PROTOCOL FOR HUMAN EXPOSURE TO OPIOIDS AND CONCENTRATED MEDETOMIDINE USED IN FIELD APPLICATIONS.

Wildlife professionals routinely use potent sedatives and anesthetics when chemically immobilizing wildlife and zoo species in remote environments. Accidental exposure to these prescription veterinary drugs is rare but could be rapidly fatal. Commonly used agents include opioids and α2 adrenoreceptor agonists. These drugs can be reversed with specific antagonists; however, they are often not approved for human use. The protocol created here can be used by wildlife health professionals in a field setting with basic human emergency medical response training in coordination with local Emergency Medical Services (EMS). Key components include, building local relationships between EMS and wildlife professionals, focused EMS training, administering opioid and α2 adrenergic antagonists off label, and local evacuation procedures. This framework could allow wildlife management agencies or zoos to mitigate the risk of human exposures to these commonly used drugs, significantly improving occupational safety in an otherwise high-risk environment.

Winnicott's Idea OF The False Self: Theory as Autobiography.

One of the most important concepts developed by D. W. Winnicott was his idea of the false self. In the course of his work, he was often preoccupied with the need to maintain a sense of psychological vitality, which could be threatened in various ways. Threats occur throughout the life cycle as parents, siblings, friends, teachers, and other people impact the individual and contribute to the creation of the inner world of fantasy, which is also self-generated. These elements can work together or separately to undermine one's sense of vitality by the pressure to comply with a variety of demands, which can give rise to a false self. Winnicott's principal method of exploring this issue was through his clinical work, which was informed by personal struggles instrumental in shaping his thinking about the concept.

Bion's Agony in The Long Week-End.

In The Long Week-End Wilfred Bion focuses on his emotional distress during the first twenty-one years of his life. Rarely employing psychoanalytic terminology, he attempts to explore his emotional experience directly, struggling to find a language that could capture the complexity of inner life. Central to The Long Week-End is his desire to communicate how easily he could feel unintelligent, inept, weak, ashamed, guilty, angry, frightened, and cowardly in various settings. This self-criticism at times undermines his theoretical stance in this work, as he emphasizes the importance of doubt and uncertainty when attempting to comprehend most dimensions of experience.

Guntrip's concept of the regressed ego.

This paper explores what is perhaps the most important contribution of Harry Guntrip to psychoanalysis: namely his concept of the "regressed ego." In the course of his psychoanalytic work, he found certain concepts to be problematic. Therefore, while he valued some of Freud's ideas, he challenged his emphasis upon the importance of the instincts. Guntrip then drew extensively on the more object relational approach of Fairbairn and Winnicott. Nevertheless, although Guntrip believed that all these figures described important dimensions of psychological experience, he felt that they failed to acknowledge that layer which he called the "regressed ego." In his analysis of the "regressed ego," Guntrip made a valuable contribution to psychoanalytic theory and practice. However, because he thought that with this idea he had discovered the underlying cause of most psychological disturbances, he engaged in a form of reductionism and therefore undermined the value of his observations about this layer of psychological experience.

Loewald's approach to psychoanalytic theory.

The author suggests that part of the legacy of Hans Loewald is the nature of his approach to psychoanalytic theory. Loewald carefully considered and selectively utilized the work of theorists from a number of psychoanalytic schools of thought: id psychology, object relations theory, ego psychology, self psychology, and the interpersonal tradition. In addition, he helped pave the way for the current widespread interest in intersubjectivity, and also positioned himself in relation to those who embraced hermeneutics. Through all of this, he maintained a skeptical attitude, embodied in his belief in the complexity of the phenomena to be explored and his commitment to the perspective that psychoanalytic ideas should be open to revision.

The human brain's algorithm for extrapolating motion, and its possible gender-dependence.

Some athletes accomplish feats requiring a timing accuracy 100 times better than their reaction time. This capability implies that the brain can accurately extrapolate the motion of objects. We hypothesize that the brain uses a simple algorithm to accomplish this extrapolation, and that the algorithm is influenced by the subject's gender and recent observations of motion. We describe an experiment in timing the motion of a dot across a computer screen designed to discover the motion extrapolation algorithm. Different types of motion of the dot were studied. The experiment was conducted with 126 college students (two-thirds female), who each performed 1000 trials. By using as many as 126,000 trials, the random noise inherent in individual trials averages out, allowing the underlying algorithm to be revealed. The results show that motion extrapolation is done using the average velocity of a moving object with no correction for changes in velocity during the motion, but with an ad hoc adjustment based on recently observed motions and on gender-males having on average a smaller error than females. A future controlled experiment will be needed to establish whether the observed gender difference is due to the greater experience of males with such related tasks as video games and sports.

Winnicott's response to Klein.

The author suggests that, although Donald Winnicott presented some important criticisms of Melanie Klein's work, at times he tried to advance his perspectives too definitively without adequately considering her own. Because of this, he failed to acknowledge sufficiently that he was offering a model of human nature and development that could be revised. The fact that his differences with Klein arose in the context of a complex relationship in which each played numerous roles for the other, especially in the context of their affiliation with the British Psychoanalytical Society, periodically made it difficult for him to present his ideas more carefully and in his more characteristically open manner.