional classes III and IV; 73.2% with HF and preserved ejection fraction). Before admission, 80.4% were taking loop diuretics, 70.6% renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors, 49.1% betablockers and 25% mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists. At admission, 94.6% were taking furosemide (15.2% at high doses, 36.6% at intermediate doses). The dose of furosemide was reduced at initiation of empagliflozin. At the end of follow-up, 13.4% of patients had died, 93.8% of the survivors continued treatment with empagliflozin and 26.8% had attended the emergency department with signs and symptoms of HF. Conclusion: Introduction of empagliflozin before discharge from hospital in patients admitted with HF made it possible to reduce the dose of diuretics during admission. The frequency of complications was as expected, and treatment was largely maintained.

Synthesis, In Silico Study, and In Vitro Antifungal Activity of New 5-(1,3-Diphenyl-1H-Pyrazol-4-yl)-4-Tosyl-4,5-Dihydrooxazoles.

The increase in multi-drug resistant Candida strains has caused a sharp rise in life-threatening fungal infections in immunosuppressed patients, including those with SARS-CoV-2. Novel antifungal drugs are needed to combat multi-drug-resistant yeasts. This study aimed to synthesize a new series of 2-oxazolines and evaluate the ligands in vitro for the inhibition of six Candida species and in silico for affinity to the CYP51 enzymes (obtained with molecular modeling and protein homology) of the same species. The 5-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-4-tosyl-4,5-dihydrooxazoles 6a-j were synthesized using the Van Leusen reaction between 1,3-diphenyl-4-formylpyrazoles 4a-j and TosMIC 5 in the presence of K2CO3 or KOH without heating, resulting in short reaction times, high compound purity, and high yields. The docking studies revealed good affinity for the active site of the CYP51 enzymes of the Candida species in the following order: 6a-j > 4a-j > fluconazole (the reference drug). The in vitro testing of the compounds against the Candida species showed lower MIC values for 6a-j than 4a-j, and for 4a-j than fluconazole, thus correlating well with the in silico findings. According to growth rescue assays, 6a-j and 4a-j (like fluconazole) inhibit ergosterol synthesis. The in silico toxicity assessment evidenced the safety of compounds 6a-j, which merit further research as possible antifungal drugs.

Choosing Wisely in oncology in Latin America: what SLACOM does not recommend in the care of cancer patients in Latin America: Ten essential recommendations to avoid harmful onclogy procedures in Latin America.

Choosing Wisely is an initiative by the American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) and ABIM Foundation to deter unnecessary medical treatments and procedures. Faced with the burden of modern technologies and treatments, it is crucial to identify practices lacking value in daily care. The Latin American and Caribbean Society (SLACOM), comprising cancer control experts, deems it vital to tailor this initiative for enhancing cancer care in the region. Through a modified DELPHI methodology involving two rounds of electronic questionnaires and a hybrid meeting to discuss key points of contention, ten essential recommendations were identified and prioritised to avoid harmful oncology procedures in our region. These consensus-based recommendations, contextualised for Latin America, have been compiled and shared to benefit patients. The Scientific Committee, consisting of prominent oncologists and health experts, collaborates remotely to drive this project forward.

A Comparative Analysis of the Outcomes of Various Graft Types in Burn Reconstruction Over the Past 24 Years: A Systematic Review.

