The response of Carlos Botelho (Lobo, Broa) Reservoir to the passage of cold fronts as reflected by physical, chemical, and biological variables.

This paper describes and discusses the impacts of the passage of cold fronts on the vertical structure of the Carlos Botelho (Lobo-Broa) Reservoir as demonstrated by changes in physical, chemical, and biological variables. The data were obtained with a continuous system measuring 9 variables in vertical profiles in the deepest point of the reservoir (12 m) coupled with climatological information and satellite images, during a 32-day period in July and August, 2003. During periods of incidence of cold fronts the reservoir presented vertical mixing. After the dissipation of the cold fronts a period of stability followed with thermal, chemical, and biological (chlorophyll-a) stratification. Climatological data obtained during the cold front passage showed lower air temperature, higher wind speed and lower solar radiation. The response of this reservoir can exemplify a generalized process in all shallow reservoirs in the Southeast Brazil and could have several implications for management, particularly in relation to the phytoplankton population dynamics and development of cyanobacterial blooms. Using this as a basis, a predictive model will be developed with the aim of advancing management strategies specially for the drinking water reservoirs of the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo.

The response of Carlos Botelho (Lobo, Broa) reservoir to the passage of cold fronts as reflected by physical, chemical, and biological variables

Este trabalho descreve e discute os efeitos das frentes frias intermitentes na estrutura vertical do reservatório da Usina Carlos Botelho (Lobo-Broa). Esses efeitos foram demonstrados com a determinação de variáveis físicas, químicas e biológicas (clorofila-a). Os resultados foram obtidos com a utilização do sistema SMATER (Sistema de Monitoramento em Tempo Real) instalado na região mais profunda do reservatório (12 metros). As medidas foram realizadas durante o período de 32 dias (julho/agosto de 2003 - inverno) e foram acopladas a informações contínuas sobre a climatologia e imagens de satélite. O reservatório apresentou períodos alternados de estratificação e mistura vertical, dependendo das passagens das frentes frias e sua posterior dissipação. Imediatamente após a dissipação das frentes frias, a estabilidade térmica, química e biológica instalou-se, alterando consideravelmente a estrutura vertical do sistema. Portanto, pulsos de estratificação e mistura vertical ocorreram relacionados à passagem e à dissipação das frentes frias. A resposta desse reservatório aos efeitos da passagem das frentes frias pode ser generalizada para todos os reservatórios rasos (< 30 metros, profundidade) do Sudeste do Brasil. Essa resposta tem muitas implicações para o gerenciamento, principalmente no que se refere à dinâmica das populações fitoplanctônicas, em especial o desenvolvimento e a estabilidade de florescimentos de cianobactérias. Utilizando a base conceitual e de informações climatológicas e limnológicas, um modelo preditivo deverá ser aplicado, com a finalidade de avançar tecnologias e abordagens de gerenciamento, especialmente para os reservatórios de abastecimento de água da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo.

Some pharmacological and toxicological studies on ketoprofen.

Evidence for the effectiveness of ketoprofen in animal models of inflammation and its antipyretic effect is reviewed. Its toxicity in animals is discussed and the low tendency to produce ulcers is stressed.

Ketoprofen (19.583 R.P.) (2-(3-benzoylphenyl)-propionic acid). Main pharmacological properties--outline of toxicological and pharmacokinetic data.

Ketoprofen possesses the typical pharmacological properties of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents i.e. anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activity, as well as antibradykinin activity and ability to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis. Ketoprofen is as potent as indomethacin in the tests for anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity, but its antipyretic and antibradykinin activities and its inhibitory activity against prostaglandin synthesis is respectively 4, 8 and 8 times greater than that of indomethacin. It seems very likely that the pituitary-adrenal axis is not involved in the mechanism of the anti-inflammatory action of ketoprofen, since in the carrageenan abscess test, the compound shows the same activity both in adrenalectomized and in normal rats and, when locally applied to the inflamed area, it is more active than when administered systemically. In the mouse the acute oral toxicity of ketoprofen is about one twentieth that of indomethacin. Like all powerful steroidal or non-steroidal antiinflammatory agents, ketoprofen shows some gastrointestinal toxicity, but its effect is mild and distinctly less than that of indomethacin. Pharmacokinetic studies in the rat, dog and monkey have shown that gastro-intestinal absorption of the drug is rapid and almost complete; the compound and its metabolites are excreted from the body fairly rapidly.