Echinococcus multilocularis serpin regulates macrophage polarization and reduces gut dysbiosis in colitis.

Helminths serve as principal regulators in modulating host immune responses, and their excretory-secretory proteins are recognized as potential therapeutic agents for inflammatory bowel disease. Nevertheless, our comprehension of the mechanisms underlying immunoregulation remains restricted. This investigation delves into the immunomodulatory role of a secretory protein serpin (Emu-serpin), within the larval stage of Echinococcus multilocularis. Our observations indicate that Emu-serpin effectively alleviates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis, yielding a substantial reduction in immunopathology and an augmentation of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, this suppressive regulatory effect is concomitant with the reduction of gut microbiota dysbiosis linked to colitis, as evidenced by a marked impediment to the expansion of the pathobiont taxa Enterobacteriaceae. In vivo experiments demonstrate that Emu-serpin facilitates the expansion of M2 phenotype macrophages while concurrently diminishing M1 phenotype macrophages, alongside an elevation in anti-inflammatory cytokine levels. Subsequent in vitro investigations involving RAW264.7 and bone marrow macrophages reveal that Emu-serpin induces a conversion of M2 macrophage populations from a pro-inflammatory to an anti-inflammatory phenotype through direct inhibition. Adoptive transfer experiments reveal the peritoneal macrophages induced by Emu-serpin alleviate colitis and gut microbiota dysbiosis. In summary, these findings propose that Emu-serpin holds the potential to regulate macrophage polarization and maintain gut microbiota homeostasis in colitis, establishing it as a promising candidate for developing helminth therapy for preventing inflammatory diseases.

Combining multimodal diffusion-weighted imaging and morphological parameters for detecting lymph node metastasis in cervical cancer.

BACKGROUND: Accurate detection of lymph node metastasis (LNM) is crucial for determining the tumor stage, selecting optimal treatment, and estimating the prognosis for cervical cancer. This study aimed to assess the diagnostic efficacy of multimodal diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and morphological parameters alone or in combination, for detecting LNM in cervical cancer. METHODS: In this prospective study, we enrolled consecutive cervical cancer patients who received multimodal DWI (conventional DWI, intravoxel incoherent motion DWI, and diffusion kurtosis imaging) before treatment from June 2022 to June 2023. The largest lymph node (LN) observed on each side on imaging was matched with that detected on pathology to improve the accuracy of LN matching. Comparison of the diffusion and morphological parameters of LNs and the primary tumor between the positive and negative LN groups. A combined diagnostic model was constructed using multivariate logistic regression, and the diagnostic performance was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic curves. RESULTS: A total of 93 cervical cancer patients were enrolled: 35 with LNM (48 positive LNs were collected), and 58 without LNM (116 negative LNs were collected). The area under the curve (AUC) values for the apparent diffusion coefficient, diffusion coefficient, mean diffusivity, mean kurtosis, long-axis diameter, short-axis diameter of LNs, and the largest primary tumor diameter were 0.716, 0.720, 0.716, 0.723, 0.726, 0.798, and 0.744, respectively. Independent risk factors included the diffusion coefficient, mean kurtosis, short-axis diameter of LNs, and the largest primary tumor diameter. The AUC value of the combined model based on the independent risk factors was 0.920, superior to the AUC values of all the parameters mentioned above. CONCLUSION: Combining multimodal DWI and morphological parameters improved the diagnostic efficacy for detecting cervical cancer LNM than using either alone.

Cognitive impairment and neurocognitive profiles among people living with HIV and HIV-negative individuals older over 50 years: a comparison of IHDS, MMSE and MoCA.

We aimed to examine the l differences in the assessment of neurocognitive impairment (NCI) using cognitive screening tools between PLWH and HIV-negative individuals and further compare the neurocognitive profiles between the two groups. This was baseline evaluation of Pudong HIV Aging Cohort, including 465 people living with HIV (PLWH) and 465 HIV-negative individuals aged over 50 years matched by age (± 3 years), sex and education. NCI was assessed using the Chinese version of Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE), the International HIV Dementia Scale (IHDS) and Beijing version of Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). In total, 258 (55.5%), 91 (19.6%), 273 (58.7%) of PLWH were classified as having NCI by the IHDS, MMSE and MoCA, compared to 90 (19.4%), 25 (5.4%), 135 (29.0%) of HIV-negative individuals, respectively (p < 0.05); such associations remained significant in multivariable analysis. PLWH showed a larger overlap of NCI detected by IHDS, MMSE, and MoCA. IHDS and MoCA detected almost all of the NCI detected by MMSE. IHDS-motor and psychomotor speeds and MoCA-executive function showed the greatest disparities between two groups. In multivariable analysis, older age and more depressive symptoms were positively associated with NCI regardless of the screening tools or HIV serostatus. PLWH over 50 years old display a higher prevalence of NCI and distinct neurocognitive profiles compared to HIV-negative individuals, despite viral suppression. Given the more considerable overlap in NCI classification in PLWH, it is advisable to choose one screening tool such as IHDS or MoCA to identify those potentially having NCI and then refer to more comprehensive neuropsychological assessment.

