Courts, rights and the critically brain-injured patient.

The reality of current clinical practice in the UK is that where a patient's family refuses to agree to testing for brain stem death (BD), such cases will ultimately end up in court. This situation is true of both adults and children and reinforced by recent legal cases. While recourse to the courts might be regrettable in such tragic cases, if public trust in the medical diagnosis of BD is to be maintained all aspects of the process must be conducted in a way that is transparent and open to scrutiny. This is not an 'ineffective expenditure' of resources, but an essential element of a human rights-compliant legal system.

Comparing mental health and mental capacity law data across borders: Challenges and opportunities.

The island of Ireland is partitioned into Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. In both jurisdictions, there have been important developments in mental health and mental capacity law, and associated policies and services. This includes an emphasis on developing more comprehensive approaches to collecting data on outcomes and so there is an opportunity to align these processes to enable comparison and shared learning across the border. This article explores: legal and policy developments; international approaches to mental health outcomes; and the type of data that would be helpful to collect to better understand the use of mental health and mental capacity laws. It is argued that an inclusive strategy to developing a comprehensive, integrated and aligned approach to collecting and analysing data would benefit citizens, policy makers and professionals.

Informed consent for capacity assessment.

In this paper we examine the role of informed consent to capacity assessment, focussing primarily on the two jurisdictions of England and Wales, and Ireland. We argue that in both jurisdictions, a capacity assessment should be regarded as a distinct intervention, separate from the 'original' intervention at issue, and that specific informed consent to the assessment should generally be sought in advance. As part of this, we consider what information should be provided so as to ensure informed consent. Having established a baseline requirement for informed consent, we also recognise that informed consent to assessment will not always be possible, either because the person is unable to understand the information about assessment or because the person refuses to be assessed and so, in the final part of the article, we explore how to proceed when informed consent is either not possible or not forthcoming, including an analysis of the implications of the statutory presumption of capacity.

Consent to testing for brain death.

Canada has recently published a new Clinical Practice Guideline on the diagnosis and management of brain death. It states that consent is not necessary to carry out the interventions required to make the diagnosis. A supporting article not only sets out the arguments for this but also contends that 'UK laws similarly carve out an exception, excusing clinicians from a prima facie duty to get consent'. This is supplemented by the claim that recent court decisions in the UK similarly confirm that consent is not required, referencing two judgements in Battersbee We disagree with the authors' interpretation of the law on consent in the UK and argue that there is nothing in Battersbee to support the conclusion that consent to testing is not necessary. Where there is a disagreement about testing for brain death in the UK, court authorisation is required.

Investigating the Function of Human Jumping Translocation Breakpoint Protein (hJTB) and Its Interacting Partners through In-Solution Proteomics of MCF7 Cells.

Human jumping translocation breakpoint (hJTB) gene is located on chromosome 1q21 and is involved in unbalanced translocation in many types of cancer. JTB protein is ubiquitously present in normal cells but it is found to be overexpressed or downregulated in various types of cancer cells, where this protein and its isoforms promote mitochondrial dysfunction, resistance to apoptosis, genomic instability, proliferation, invasion and metastasis. Hence, JTB could be a tumor biomarker for different types of cancer, such as breast cancer (BC), and could be used as a drug target for therapy. However, the functions of the protein or the pathways through which it increases cell proliferation and invasiveness of cancer cells are not well-known. Therefore, we aim to investigate the functions of JTB by using in-solution digestion-based cellular proteomics of control and upregulated and downregulated JTB protein in MCF7 breast cancer cell line, taking account that in-solution digestion-based proteomics experiments are complementary to the initial in-gel based ones. Proteomics analysis allows investigation of protein dysregulation patterns that indicate the function of the protein and its interacting partners, as well as the pathways and biological processes through which it functions. We concluded that JTB dysregulation increases the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) potential and cell proliferation, harnessing cytoskeleton organization, apical junctional complex, metabolic reprogramming, and cellular proteostasis. Deregulated JTB expression was found to be associated with several proteins involved in mitochondrial organization and function, oxidative stress (OS), apoptosis, and interferon alpha and gamma signaling. Consistent and complementary to our previous results emerged by using in-gel based proteomics of transfected MCF7 cells, JTB-related proteins that are overexpressed in this experiment suggest the development of a more aggressive phenotype and behavior for this luminal type A non-invasive/poor-invasive human BC cell line that does not usually migrate or invade compared with the highly metastatic MDA-MB-231 cells. This more aggressive phenotype of MCF7 cells related to JTB dysregulation and detected by both in-gel and in-solution proteomics could be promoted by synergistic upregulation of EMT, Mitotic spindle and Fatty acid metabolism pathways. However, in both JTB dysregulated conditions, several downregulated JTB-interacting proteins predominantly sustain antitumor activities, attenuating some of the aggressive phenotypical and behavioral traits promoted by the overexpressed JTB-related partners.

Formation and Stability of Dense Methane-Hydrogen Compounds.

