Modulating Endothelial Cell Dynamics in Fat Grafting: The Impact of DLL4 siRNA via Adipose Stem Cell Extracellular Vesicles.

In the context of improving the efficacy of autologous fat grafts (AFG) in reconstructive surgery, this study delineates the novel use of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) and their extracellular vesicles (EVs) as vehicles for delivering DLL4 siRNA. The aim was to inhibit DLL4, a gene identified through transcriptome analysis as a critical player in the vascular endothelial cells of AFG tissues, thereby negatively affecting endothelial cell functions and graft survival through the Notch signaling pathway. By engineering ADSC EVs to carry DLL4 siRNA (ADSC EVs-siDLL4), the research demonstrated a marked improvement in endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and lumen formation, as well as enhanced angiogenesis in vivo, leading to a significant increase in the survival rate of AFGs. This approach presents a significant advancement in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, offering a potential method to overcome the limitations of current fat grafting techniques.

Ortho-digital dynamics: Exploration of advancing digital health technologies in musculoskeletal disease management.

Background: Musculoskeletal (MSK) disorders, affecting billions of people worldwide, pose significant challenges to the healthcare system and require effective management models. The rapid development of digital healthcare technologies (DHTs) has revolutionized the healthcare industry. DHT-based interventions have shown promising clinical benefits in managing MSK disorders, alleviating pain, and improving functional impairment. There is, however, no bibliometric analysis of the overall trends on this topic. Methods: We extracted all relevant publications from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database until April 30, 2023. We performed bibliometric analysis and visualization using CiteSpace, VOSviewer, and R software. Annual trends of publications, countries/regions distributions, funding agencies, institutions, co-cited journals, author contributions, references, core journals, and keywords and research hotspots were analyzed. Results: A total of 6810 papers were enrolled in this study. Publications have increased drastically from 16 in 1995 to 1198 in 2022, with 4067 articles published in the last five years. In all, 53 countries contributed with publications to this research area. The United States, the United Kingdom, and China were the most productive countries. Harvard University was the most contributing institution. Regarding keywords, research focuses include artificial intelligence, deep learning, machine learning, telemedicine, rehabilitation, and robotics. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic has further accelerated the adoption of DHTs, highlighting the need for remote care options. The analysis reveals the positive impact of DHTs on improving physician productivity, enhancing patient care and quality of life, reducing healthcare expenditures, and predicting outcomes. DHTs are a hot topic of research not only in the clinical field but also in the multidisciplinary intersection of rehabilitation, nursing, education, social and economic fields. The analysis identifies four promising hotspots in the integration of DHTs in MSK pain management, biomechanics assessment, MSK diagnosis and prediction, and robotics and tele-rehabilitation in arthroplasty care.

A high hydrophobic moment arginine-rich peptide screened by a machine learning algorithm enhanced ADC antitumor activity.

Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) with better biomolecule delivery properties will expand their clinical applications. Using the MLCPP2.0 machine algorithm, we screened multiple candidate sequences with potential cellular uptake ability from the nuclear localization signal/nuclear export signal database and verified them through cell-penetrating fluorescent tracing experiments. A peptide (NCR) derived from the Rev protein of the caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus exhibited efficient cell-penetrating activity, delivering over four times more EGFP than the classical CPP TAT, allowing it to accumulate in lysosomes. Structural and property analysis revealed that a high hydrophobic moment and an appropriate hydrophobic region contribute to the high delivery activity of NCR. Trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1), a HER2-targeted antibody-drug conjugate, could improve its anti-tumor activity by enhancing targeted delivery efficiency and increasing lysosomal drug delivery. This study designed a new NCR vector to non-covalently bind T-DM1 by fusing domain Z, which can specifically bind to the Fc region of immunoglobulin G and effectively deliver T-DM1 to lysosomes. MTT results showed that the domain Z-NCR vector significantly enhanced the cytotoxicity of T-DM1 against HER2-positive tumor cells while maintaining drug specificity. Our results make a useful attempt to explore the potential application of CPP as a lysosome-targeted delivery tool.