Establishment of a pMCAO model in SD rats and screening for behavioral indicators suitable for long-term monitoring.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to establish a permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) model in rats to simulate the pathological process of stroke patients with no reperfusion. And screen highly sensitive items that could be used to detect long-term behavioral abilities in rat of intraluminal suture models. METHOD: Established the pMCAO model then tested the rats for the bilateral asymmetry, modified neurological severity score, grid-walking, cylinder, rotating, and water maze test from week 1 to week 16. RESULTS: The infarct volume of the model rats was stable (26.72% ±1.86%). The sensorimotor test of bilateral asymmetry, grid-walking, cylinder, and mNSS test showed significant differences from week 1 to week 16 after injury. The water maze test at week 16 showed significant differences in spatial exploration and learning ability between the two groups. We confirmed that there was no significant difference between MRI and TTC staining in detecting the degree of brain injury, which facilitated the diversity of subsequent detection methods. We also confirmed that at multiple time points, grid, cylinder and water maze test were significantly positively correlated with rat brain infarct volume. CONCLUSION: They are suitable for the long-term observation of behaviors in the sequela stage of stroke in rat.

Use of Interfacial Interactions and Complexation of Carbon Dots to Construct Ultra-Robust and Efficient Photothermal Film From Micro-Carbonized Polysaccharides.

Solar energy conversion technologies, particularly solar-driven photothermal conversion, are both clean and manageable. Although much progress has been made in designing solar-driven photothermal materials, significant challenges remain, not least the photobleaching of organic dyes. To tackle these issues, micro-carbonized polysaccharide chains, with carbon dots (CDs) suspended from the chains, are conceived, just like grapes or tomatoes hanging from a vine. Carbonization of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) produces just such a structure (termed CMC-g-CDs), which is used to produce an ultra-stable, robust, and efficient solar-thermal film by interfacial interactions within the CMC-g-CDs. The introduction of the CDs into the matrix of the photothermal material effectively avoided the problem of photobleaching. Manipulating the interfacial interactions (such as electrostatic interactions, van der Waals interactions, π-π stacking, and hydrogen bonding) between the CDs and the polymer chains markedly enhances the mechanical properties of the photothermal film. The CMC-g-CDs are complexed with Fe3+ to eliminate leakage of the photothermal reagent from the matrix and to solve the problem of poor water resistance. The resulting film (CMC-g-CDs-Fe) has excellent prospects for practical application as a photothermal film.

Stereotactic hematoma puncture and drainage for primary pontine hemorrhage: Clinical outcomes and predictive model.

Primary pontine hemorrhage (PPH) is a particularly grave form of hemorrhagic stroke, characterized by its significant mortality rate. stereotactic hematoma puncture and drainage is a procedure that has been shown to improve the prognosis of patients with PPH. However, there are currently no established criteria for selecting patients for this procedure. We contrasted the clinical outcomes of PPH patients treated with stereotactic hematoma puncture and drainage with those who received conservative treatment in this study. We conducted logistic regression analysis to identify the risk factors associated with postoperative mortality. A mortality risk nomogram was then constructed using these risk factors. A total of 127 conservatively treated patients and 96 patients who underwent stereotactic hematoma puncture and drainage were included in this study. In the surgical group, the 30-day mortality rate stood at 28.1%, significantly lower than the 43.3% observed in the control group (p = 0.02). Age, along with the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score and hematoma size, were identified as independent risk factors associated with death within 30 days post-surgery. The mortality risk nomogram was well calibrated and discriminatory, with a c-index of 0.878 (95% CI 0.80-0.95) as validated by bootstrapping, and a c-index of 0.849. This study provides a predictive model for selecting patients who are most likely to benefit from stereotactic hematoma puncture and drainage. The results of this study could be helpful to neurosurgeons in their decision-making process. However, further external validation is necessary to confirm these findings.