Burn injuries, a major global health concern, result in an estimated 180,000 fatalities annually. Despite tremendous progress in treatment methods over the years, the morbidity and mortality associated with burns remain significant. Autologous skin grafting, particularly split-thickness skin grafting (STSG), has been a cornerstone in burn reconstruction, and it has facilitated survival and functional recovery for total body surface area (TBSA) significantly. However, the requirement for primary closure at the donor site due to the constraints of full-thickness donor harvesting continues to pose challenges. The introduction of dermal regenerative templates (DRT) in the late 1970s marked a substantial step forward in tissue engineering, addressing the inadequacy of dermal replacement with STSGs. This systematic review aimed to compare the outcomes of different graft types - bioengineered, autografts, allografts, and xenografts - in burn reconstruction over the last 24 years. The review focused on the pros and cons of each graft type, offering clinical insights grounded in experience and evidence. The approach involved a systematic review of studies published in English from January 2000 to January 2024, covering randomized controlled trials (RCTs), cohort studies, case-control studies, and case series. The participants comprised individuals of all ages who underwent burn reconstruction with skin grafts, specifically split-thickness grafts, full-thickness grafts, composite grafts, and epidermal grafts (autografts, allografts, and xenografts) and bioengineered grafts. The primary outcomes were functional and cosmetic results, patient satisfaction, graft survival, and complications. The risk of bias was evaluated using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials version 2 (RoB 2), the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for non-randomized studies, and the Canada Institute for Health Economics (IHE) quality appraisal tool for case series. Our initial search yielded a total of 1,995 articles, out of which 10 studies were selected for final analysis. Among the four clinical trials assessed, 75% showed a high risk of bias. The studies reviewed involved various graft types, with six studies (60%) concentrating on allografts, three (30%) on autografts, and one (10%) on bioengineered skin grafts. The outcomes were varied, underlining the intricate nature of burn wound management. Our evaluation revealed promising results for autologous-engineered skin substitutes and allografts but also highlighted methodological disparities among the studies included. The dominance of observational studies and the diversity of outcome measures present obstacles to direct comparisons. Future research should address these limitations, employing well-structured RCTs, standardized outcome measures, and exploring long-term outcomes and patient-specific factors. The rapidly evolving field of regenerative medicine offers great potential for novel grafting methods. This systematic review provides valuable insights into the diverse outcomes of burn reconstruction using different graft types. Autologous-engineered skin substitutes and allografts seem to hold significant promise, suggesting a possible shift in grafting techniques. However, methodological inconsistencies and the lack of high-quality evidence underscore the necessity for further research to fine-tune burn care approaches.

Using Compound Neural Action Potentials for Functional Validation of a High-Density Intraneural Interface: A Preliminary Study.

Compound nerve action potentials (CNAPs) were used as a metric to assess the stimulation performance of a novel high-density, transverse, intrafascicular electrode in rat models. We show characteristic CNAPs recorded from distally implanted cuff electrodes. Evaluation of the CNAPs as a function of stimulus current and calculation of recruitment plots were used to obtain a qualitative approximation of the neural interface's placement and orientation inside the nerve. This method avoids elaborate surgeries required for the implantation of EMG electrodes and thus minimizes surgical complications and may accelerate the healing process of the implanted subject.

Well-defined Cu(I) complexes based on [N,P]-pyrrole ligands catalyzed a highly endoselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition.

We herein report the synthesis and catalytic application of a new family of dinuclear Cu(I) complexes based on [N,P]-pyrrole ligands. The Cu(I) complexes (4a-d) were obtained in good yields and their catalytic properties were evaluated in the1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides and electron-deficient alkenes. The air-stable complexes 4a-d exhibited high endo-diasteroselectivity to obtain substituted pyrrolidines, and the catalytic system showed excellent reactivity and wide substitution tolerance.

Optimizing emergency department imaging utilization for pulmonary emboli: A study on the effects of IV contrast rationing.

PURPOSE: To study the impact of a contrast mitigation protocol on imaging utilization for pulmonary embolism (PE) in the emergency department (ED). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Medical records of ED patients with suspected PE who underwent CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) or ventilation-perfusion (VQ) scans were analyzed in control (3/15/22-4/15/22) and test (5/15/22-6/15/22) periods. The test period included a contrast mitigation protocol due to a global iodinated contrast shortage (05/2022-06/2022). Out of 610 scans, 28 were excluded for non-PE indications. Patient demographics, time metrics, and imaging reports were recorded. RESULTS: Among 11,019 ED visits, there were 582 imaging events for suspected PE. The test period exhibited a significantly lower imaging rate of 4.16 % compared to 6.54 % in the control period (p < 0.001). CTPA usage decreased by 47.73 %, while VQ scan usage increased by 775.00 % during the test period. Test period positivity rate was 0.82 %, with CTPA at 0.58 % (1/173) and VQ scan at 1.43 % (1/70). In the control period, the positivity rate was 0.29 %, with CTPA at 0.30 % (1/331) and VQ scan at 0.00 % (0/8). Previous hospitalization history was significantly higher in the test period (70/243 vs. 39/339, p < 0.001). The positivity rates between the two periods showed no significant difference (p = 0.57). There were no significant differences in ED length of stay and image acquisition times. CONCLUSION: The contrast mitigation protocol reduced CTPA use, increased VQ scans, and maintained positivity rates and image acquisition times. However, concerns persist about unnecessary imaging and low positivity rates, necessitating further research to optimize PE diagnostic algorithms.