Through a series of x-ray diffraction, optical spectroscopy diamond anvil cell experiments, combined with density functional theory calculations, we explore the dense CH_{4}-H_{2} system. We find that pressures as low as 4.8 GPa can stabilize CH_{4}(H_{2})_{2} and (CH_{4})_{2}H_{2}, with the latter exhibiting extreme hardening of the intramolecular vibrational mode of H_{2} units within the structure. On further compression, a unique structural composition, (CH_{4})_{3}(H_{2})_{25}, emerges. This novel structure holds a vast amount of molecular hydrogen and represents the first compound to surpass 50 wt % H_{2}. These compounds, stabilized by nuclear quantum effects, persist over a broad pressure regime, exceeding 160 GPa.

Applications of Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS/MS) in Protein Analysis for Biomedical Research.

Mass Spectrometry (MS) allows the analysis of proteins and peptides through a variety of methods, such as Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS) or Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-MS). These methods allow identification of the mass of a protein or a peptide as intact molecules or the identification of a protein through peptide-mass fingerprinting generated upon enzymatic digestion. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) allows the fragmentation of proteins and peptides to determine the amino acid sequence of proteins (top-down and middle-down proteomics) and peptides (bottom-up proteomics). Furthermore, tandem mass spectrometry also allows the identification of post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins and peptides. Here, we discuss the application of MS/MS in biomedical research, indicating specific examples for the identification of proteins or peptides and their PTMs as relevant biomarkers for diagnostic and therapy.

COVID-19 Vaccination and Legal Preparedness: Lessons from Ireland.

Ireland has been a leader in the COVID-19 vaccine rollout in the EU, with almost 80% of the eligible population (aged over 5 years) fully vaccinated at the time of writing. The success of the vaccine rollout in this jurisdiction notwithstanding, the legal frameworks supporting the rollout had significant lacunas. Two aspects in particular highlighted a lack of legal preparedness: the inadequacy of the legal framework for consent and the absence of a vaccine injury redress scheme. This paper explores these components of the COVID-19 vaccine rollout through the lens of legal preparedness. Whilst most often discussed in the context of command and control measures such as social distancing requirements and regional lockdowns, this paper argues for an expanded understanding of what it means to be legally prepared, highlighting the importance of the preparedness of domestic legal frameworks.

In-situ abiogenic methane synthesis from diamond and graphite under geologically relevant conditions.

Diamond and graphite are fundamental sources of carbon in the upper mantle, and their reactivity with H2-rich fluids present at these depths may represent the key to unravelling deep abiotic hydrocarbon formation. We demonstrate an unexpected high reactivity between carbons' most common allotropes, diamond and graphite, with hydrogen at conditions comparable with those in the Earth's upper mantle along subduction zone thermal gradients. Between 0.5-3 GPa and at temperatures as low as 300 °C, carbon reacts readily with H2 yielding methane (CH4), whilst at higher temperatures (500 °C and above), additional light hydrocarbons such as ethane (C2H6) emerge. These results suggest that the interaction between deep H2-rich fluids and reduced carbon minerals may be an efficient mechanism for producing abiotic hydrocarbons at the upper mantle.

Superionicity, disorder, and bandgap closure in dense hydrogen chloride.

Hydrogen bond networks play a crucial role in biomolecules and molecular materials such as ices. How these networks react to pressure directs their properties at extreme conditions. We have studied one of the simplest hydrogen bond formers, hydrogen chloride, from crystallization to metallization, covering a pressure range of more than 2.5 million atmospheres. Following hydrogen bond symmetrization, we identify a previously unknown phase by the appearance of new Raman modes and changes to x-ray diffraction patterns that contradict previous predictions. On further compression, a broad Raman band supersedes the well-defined excitations of phase V, despite retaining a crystalline chlorine substructure. We propose that this mode has its origin in proton (H+) mobility and disorder. Above 100 GPa, the optical bandgap closes linearly with extrapolated metallization at 240(10) GPa. Our findings suggest that proton dynamics can drive changes in these networks even at very high densities.

Pressure-Induced Synthesis and Properties of an H2S-H2Se-H2 Molecular Alloy.

The chalcogens are known to react with one another to form interchalcogens, which exhibit a diverse range of bonding and conductive behavior due to the difference in electronegativity between the group members. Through a series of high-pressure diamond anvil experiments combined with density functional theory calculations, we report the synthesis of an S-Se hydride. At pressures above 4 GPa we observe the formation of a single solid composed of both H2Se and H2S molecular units. Further compression in a hydrogen medium leads to the formation of an alloyed compound (H2SxSe1-x)2H2, after which there is a sequence of pressure-induced phase transitions associated with the arrested rotation of molecules. At pressures above 50 GPa, there is a symmetrization of hydrogen bonds concomitantly with a closing band gap and increased reflectivity of the compound, indicative of a transition to a metallic state.

