Impaired health in working children: a critical ethnography.

Child labor is one of the important social issues that deprive children of many fundamental rights, and make them face many problems and consequences, including health problems. Thus, this study was conducted with the aim of examining the health of working children in Tehran. This is an ethnographic study that was conducted using Carspecken's approach and was completed in 2022. The main participants of this study included working children aged 10-18 years living in Tehran. In order to collect information, the researcher was present at the workplace, school, and living places of working children for more than two years, observing their lives and activities. Formal and informal interviews were also conducted with the working children and informed people. In total, hundreds of working children were assessed and observed in this research. A friendly conversation was formed between the researcher and more than 50 children, and official interviews were conducted with six of the working children. Also, more than 10 official interviews were conducted with informed people and parents of working children. In addition to observations and interviews, documents such as medical records and drawings of working children were also examined and interpreted. The information obtained from observations, interviews, and documents was entered into MAXQDA software, and its raw codes were extracted. The high-level codes as well as sub and main categories were formed from the aggregation of low-level codes. Impaired health was formed from three subcategories of tormented body (work and environmental trauma, sexual abuse, malnutrition, fatigue, sleep disorder and inadequate hygiene), disquieted mind (anxious children, depression and isolation, reduced self-esteem and unfocused mind) and disrupted sociability (negative social role modeling, aggression and violence, stubbornness and vindictiveness, harassment and nuisance, reprehensible social behaviors, neglecting others' ownership, disturbed relationships and out-group self-censorship). The results of the present study showed that the health of working children is compromised in various physical, psychological, and social ways. Therefore, some measures should be taken at the national and international levels to improve their health, such as revising the existing laws regarding children and informing children of their rights.

The impact of student computer competency on e-learning outcomes: A path analysis model of virtual learning infrastructure, collaboration, and access to electronic facilities.

AIM: This study explored the influence of student computer competency on e-learning outcomes among Iranian nursing students and examined its mediating role in the relationship between virtual learning infrastructure, student collaboration, access to electronic facilities, and e-learning outcomes. DESIGN: A cross sectional study. METHOD: A self-administered online survey was used from August to October 2022, with a sample size of 417 nursing students selected through convenience sampling. Descriptive statistics, correlation analyses, and PROCESS macro v4.1 (Model 4) were used for data analysis. RESULTS: The results revealed that virtual learning infrastructure, access to electronic facilities, and student collaboration, significantly predict student computer competency and e-learning outcomes. Virtual learning infrastructure and access to electronic facilities were found to be the strongest predictors of student computer competency, while student collaboration had a smaller but still significant effect. Student computer competency was found to mediate the relationship between virtual learning infrastructure, access to electronic facilities, student collaboration, and e-learning outcomes.

A time-series prediction model of acute myocardial infarction in northern of Iran: the risk of climate change and religious mourning.

BACKGROUND: Although various studies have been conducted on the effects of seasonal climate changes or emotional variables on the risk of AMI, many of them have limitations to determine the predictable model. The currents study is conducted to assess the effects of meteorological and emotional variables on the incidence and epidemiological occurrence of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in Sari (capital of Mazandaran, Iran) during 2011-2018. METHODS: In this study, a time series analysis was used to determine the variation of variables over time. All series were seasonally adjusted and Poisson regression analysis was performed. In the analysis of meteorological data and emotional distress due to religious mourning events, the best results were obtained by autoregressive moving average (ARMA) (5,5) model. RESULTS: It was determined that average temperature, sunshine, and rain variables had a significant effect on death. A total of 2375 AMI's were enrolled. Average temperate (°C) and sunshine hours a day (h/day) had a statistically significant relationship with the number of AMI's (ß = 0.011, P = 0.014). For every extra degree of temperature increase, the risk of AMI rose [OR = 1.011 (95%CI 1.00, 1.02)]. For every extra hour of sunshine, a day a statistically significant increase [OR = 1.02 (95% CI 1.01, 1.04)] in AMI risk occurred (ß = 0.025, P = 0.001). Religious mourning events increase the risk of AMI 1.05 times more. The other independent variables have no significant effects on AMI's (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Results demonstrate that sunshine hours and the average temperature had a significant effect on the risk of AMI. Moreover, emotional distress due to religious morning events increases AMI. More specific research on this topic is recommended.