The association between serum albumin and alkaline phosphatase in cancer patients.

The role of serum albumin (ALB) has been extensively studied in patients with cancer; however, research on its effect on bone metastasis in these patients remains limited. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between serum ALB and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels in patients with tumors. Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011 to 2018, we assessed the correlation between serum ALB and ALP levels using a weighted multivariate linear regression model, whereas a weighted generalized additive model and smooth curve fitting were used to address potential nonlinearities. A total of 1876 patients with cancer were included in our study. In the subgroup analysis stratified by sex, race/ethnicity, and liver disease, the negative correlation of ALB with ALP remained for most groups, except in blacks (ß = -1.755, 95%CI: [-3.848, 0.338], P = .103) and patients with gout (ß = -0.676, 95%CI: [-2.061, 0.709], P = .340). In black people and patients with gout, the relationship between ALB and ALP showed an inverted U-shaped curve, with an inflection point at approximately 42 g/dL. Our study showed an inverse correlation between ALB and ALP levels in most patients with tumors, but not in black patients and those with gout. The measurement of ALB levels can serve as a screening tool for bone metastases while guiding therapeutic intervention strategies.

Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals the dynamics and heterogeneity of lymph node immune cells during acute and chronic viral infections.

Introduction: The host immune response determines the differential outcome of acute or chronic viral infections. The comprehensive comparison of lymphoid tissue immune cells at the single-cell level between acute and chronic viral infections is largely insufficient. Methods: To explore the landscape of immune responses to acute and chronic viral infections, single-cell RNA sequencing(scRNA-seq), scTCR-seq and scBCR-seq were utilized to evaluate the longitudinal dynamics and heterogeneity of lymph node CD45+ immune cells in mouse models of acute (LCMV Armstrong) and chronic (LCMV clone 13) viral infections. Results: In contrast with acute viral infection, chronic viral infection distinctly induced more robust NK cells and plasma cells at the early stage (Day 4 post-infection) and acute stage (Day 8 post-infection), respectively. Moreover, chronic viral infection exerted decreased but aberrantly activated plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) at the acute phase. Simultaneously, there were significantly increased IgA+ plasma cells (MALT B cells) but differential usage of B-cell receptors in chronic infection. In terms of T-cell responses, Gzma-high effector-like CD8+ T cells were significantly induced at the early stage in chronic infection, which showed temporally reversed gene expression throughout viral infection and the differential usage of the most dominant TCR clonotype. Chronic infection also induced more robust CD4+ T cell responses, including follicular helper T cells (Tfh) and regulatory T cells (Treg). In addition, chronic infection compromised the TCR diversity in both CD8+ and CD4+ T cells. Discussion: In conclusion, gene expression and TCR/BCR immune repertoire profiling at the single-cell level in this study provide new insights into the dynamic and differential immune responses to acute and chronic viral infections.

Digital transformation, productive services agglomeration and innovation performance.

Innovation is a necessary guarantee for sustainable development. Stepping into the digital age, digital transformation has triggered the innovation revolution. This paper takes 30 provinces in China from 2012 to 2022 as the research sample, we verify whether digital transformation has improved innovation performance. Based on the Solow growth model and agglomeration economics theory, we also explore the moderating role and threshold effect of agglomeration in productive service industry between digital transformation and innovation performance. To achieve this, we apply the methods of machine learning and text analysis to construct an evaluation index of regional digital transformation and measure it. The paper finds that China's digital transformation index is increasing, but there is a digital divide between regions. We also determine that digital transformation significantly and positively contributes to the level of innovation performance. Considering the threshold effect of agglomeration in productive service industry, the impact of digital transformation on innovation performance exhibits non-linear characteristics, As the level of agglomeration continues to exceed the threshold, the innovation-driven effect of digital transformation increases. The research results help clarify the relationship between digital transformation and innovation performance, and provide favorable policy directions for regional governments to identify digital divides and make reasonable industrial layouts. Thus, it can promote the construction of digital China and innovation power, injecting strong innovation force into the realization of SDGs.

What is the impact of ferroptosis on diabetic cardiomyopathy: a systematic review.