Seamless site-directed mutagenesis in complex cloned DNA sequences using the RedEx method.

Seamless site-directed mutagenesis is an important technique for studying protein functions, tuning enzyme catalytic activities and modifying genetic elements in multiple rounds because it can insert, delete or substitute nucleotides, DNA segments or even entire genes at the target site without introducing any unwanted change. To facilitate seamless site-directed mutagenesis in large plasmids and bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) with repetitive sequences, we recently developed the RedEx strategy. Compared with previous methods, our approach achieves the recovery of correct recombinants with high accuracy by circumventing unwanted recombination between repetitive sequences. RedEx readily yields more than 80% accuracy in seamless DNA insertion and deletion in large multimodular polyketide synthase gene clusters, which are among the most difficult targets due to the large number of repetitive DNA sequences in modules encoding almost identical enzymes. Here we present the RedEx method by describing in detail the seamless site-directed mutagenesis in a BAC vector. Overall, the process includes three parts: (1) insertion of the RedEx cassette containing the desired mutation together with selection-counterselection markers flanked by unique restriction sites and 20-bp overlapping sequences into the target site by recombineering, (2) removal of the selection-counterselection markers in the BAC by restriction digestion and (3) circularization of the linear BAC by exonuclease-mediated in vitro DNA annealing. This protocol can be performed within 3 weeks and will enable researchers with DNA cloning experience to master seamless site-directed mutagenesis to accelerate their research.

Effects of motivational interviewing intervention on psychological status, compliance behavior and quality of life of patients with malignant tumor combined with diabetes mellitus.

Objective: To investigate the effects of motivational interview education on psychological status, compliance behavior and quality of life in patients with malignant tumors combined with diabetes mellitus. Methods: This is a retrospective study. Eighty patients with malignant tumors combined with diabetes mellitus admitted at The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University from January 2021 to June 2022 were included as subjects and divided into observation group and control group according to the intervention measures. Patients in the control group were given routine health education intervention, while those in the observation group were given motivational interviewing intervention on the basis of the control group. We compared the prognosis, cognitive function, quality of life, relief of cancer pain before intervention and three months after the intervention of the two groups were compared. Results: At three months after the intervention, the total remission rate of cancer pain in the observation group was higher than that in the control group(p<0.05), while the levels of FBG and 2hPG in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group(p<0.05). Self-Rating Anxiety Scale(SAS) and Self-rating depression scale(SDS) scores decreased in both groups three months after the intervention, with the level of reduction in the observation group being higher than that in the control group(p<0.05). The overall compliance was higher in the observation group than in the control group(p<0.05). Conclusion: Motivational interviewing leads to alleviate negative emotions, improve the psychological status, enhance compliance behavior and improve quality of life in patients with malignant tumors combined with diabetes mellitus.

Hypoalbuminemia is Highly Prevalent in Patients with Periprosthetic Joint Infection and Strongly Associated with Treatment Failure.

OBJECTIVE: The role of hypoalbuminemia throughout the course of chronic periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) remains poorly understood. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors of hypoalbuminemia in periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) patients and to explore the association between hypoalbuminemia and treatment outcomes. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included 387 PJI cases who underwent two-stage exchange arthroplasty between January 2007 and August 2020, of which 342 were reimplanted. The mean follow-up period was 7.9 years. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify risk factors for hypoalbuminemia and to assess the effect of hypoalbuminemia at 1st- and 2nd-stage exchange on the treatment outcome. Furthermore, the impact of dynamic changes in hypoalbuminemia was investigated. RESULTS: The prevalence of hypoalbuminemia at 1st- and 2nd-stage exchange was 22.2% and 4.7%, respectively. Patients with age ≥ 68 years and those with isolation of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus, or Gram-negative bacteria exhibited a higher risk of hypoalbuminemia. Hypoalbuminemia at 1st-stage was significantly related to treatment failure (OR = 3.3), while hypoalbuminemia at 2nd-stage raised the OR to 10.0. Patients with persistent hypoalbuminemia at both the 1st- and 2nd-stage exchanges had a significantly higher rate of treatment failure than patients with hypoalbuminemia at the 1st-stage but normal albumin levels at the 2nd-stage exchange (55.6% vs 20.0%, p = 0.036). CONCLUSION: One in five patients with chronic PJI exhibits hypoalbuminemia. Hypoalbuminemia is more likely to develop in patients of advanced age and those infected by specific highly virulent organisms. Also, our results highlight the close association between hypoalbuminemia and treatment outcomes.

