Light Emitting Diode Photobiomodulation Enhances Oxidative Redox Capacity in Murine Macrophages Stimulated with Bothrops jararacussu Venom and Isolated PLA2s.

Photobiomodulation therapy associated with conventional antivenom treatment has been shown to be effective in reducing the local effects caused by bothropic venoms in preclinical studies. In this study, we analyzed the influence of photobiomodulation using light emitting diode (LED) on the oxidative stress produced by murine macrophages stimulated with Bothrops jararacussu venom and it isolated toxins BthTX-I and BthTX-II. Under LED treatment, we evaluated the activity of the antioxidant enzymes catalase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase as well as the release of hydrogen peroxide and the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase. To investigate whether NADPH oxidase complex activation and mitochondrial pathways could contribute to hydrogen peroxide production by macrophages, we tested the effect of two selective inhibitors, apocynin and CCCP3, respectively. Our results showed that LED therapy was able to decrease the production of hydrogen peroxide and the liberation of lactate dehydrogenase, indicating less cell damage. In addition, the antioxidant enzymes catalase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase increased in response to LED treatment. The effect of LED treatment on macrophages was inhibited by CCCP3, but not by apocynin. These findings show that LED photobiomodulation treatment protects macrophages, at least in part, by reducing oxidative stress caused B. jararacussu venom and toxins.

Photobiomodulation induces murine macrophages polarization toward M2 phenotype.

Photobiomodulation using light-emitting diode (LED) treatment has analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects which can be an effective therapeutic associated with serum therapy for local treatment of snakebites. Here we explored the effects of LED treatment on isolated macrophage under Bothrops jararacussu venom. Results showed that LED induced IL-6 and TNF-α genes down-regulation and, TGF and ARG1 genes up-regulation which indicates a polarization of macrophages to an M2 phenotype contributing to both tissue repair and resolution of inflammation.

Effect of light emitting diode photobiomodulation on murine macrophage function after Bothrops envenomation.

Several reports have suggested that photobiomodulation, owing to its analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and healing effects, may be an effective therapeutic option for local effects of snakebites when the availability and accessibility of conventional serum therapy are inefficient and far from medical care centers. Although there have been studies that demonstrate the application of photobiomodulation in the treatment of local adverse events due to snakebites from snakes of the genus Bothrops, its role in the activation of leukocytes, particularly macrophages, has not been evaluated. Here, we assessed the effect of light-emitting diode (LED) treatment on macrophage activation induced by B. jararacussu venom (BjV). LED treatment caused an increase in the viability of macrophages incubated with BjV. This treatment reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) production by macrophages after incubation with BjV. However, LED treatment did not interfere with IL-1ß and IL-10 production by macrophages after incubation with BjV. In conclusion, this study showed that LED treatment has the potential to be used in combination with conventional serum therapy to prevent or minimize the progression of local to severe symptoms after Bothrops envenomation.