Using innovative models in transition to practice and Master's Entry programs to teach ambulatory and primary care nursing.

With advancements in health care and changes in reimbursement that contribute to shorter hospitalizations, health care delivery is increasingly shifting to other settings to include skilled nursing, home care, and outpatient areas. There is a well-documented shortage of hospital-based capacity for clinical placements in California. The need for clinical placements is creating an opportunity to utilize ambulatory care settings as innovative alternative learning experiences for prelicensure nursing students. Care coordination, health coaching, and population health management are examples of skills useful for all RNs that ambulatory care settings offer as learning experiences for nursing students. The skills and knowledge students gain in ambulatory care are valuable for a wide range of employment settings. Additionally, these alternative settings provide faculty other clinical placement options since acute care placements are difficult to secure and sustain. The University of San Francisco (USF), School of Nursing and Health Professions (SONHP) developed two educational models to prepare nurses for complex disease management. One was a post-graduate new RN program that focused on outpatient/ambulatory care, the Transition to Practice Program (TTP). The other was a prelicensure Master's-Entry Master's of Science in Nursing (ME-MSN) program that has an ambulatory and acute care pathway.

Ionic Phases of Ammonia-Rich Hydrate at High Densities.

Mixtures of ammonia and water are major components of the "hot ice" mantle regions of icy planets. The ammonia-rich ammonia hemihydrate (AHH) plays a pivotal role as it precipitates from water-rich mixtures under pressure. It has been predicted to form ionic high-pressure structures, with fully disintegrated water molecules. Utilizing Raman spectroscopy measurements up to 123 GPa and first-principles calculations, we report the spontaneous ionization of AHH under compression. Spectroscopic measurements reveal that molecular AHH begins to transform into an ionic state at 26 GPa and then above ∼69 GPa transforms into the fully ionic P3[over ¯]m1 phase, AHH-III, characterized as ammonium oxide (NH_{4}^{+})_{2}O^{2-}.

Phase transition mechanism and bandgap engineering of Sb2S3 at gigapascal pressures.

Earth-abundant antimony trisulfide (Sb2S3), or simply antimonite, is a promising material for capturing natural energies like solar power and heat flux. The layered structure, held up by weak van-der Waals forces, induces anisotropic behaviors in carrier transportation and thermal expansion. Here, we used stress as mechanical stimuli to destabilize the layered structure and observed the structural phase transition to a three-dimensional (3D) structure. We combined in situ x-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, and first-principles calculations to study the evolution of structure and bandgap width up to 20.1 GPa. The optical band gap energy of Sb2S3 followed a two-step hierarchical sequence at approximately 4 and 11 GPa. We also revealed that the first step of change is mainly caused by the redistribution of band states near the conduction band maximum. The second transition is controlled by an isostructural phase transition, with collapsed layers and the formation of a higher coordinated bulky structure. The band gap reduced from 1.73 eV at ambient to 0.68 eV at 15 GPa, making it a promising thermoelectric material under high pressure.

Mental health, mental capacity, ethics, and the law in the context of COVID-19 (coronavirus).

The emergence of the COVID-19 (coronavirus) pandemic in late 2019 and early 2020 presented new and urgent challenges to mental health services and legislators around the world. This special issue of the International Journal of Law and Psychiatry explores mental health law, mental capacity law, and medical and legal ethics in the context of COVID-19. Papers are drawn from India, Australia, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Germany, Portugal, and the United States. Together, these articles demonstrate the complexity of psychiatric and legal issues prompted by COVID-19 in terms of providing mental health care, protecting rights, exercising decision-making capacity, and a range of other topics. While further work is needed in many of these areas, these papers provide a strong framework for addressing key issues and meeting the challenges that COVID-19 and, possibly, other outbreaks are likely to present in the future.

Thyroid Cancer: Implications of Genomics for Care and Practice.

Some families have a germline risk for developing thyroid and other cancers. An understanding of the genomic alterations that occur in these tumors will help to explain the diverse clinical characteristics of thyroid tumors, provide diagnostic information, and direct therapy. This article reviews the classification, genetics, and risks and management of hereditary cancer syndromes, as well as the somatic gene variants found in thyroid epithelial tumors, with clinical implications.

Complex Hydrogen Substructure in Semimetallic RuH4.

When compressed in a matrix of solid hydrogen, many metals form compounds with increasingly high hydrogen contents. At high density, hydrogenic sublattices can emerge, which may act as low-dimensional analogues of atomic hydrogen. We show that at high pressures and temperatures, ruthenium forms polyhydride species that exhibit intriguing hydrogen substructures with counterintuitive electronic properties. Ru3H8 is synthesized from RuH in H2 at 50 GPa and at temperatures in excess of 1000 K, adopting a cubic structure with short H-H distances. When synthesis pressures are increased above 85 GPa, we observe RuH4 which crystallizes in a remarkable structure containing corner-sharing H6 octahedra. Calculations indicate this phase is semimetallic at 100 GPa.