Psychometric Properties of the Impact of Events Scale-Revised (IES-R) Among General Iranian Population During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Objective: The aim of this study was to translate and evaluate the validity and reliability of the Impact of Events Scale-Revised (IES-R) among the Iranian general population during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Method: This study was methodological cross-sectional. It was conducted on an Iranian public population from April to July 2020 which was during the COVID-19 pandemic. Construct validity was determined through exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with a total of 500 adults recruited via online data gathering. Reliability was checked through the average inter-item correlation (AIC), Cronbach's alpha, and McDonald's omega. Convergent and divergent validity was determined using Fornell and Larcker's approach. Results: The results showed that the Persian version of IES-R had three factors, including intrusion (six items), avoidance (seven items), and hyperarousal (five items), that explained 59.22% of the total variance of the IES-R. The CFA findings indicated that all goodness-of-fit indices confirmed the model fit. The Cronbach's alpha, McDonald's omega, composite reliability (CR), and maximal reliability were excellent, and the three factors have good convergent validity. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicated that the Persian version of the IES-R scale is efficient and useful to assess post-traumatic stress disorder among Iran general population in the COVID-19 outbreak.

Psychometric Evaluation of the Persian Version of Religious Orientation Scale in Iranian Patients with Cancer.

This paper reports on the psychometric properties of the Religious Orientation Scale (ROS) with a sample of 311 Iranian patients who were suffering from cancer between September and December 2020. A cross-sectional study design was used, and convenience sampling was employed. Reliability was evaluated by internal consistency Cronbach's alpha, McDonald's omega, and average inter-item correlation. The exploratory factor analysis showed that the ROS had 15 items and two factors (religious identity and personal identity) that explained 43.2% of the total variance of religious orientation in Iranian patients with cancer. Construct validity was assessed by means of confirmatory factor analysis. The internal consistency and composite reliability were acceptable. The results indicate that the ROS can produce reliable and valid data on religious orientation in a sample of Iranian patient with cancer.

Resilience in Iranian adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: Psychometric Evaluation of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale.

Background: Resilience is a measure of the ability to cope with stress and the accurate measurement of it is critical. This study aimed to translate and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale in Iranian adolescents during the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic.Methods: In this cross-sectional study, after the scale translation, the content and construct validity were assessed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Moreover, internal consistency, composite reliability, and invariance measurement were evaluated.Results: The content validity ratio was greater than 0.49, and the modified kappa coefficient for all items was higher than 0.6. With exploratory factor analysis, two factors were extracted consisting of 16 items and explaining 43% of the total variance. The results of confirmatory factor analysis indicated a good fit for the model. Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability for both factors were greater than 0.7. Although there is no significant difference (p = 0.09) in the average resilience of adolescents in different provinces, boys (42.64 ± 10.90) had a significantly (p < 0.001) higher resilience score than girls (40.10 ± 11.92).Conclusion: The study results showed that the Persian 16-item version of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale has acceptable reliability and validity in the Iranian adolescent population.

The Challenges of Implementing Family-Centered Care in NICU from the Perspectives of Physicians and Nurses.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate physicians' and nurses' perspectives on the challenges of implementing the FCC in the neonatal intensive care unit. DESIGN AND METHOD: The study employed a qualitative design to conduct five focus groups with 25 nurses and 15 physicians (n = 40). All of the nurse participants identified as female; 73% held a bachelor's degree in nursing and 59% had been working as a neonatal nurse for >10 years. Of the physicians, 55% identified as male, 43% held positions as neonatologists and 39% had a minimum of 3 years of experience in neonatal intensive care. RESULTS: Three themes, power imbalance, psychosocial issues, and structural limitation, and related sub-themes were constructed using thematic analyses. CONCLUSION: The implementation of family-centered care in the neonatal intensive care unit in Iran is shaped by the health care provider, cultural, legal and operational challenges. To optimize effective and sustained implementation, these influential factors must be addressed. IMPLICATIONS: Organizational, managerial and operational changes are required for FCC implementation. Nurses and physicians are well-positioned as leaders and facilitators of family-centered care implementation within the neonatal intensive care unit.