Residual cardiovascular risk: When should we treat it?

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) still being the most common cause of death in worldwide. In spite of development of new lipid-lowering therapies which optimize low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) levels, recurrence of CVD events implies addressing factors related with residual cardiovascular (CV) risk. The key determinants of residual CV risk include triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) and remnant cholesterol (RC), lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] and inflammation including its biochemical markers such as high sensitivity C reactive protein (hs-CRP). On the other hand, unhealthy lifestyle habits, environmental pollution, residual thrombotic risk and the residual metabolic risk determined by obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) have a specific weight in the residual CV risk. New pharmacologic therapies and pathways are being explored such as inhibition of apolipoprotein C-III (apoC-III) and angiopoietin-related protein 3 (ANGPTL3) in order to explore if a reduction in TRLs and RC reduce CVD events. Therapeutic target of inflammation plays an attractive way to reduce the atherosclerotic process and to date, approved therapies as colchicine plays a beneficial effect in chronic inflammation and residual CV risk. Lp(a) constitutes one of the most residual CV risk factor due to linkage with CVD and aortic valve stenosis. New and hopeful treatments including antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) and small-interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) which interfere in LP(a) codification have been developed to achieve an adequate control in Lp(a) levels. This review points out the paradigms of residual CV risk, discus how we should manage their features and summarize the different therapies targeting each residual CV risk factor.

Pyrrole-Based Enaminones as Building Blocks for the Synthesis of Indolizines and Pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazines Showing Potent Antifungal Activity.

As a new approach, pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazines were synthesized through the cyclization of 2-formylpyrrole-based enaminones in the presence of ammonium acetate. The enaminones were prepared with a straightforward method, reacting the corresponding alkyl 2-(2-formyl-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)acetates, 2-(2-formyl-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)acetonitrile, and 2-(2-formyl-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)acetophenones with DMFDMA. Analogous enaminones elaborated from alkyl (E)-3-(1H-pyrrol-2-yl)acrylates were treated with a Lewis acid to afford indolizines. The antifungal activity of the series of substituted pyrroles, pyrrole-based enaminones, pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazines, and indolizines was evaluated on six Candida spp., including two multidrug-resistant ones. Compared to the reference drugs, most test compounds produced a more robust antifungal effect. Docking analysis suggests that the inhibition of yeast growth was probably mediated by the interaction of the compounds with the catalytic site of HMGR of the Candida species.

Quasi-Diamond Platelet-Shaped Zinc Oxide Nanostructures Display Enhanced Antibacterial Activity.

The current study compares the antibacterial activity of zinc oxide nanostructures (neZnO). For this purpose, two bacterial strains, Escherichia coli (ATCC 4157) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213) were challenged in room light conditions with the aforementioned materials. Colloidal and hydrothermal methods were used to obtain the quasi-round and quasi-diamond platelet-shape nanostructures. Thus, the oxygen vacancy (VO ) effects on the surface of neZnO are also considered to assess its effects on antibacterial activity. The neZnO characterization was achieved by X-ray diffraction (XRD), a selected area electron diffraction (SAED) and Raman spectroscopy. The microstructural effects were monitored by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, optical absorption ultraviolet visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses complement the physical characterization of these nanostructures; neZnO caused 50 % inhibition (IC50 ) at concentrations from 0.064 to 0.072 mg/mL for S. aureus and from 0.083 to 0.104 mg/mL for E. coli, indicating an increase in activity against S. aureus compared to E. coli. Consequently, quasi-diamond platelet-shaped nanostructures (average particle size of 377.6±10 nm) showed enhanced antibacterial activity compared to quasi-round agglomerated particles (average size of 442.8±12 nm), regardless of Vo presence or absence.

Teaching motivators, facilitators, and barriers among dermatology volunteer clinical faculty.