Iron overload increases the production of harmful reactive oxygen species in the Fenton reaction, which causes oxidative stress in the body and lipid peroxidation in the cell membrane, and eventually leads to ferroptosis. Diabetes is associated with increased intracellular oxidative stress, inflammation, autophagy, microRNA alterations, and advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which cause cardiac remodeling and cardiac diastolic contractile dysfunction, leading to the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). While these factors are also closely associated with ferroptosis, more and more studies have shown that iron-mediated ferroptosis is an important causative factor in DCM. In order to gain fresh insights into the functions of ferroptosis in DCM, this review methodically summarizes the traits and mechanisms connected with ferroptosis and DCM.

Incidence, clearance, and factors associated with anal human papilloma virus infection among men with HIV.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to estimate the incidence and persistence/clearance of anal human papilloma virus (HPV) infection and related factors among men with HIV in Taizhou, China. DESIGN: A prospective cohort study. METHODS: Men with HIV were recruited and followed up from 2016 to 2021. Questionnaire surveys were used to collect social-demographic and behavioral characteristics, and anal swabs were collected for HPV Genotyping. RESULTS: A total of 675 men with HIV were recruited and followed up. After an average follow-up time of 1.75 years, HPV39 (3.8/100 person-years), HPV52 (3.6/100 person-years), HPV51 (3.1/100 person-years), HPV58 (2.5/100 person-years) and HPV16 (2.4 cases/100 person-years) in the high-risk types showed the highest incidence rate. In marriage with woman [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 0.44, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.20-0.99] showed an inverse association with HPV incidence, while bisexuality or undetermined sexual orientation (aHR = 2.62, 95% CI 1.08-6.36) showed a positive association. For those infected at baseline, the top three high-risk HPV with the lowest clearance density were HPV52 (32.2/100 person-years), HPV58 (38.1/100 person-years), and HPV16 (43.5/100 person-years). Daily consumption of 1-28 g alcohol (aHR = 0.62, 95% CI 0.41-0.95) showed an inverse association with HPV clearance, while illicit drug use (aHR = 3.24, 95% CI 1.59-6.59) showed a positive association. CONCLUSION: Anal HPV infection and clearance were both active in men with HIV in China. Marriage status and sexuality were associated with the incidence of HPV infection, while substance use including alcohol and illicit drug were associated with HPV clearance. More studies are needed to explore the risk factors of HPV persistence.

Fulminant type 1 diabetes with Shock rescue: a case report.

The shock in diabetes often requires rapid and adequate fluid administration, however, we report an anomalous case of fulminant type 1 diabetes mellitus (FT1DM) in which the patient's condition worsened following fluid administration. In May 2020, a 29-year-old male presented with blood glucose of 89.8 mmol/L and diabetic ketoacidosis after a week of gastroenteritis. The diagnosis was finalized after C-peptide and Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) measurement. The patient was admitted with shock and received a positive fluid balance of 2800 ml in 5 h, but his condition deteriorated and progressed to multi-organ failure. This study attempts to explain the possible mechanisms and focuses on high-risk factors associated with FT1DM. Therefore, meticulous monitoring and individualized fluid administration strategies are crucial for the management of FT1DM. This case provides beneficial insights for clinical treatment of this condition.

Preoperative splenic area as a prognostic biomarker of early-stage non-small cell lung cancer.

BACKGROUND: The correlation between the preoperative splenic area measured on CT scans and the overall survival (OS) of early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients remains unclear. METHODS: A retrospective discovery cohort and validation cohort consisting of consecutive NSCLC patients who underwent resection and preoperative CT scans were created. The patients were divided into two groups based on the measurement of their preoperative splenic area: normal and abnormal. The Cox proportional hazard model was used to analyse the correlation between splenic area and OS. RESULTS: The discovery and validation cohorts included 2532 patients (1374 (54.27%) males; median (IQR) age 59 (52-66) years) and 608 patients (403 (66.28%) males; age 69 (62-76) years), respectively. Patients with a normal splenic area had a 6% higher 5-year OS (n = 727 (80%)) than patients with an abnormal splenic area (n = 1805 (74%)) (p = 0.007) in the discovery cohort. A similar result was obtained in the validation cohort. In the univariable analysis, the OS hazard ratios (HRs) for the patients with abnormal splenic areas were 1.32 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.08, 1.61) in the discovery cohort and 1.59 (95% CI: 1.01, 2.50) in the validation cohort. Multivariable analysis demonstrated that abnormal splenic area was independent of shorter OS in the discovery (HR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.08, 1.63) and validation cohorts (HR: 1.84, 95% CI: 1.12, 3.02). CONCLUSION: Preoperative CT measurements of the splenic area serve as a prognostic indicator for early-stage NSCLC patients, offering a novel metric with potential implications for personalized therapeutic strategies in top-tier oncology research.