Psychometric properties of Adolescent Resilience Questionnaire among Nepalese adolescents in Lalitpur.

BACKGROUND: Although the need of measuring resilience among adolescents has gained attention in recent decades, there is no availability of an appropriate tool designed yet to assess resilience among Nepalese adolescents. This paper describes the psychometric properties of Adolescent Resilience Questionnaire (ARQ) among Nepalese adolescent students in Lalitpur which could be a possible tool for measuring resilience. METHOD: The ARQ was translated into Nepali and back translated in English. The Nepali ARQ was self-administered in 512 adolescent students with 46.7% boys between the age of 13 and 19 years (M = 16.07 years, SD = 1.49) enrolled in six secondary schools in Lalitpur, Nepal. Test-retest reliability was assessed among 52 adolescent students within an interval of two weeks. RESULTS: Findings confirmed 12 scales and 5 domain factor structure of adolescents' resilience. Cronbach's alpha coefficient (α) for the scales and domains ranged between 0.64-0.86 and 0.71-0.86. The values of Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) showed that test-retest reliability of the scales and domains ranged between good and excellent with an overall ICC 0.95 (95% CI 0.92-0.97). CONCLUSION: The Nepali version of the ARQ can be used to measure resilience among adolescents in Lalitpur, Nepal. Further studies are recommended to assess adolescents' resilience using the ARQ in diverse settings including communities of various provinces and regions of Nepal.

Nurses' and Physicians' Experiences of the NIDCAP Model Implementation in Neonatal Intensive Care Units in Iran.

PURPOSE: The Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program (NIDCAP) provides comprehensive newborn focused family-centered care in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). The purpose of this study was to investigate nurses' and physicians' experiences of implementing the NIDCAP model to optimize its implementation for both caregivers, infants, and families in the NICU. DESIGN & METHODS: A purposes sample of 11 nurses and four physicians participated in this qualitative study. Data were collected by face-to-face and semi-structured interviews and analysis were guided by principles of thematic analysis as per Graneheim and Lundman (2004). RESULTS: Six themes and 20 sub-themes were constructed during data analysis. These included; NIDCAP as a milestone, Helping to rebuild the core of the family, Caregiver excellence, Realism towards the feasibility of NIDCAP, Proper managerial position of NIDCAP specialists in the health system, and Caring for the caregiver. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study highlight how NIDCAP provides a comprehensive and effective care model for premature infants, with the goal to promote neonatal growth and development while also facilitating the self-efficacy of caregivers. Implementation of the NIDCAP model requires attention to be paid to social context, infrastructure, adjustment of the program according to the facilities and resources of each country, and the needs of caregivers. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Health care resources are required to sustain NIDCAP specialists and a favorable environment as the necessary conditions for its multidimensional application across NICU units around the world.

Translation and validation of "Adolescent Resilience Questionnaire" for Iranian adolescents.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Resilience is the process by which adolescents are able to maintain or regain positive outcomes despite stress and negative emotional experiences. Assessing resilience is important to identify adolescents strengths and vulnerabilities. There are currently no resilience instruments available for Iranian adolescents. This paper describes the translation and validation of Adolescent Resilience Questionnaire (ARQ) for use with Iranian adolescents. METHOD: The ARQ was translated into Persian and back-translated. Proportional stratified sampling was used to recruit a representative sample of 523 adolescents aged 11-19 years from 38 public and private high schools in Tehran. Total scale and subscale reliability were examined using Cronbach alpha. Test-retest reliability was conducted with 38 adolescents who completed the ARQ twice with a two week interval in between and assessed using intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC). FINDINGS: Cronbach alpha coefficients were equal to or greater than 0.70 for all scales, after the removal of one item in the Community scale. Test-retest reliability for the overall ARQ score was excellent (ICC=0.83, 95%CI, 0.76-0.93) and very good for individual subscales (ICC=0.70-0.79). CONCLUSION: The present study provides evidence of good validity, reliability and test-retest reliability of the Persian ARQ for Iranian adolescents. Further testing, including construct validity, and testing across different contexts will strengthen the evidence. The instrument will have applications in resilience research, educational and clinic settings and could facilitate the development and evaluation of intervention programs to build resilience in Iranian adolescents.