Volunteer clinical faculty in private practice provide important clinical teaching and mentorship to dermatology residency programs. Motivations for serving as volunteer clinical faculty in specialties such as obstetrics and gynecology, emergency medicine, and family medicine have been identified; however, there is limited data on what drives private practice physicians to volunteer to teach in dermatology residency training programs. This study examined motivators, facilitators, and barriers to serving as volunteer clinical faculty using an anonymous survey of dermatologists, Mohs surgeons, and dermatopathologists affiliated with Emory University's dermatology residency program. Among the 38 invited participants, 26 (68%) completed the survey. The types of practices represented include general dermatology (71%), Mohs surgery (23%), cosmetic dermatology (58%), and dermatopathology (27%). Traditional lectures and impromptu teaching sessions were the most utilized teaching modalities, with 14 (54%) and 11 (42%) of respondents reporting usage, respectively. Most respondents ranked altruistic statements such as "opportunity to be helpful to others" (26, 100%), "providing service to the field of dermatology" (25, 96%), and "enjoyment of teaching" (25, 96%) as important motivations. In contrast, extrinsic rewards such as career advancement and increased income were rated as least important. Significant barriers included limited time for travel and teaching and credentialing. Proposed facilitators included promoting schedule flexibility, increasing teaching supplies, and streamlining credentialing. This single-center study may have limited generalizability to other residency programs with varying characteristics. The motivators, facilitators, and barriers identified by this survey can inform dermatology residency programs on how to maximize volunteer clinical faculty recruitment, retention, and engagement, thus strengthening clinical teaching and mentorship offered.

Quantum Entanglement and State-Transference in Fenna-Matthews-Olson Complexes: A Post-Experimental Simulation Analysis in the Computational Biology Domain.

Fenna-Mathews-Olson complexes participate in the photosynthetic process of Sulfur Green Bacteria. These biological subsystems exhibit quantum features which possibly are responsible for their high efficiency; the latter may comprise multipartite entanglement and the apparent tunnelling of the initial quantum state. At first, to study these aspects, a multidisciplinary approach including experimental biology, spectroscopy, physics, and math modelling is required. Then, a global computer modelling analysis is achieved in the computational biology domain. The current work implements the Hierarchical Equations of Motion to numerically solve the open quantum system problem regarding this complex. The time-evolved states obtained with this method are then analysed under several measures of entanglement, some of them already proposed in the literature. However, for the first time, the maximum overlap with respect to the closest separable state is employed. This authentic multipartite entanglement measure provides information on the correlations, not only based on the system bipartitions as in the usual analysis. Our study has led us to note a different view of FMO multipartite entanglement as tiny contributions to the global entanglement suggested by other more basic measurements. Additionally, in another related trend, the initial state, considered as a Förster Resonance Energy Transfer, is tracked using a novel approach, considering how it could be followed under the fidelity measure on all possible permutations of the FMO subsystems through its dynamical evolution by observing the tunnelling in the most probable locations. Both analyses demanded significant computational work, making for a clear example of the complexity required in computational biology.

Synthesis of Fluorescent Pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrimidines from Fischer Carbene Complexes as Building Blocks.

A novel synthetic methodology is reported for the synthesis of fluorescent pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrimidines. Fischer carbene complexes served as the synthetic platform for (3+3) cyclization to form the heterocyclic moiety. The reaction process furnished two products, their ratio being modulated by the metal, base, and solvent. The selectivity exhibited was studied by analyzing the potential energy surface with density functional theory tools. The photophysical properties of absorption and emission were also evaluated. The dyes absorbed at wavelengths of 240-440 nm, depending on the substituents. The maximum emission wavelength was in the range of 470-513 nm, with quantum yields of 0.36-1.0 and a high Stokes shift range of 75-226 nm.

Synthesis of PMMA Microspheres with Tunable Diameters: Evaluation as a Template in the Synthesis of Tin Oxide Coatings.