Pathogenicity and Interspecies Transmission of Cluster 3 Tembusu Virus Strain TMUV HQ-22 Isolated from Geese.

Since 2010, the Tembusu virus (TMUV) has been highly prevalent in China, causing significant economic losses to the poultry industry. In 2022, a suspected outbreak of TMUV occurred at a goose farm located in Anhui Province. A strain of TMUV, TMUV HQ-22, was isolated from the infected geese. Phylogenetic analysis using the E gene of the HQ-22 strain demonstrated its affiliation with cluster 3, a less commonly reported cluster in comparison to the main circulating cluster, cluster 2. Through a comparison of the envelope (E) protein of HQ-22 with other typical TMUV strains, a mutation at the 157th amino acid position was identified, wherein valine (V) in cluster 3 changed to alanine (A), a characteristic that is unique to cluster 2. These findings highlight the diversity and complexity of the TMUV strains circulating in China. In our experimental analysis, an injection of TMUV HQ-22 into the muscles of 3-day-old goslings resulted in severe neurological symptoms and a mortality rate of 60%. Similarly, the intracranial or intranasal infection of 3-week-old ICR mice with TMUV HQ-22 led to severe neurological symptoms and respective mortality rates of 100% or 10%. In summary, our study isolated a TMUV strain, TMUV HQ-22, from geese that belongs to cluster 3 and exhibits significant pathogenicity in both goslings and ICR mice. These results emphasize the genetic diversity of the TMUV circulating in China and expand the host range beyond mosquitoes to include ducks, chickens, geese, and even mice. It is crucial to not underestimate the risk of TMUV infection in mammals, warranting our utmost attention.

Acetylation is required for full activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome.

Full activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome needs two sequential signals: a priming signal, followed by a second, assembly signal. Several studies have shown that the two signals trigger post-translational modification (PTM) of NLRP3, affecting activity of the inflammasome, however, the PTMs induced by the second signal are less well characterized. Here, we show that the assembly signal involves acetylation of NLRP3 at lysine 24, which is important for the oligomerization and the actual assembly of NLRP3 without affecting its recruitment to dispersed trans-Golgi network (dTGN). Accordingly, NLRP3 inflammasome activation is impaired in NLRP3-K24R knock-in mice. We identify KAT5 as an acetyltransferase able to acetylate NLRP3. KAT5 deficiency in myeloid cells and pharmacological inhibition of KAT5 enzymatic activity reduce activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, our study reveals a key mechanism for the oligomerization and full activation of NLRP3 and lays down the proof of principle for therapeutic targeting of the KAT5-NLRP3 axis.

Association of Insomnia, Sleep Quality, and Sleep Duration With Risk of Physical Frailty in Middle-aged and Older People With HIV.

Background: Frailty is one of the major concerns among aging people with HIV (PWH). Evidence regarding the association between sleep disorders and physical frailty in PWH is limited. Methods: PWH and HIV-negative individuals aged ≥40 years were included and frequency-matched in a 1:2 ratio by sex and age. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs of the association between sleep disorders and physical frailty, and restricted cubic splines were used to describe the dose-response association. The contribution of depression to the association was estimated by mediation analysis. Results: A total of 1526 PWH and 3052 HIV-negative individuals were included. Logistic regression indicated that insomnia (OR, 3.05; 95% CI, 1.63-5.72) and poor sleep quality (OR, 2.32; 95% CI, 1.21-4.45) were significantly associated with physical frailty in middle-aged and older PWH, especially in those with current CD4+ T-cell counts <350 cells/µL, but not in HIV-negative participants. A U-shaped and J-shaped dose-response relation between sleep duration and physical frailty was observed in PWH and HIV-negative participants, respectively. Shorter and longer sleep duration was associated with an increased risk of physical frailty in PWH. However, in HIV-negative participants, only longer sleep duration was associated with physical frailty. Mediation analysis revealed that depression mediated the relation between sleep disorders and frailty among PWH. Conclusions: Sleep disorders including insomnia, poor sleep quality, and short and long sleep duration were significantly associated with physical frailty among middle-aged and older PWH. Depression may play a mediating role in the sleep-frailty association.

