[Biodegradation of [omim][PF6]].

Acclimatized the activated sludge with [omim][PF6] which was used as the C, N, P resources for microbe, the biodegradation ratio of [omim][PF6] with different inoculants which were acclimatized or not was investigated. And the influence of appending an ester in the side chain of the imidazolium cation on the biodegradation of [omim][PF6] was discussed in the same conditions. The biodegradation pathways of [omim]+ were analyzed. The results showed that the biodegradation of ionic liquids was improved by appending an ester in the side chain; the biodegradation rate of [omim][PF6] was less than 20% when the inoculant was original activated sludge, which was not referred as "readily biodegradable"; [omim][PF6] would stay in environment for a long time; the biodegradation ratio reached 60% when the inoculant was acclimatized activated sludge; 1-methyl-imidazolium was residual in the course of biodegradation of [omim]+, the semifinished products of biodegradation of [omim]+ was analyzed by HPLC-MS/MS and the pathways were presumed.

Malignant angiomyolipoma in the liver: a case report with pathological and molecular analysis.

Malignant angiomyolipoma (AML) of the liver is rare. We report a case of AML with malignant transformation and metastases. A 30-year-old man had developed giant hepatic masses. Microscopically, the periphery of the tumor showed components of classic hepatic AML, but the central region contained atypical epithelioid components with extremely pleomorphic and hyperchromatic nuclei with frequent mitotic figures. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the epithelioid cells were positive for HMB-45 and smooth muscle actin. Furthermore, the atypical epithelioid cells displayed P53 immunoreactivity and mutation at exon 7 for p53. The tumor showed a typical monoclonal pattern but no loss of heterozygosity or microsatellite instability. Markedly atypical epithelioid cells with vascular invasion, distant metastasis, and fatal outcome were interpreted as malignant characteristics of hepatic AML. It is suggested that large tumor size, pleomorphic nuclei with high proliferation activity, and P53 immunoreactivity may predict the existence of malignant transformation of hepatic AML.