The synthesis of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) spheres with different sizes has been a challenge. PMMA has promise for future applications, e.g., as a template for preparing porous oxide coatings by thermal decomposition. Different amounts of SDS as a surfactant are used as an alternative to control PMMA microsphere size through the formation of micelles. The objectives of the study were twofold: firstly, to determine the mathematical relationship between SDS concentration and PMMA sphere diameter, and secondly, to assess the efficacy of PMMA spheres as templates for SnO2 coating synthesis and their impact on porosity. The study used FTIR, TGA, and SEM techniques to analyze the PMMA samples, and SEM and TEM techniques were used for SnO2 coatings. The results showed that PMMA sphere diameter could be adjusted by varying the SDS concentration, with sizes ranging from 120 to 360 nm. The mathematical relationship between PMMA sphere diameter and SDS concentration was determined with a y = axb type equation. The porosity of SnO2 coatings was found to be dependent on the PMMA sphere diameter used as a template. The research concludes that PMMA can be used as a template to produce oxide coatings, such as SnO2, with tunable porosities.

Cytoreductive Surgery and Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy for Peritoneal Carcinomatosis from Urothelial Origin: a Case Report and Literature Review.

Introduction: Urothelial carcinomas (UC) are the fourth most common tumours. Approximately, 50% of patients with invasive bladder cancer relapse after radical cistectomy (RC). In this report, we present the case of peritoneal carcinomatosis from bladder UC treated with cytoreductive surgery plus the administration of hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (CRS + HIPEC). Case Presentation: A 34-year-old woman diagnosed with high-grade bladder cancer with peritoneal recurrence in 2017. She underwent cytoreductive surgery followed by HIPEC with mitomycin C. Histopathological results showed metastases from UC in the left ovary and right diaphragmatic peritoneum. In 2021, the patient underwent surgery after treatment with atezolizumab for abdominal wall recurrence. Today, the patient is alive and free of tumor recurrence 12 months after the last surgery. Discussion: Despite advances in surgical technique and patient selection, the risk of relapse remains high among patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer. We face the case of a young female patient with local, peritoneal, and lymphatic recurrence of bladder cancer after RC who had a partial response to chemotherapy. The possibility of CRS + HIPEC is offered by the surgical oncology unit, referent in the management of peritoneal carcinomatosis. Surgery is capable of resecting residual tumor in patients with a partial response or who have been erroneously underdiagnosed. Conclusion: CRS + HIPEC might be a valid option to be considered in well-selected patients and to be performed in reference units. There is a need for more collaborative clinical trials and prospective studies addressing the role of surgery in patients with metastatic bladder cancer.

Manufacture and Characterization of Polylactic Acid Filaments Recycled from Real Waste for 3D Printing.

This paper studies the thermal, morphological, and mechanical properties of 3D-printed polylactic acid (PLA) blends of virgin and recycled material in the following proportions: 100/0, 25/75, 50/50, and 75/25, respectively. Real waste, used as recycled content, was shredded and sorted by size without a washing step. Regular dog-bone specimens were 3D printed from filaments, manufactured in a single screw extruder. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that adding PLA debris to raw material did not significantly impact the thermal stability of the 3D-printed samples and showed that virgin and recycled PLA degraded at almost the same temperature. Differential scanning calorimetry revealed a significant reduction in crystallinity with increasing recycled content. Scanning electron microscopy showed a more homogenous structure for specimens from 100% pure PLA, as well as a more heterogeneous one for PLA blends. The tensile strength of the PLA blends increased by adding more recycled material, from 44.20 ± 2.18 MPa for primary PLA to 52.61 ± 2.28 MPa for the blend with the highest secondary PLA content. However, this study suggests that the mechanical properties of the reprocessed parts and their basic association are unique compared with those made up of virgin material.

Artificial sweeteners and cardiovascular risk.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Globalization and the increase in consumption of ultra-processed foods have led to a need for greater knowledge on the health impacts of certain nutrients such as artificial sweeteners. This review aims to analyse the role of artificial sweeteners (nutritive and nonnutritive) and their impact on cardiometabolic and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. RECENT FINDINGS: The detrimental effects of a high-calorie, high-sugar diet have been well established. In light of this, health authorities recommend limiting sugar consumption. This has led the food industry to develop different artificial sweeteners with specific properties, such as flavour and stability (nutritive artificial sweeteners: NAS), and others aimed at limiting sugar in the diet (nonnutritive artificial sweeteners: nNAS). Likewise, recent evidence explores the influence of artificial sweeteners (NAS and nNAS) on CVD risk through risk factors such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, among others. SUMMARY: This review aims to provide an updated overview of the impact of NAS and nNAS on cardiovascular health and provide recommendations regarding their consumption.