Amorphous hollow manganese silicate nanosphere oxidase mimic for ultrasensitive and high-reliable colorimetric detection of biothiols.

Metal-based nanozymes with exceptional physicochemical property and intrinsic enzymatic properties have been widely used in industrial, medical, and diagnostic fields. However, low substrate affinity results in unsatisfying catalytic kinetic and instability in complicated conditions, which significantly decreases their sensitivity and reliability. Herein, an amorphous hollow manganese silicate nanosphere (defined as AHMS) has been successfully synthesized via a facile one-step hydrothermal method and utilized in the archetype for colorimetric detection of biothiols with high sensitivity and high reliability. The experimental data demonstrates that ultrafast affinity of the substrate contributes to enhanced sensitivity with outstanding catalytic kinetic features (Km = 27.1 µM) and low limit of detection (LODGSH = 20 nM). The designed sensor demonstrates a reliable applicability for analysis of biological liquids (fetal calf serum and Staphylococcus aureus) and design of visual logic gates. Therefore, AHMS provides a promising strategy for ultrasensitive and high-reliable biosensing.

Koumine ameliorates neuroinflammation by regulating microglia polarization via activation of Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.

BACKGROUND: Gelsemium elegans (Gardner & Chapm.) Benth (G. elegans) has been widely used as a traditional folk medicine in China and Southeast Asia. As the most abundant alkaloid in G. elegans, Koumine (KM) has been revealed the effect of inflammatory attenuation modulating by macrophage activation and polarization. PURPOSE: This study aimed to explore the effect of KM on modulation of microglia polarization that led to the suppression of neuroinflammation and further improved neurodegenerative behavior. METHODS: Inflammatory mediators, microglia M1 and M2 phenotype markers and Nrf2/HO-1 pathway related protein were assessed in LPS-induced BV2 cells and LPS-treated mice by RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and Western blotting. Moreover, the learning and memory abilities of mice were evaluated by Morris water maze test, and the neuronal damage was evaluated by the Nissl staining. RESULTS: KM attenuated LPS-induced viability and morphological changes in BV2 microglial cells. Our findings showed that KM activated the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway to promote phenotypic switch from M1 to M2 phenotypes. This switch suppresses the release of inflammatory mediators in LPS-induced BV2 cells. Meanwhile, KM attenuated neuroinflammation through modulating microglia polarization and subsequently reversed the behavioral alterations in LPS-induced mice model of neuroinflammation. CONCLUSIONS: KM may alleviate neuroinflammation by regulating microglia polarization with the involvement of Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, resulting of the neuroprotective effect.

Research on the dynamic evolution and convergence of collaborative capacity of pollution control and carbon reduction: from the perspective of whole-process governance.

Under the strategic goals of achieving peak carbon neutrality, deepening the battle against pollution, and building a beautiful China, improving the collaborative capacity of pollution control and carbon reduction is an important means to achieve comprehensive green and low-carbon transformation of the social economy. Starting from the essential requirements of improving the collaborative capacity of pollution control and carbon reduction, based on the whole-process governance perspective of "source-process-end-of-pipe," build an evaluation index system, measure the collaborative capacity, quantify the spatial differences, analyze the evolution characteristics, and explore the improvement path. The study found that China's collaborative capacity of pollution control and carbon reduction is characterized by homogeneous agglomeration and unbalanced regional development. Intra-regional differences are the main source of the differences, sorting by contribution is "Eastern > Western > Central > Northeast." After taking into account the factors of green transformation of industry, the input of scientific and technological elements, and opening to the outside world, the differences have gradually narrowed. Among them, the green transformation of industry is instrumentally in bridging the gap in eastern, central, and northeastern, the input of scientific and technological elements is instrumentally in bridging the gap between regions and the eastern and northeast, and opening to the outside world is instrumentally in bridging the gap between regions and the western. The scientific measurement and improvement of this capacity will provide the factual basis and path choice for achieving the task goal of "significantly improving China's collaborative capacity of pollution control and carbon reduction by 2030," which is of great practical significance for building a higher-quality, more sustainable, and greener pattern of the collaborative capacity of pollution control and carbon reduction.