Corrigendum: Targeted proteomics-determined multi-biomarker profiles developed classifier for prognosis and immunotherapy responses of advanced cervical cancer.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1391524.].

Identification and experimental validation of KMO as a critical immune-associated mitochondrial gene in unstable atherosclerotic plaque.

BACKGROUND: The heightened risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events is associated with the increased instability of atherosclerotic plaques. However, the lack of effective diagnostic biomarkers has impeded the assessment of plaque instability currently. This study was aimed to investigate and identify hub genes associated with unstable plaques through the integration of various bioinformatics tools, providing novel insights into the detection and treatment of this condition. METHODS: Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) combined with two machine learning methods were used to identify hub genes strongly associated with plaque instability. The cell-type identification by estimating relative subsets of RNA transcripts (CIBERSORT) method was utilized to assess immune cell infiltration patterns in atherosclerosis patients. Additionally, Gene Set Variation Analysis (GSVA) was conducted to investigate the potential biological functions, pathways, and mechanisms of hub genes associated with unstable plaques. To further validate the diagnostic efficiency and expression of the hub genes, immunohistochemistry (IHC), quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were performed on collected human carotid plaque and blood samples. Immunofluorescence co-staining was also utilized to confirm the association between hub genes and immune cells, as well as their colocalization with mitochondria. RESULTS: The CIBERSORT analysis demonstrated a significant decrease in the infiltration of CD8 T cells and an obvious increase in the infiltration of M0 macrophages in patients with atherosclerosis. Subsequently, two highly relevant modules (blue and green) strongly associated with atherosclerotic plaque instability were identified. Through intersection with mitochondria-related genes, 50 crucial genes were identified. Further analysis employing least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) logistic regression and support vector machine recursive feature elimination (SVM-RFE) algorithms revealed six hub genes significantly associated with plaque instability. Among them, NT5DC3, ACADL, SLC25A4, ALDH1B1, and MAOB exhibited positive correlations with CD8 T cells and negative correlations with M0 macrophages, while kynurenine 3-monooxygenas (KMO) demonstrated a positive correlation with M0 macrophages and a negative correlation with CD8 T cells. IHC and RT-qPCR analyses of human carotid plaque samples, as well as ELISA analyses of blood samples, revealed significant upregulation of KMO and MAOB expression, along with decreased ALDH1B1 expression, in both stable and unstable samples compared to the control samples. However, among the three key genes mentioned above, only KMO showed a significant increase in expression in unstable plaque samples compared to stable plaque samples. Furthermore, the expression patterns of KMO in human carotid unstable plaque tissues and cultured mouse macrophage cell lines were assessed using immunofluorescence co-staining techniques. Finally, lentivirus-mediated KMO silencing was successfully transduced into the aortas of high-fat-fed ApoE-/- mice, with results indicating that KMO silencing attenuated plaque formation and promoted plaque stability in ApoE-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that KMO, a mitochondria-targeted gene associated with macrophage cells, holds promise as a valuable diagnostic biomarker for assessing the instability of atherosclerotic plaques.

A viroid-derived small interfering RNA targets bHLH transcription factor MdPIF1 to regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in Malus domestica.

Fruit colour is a critical determinant for the appearance quality and commercial value of apple fruits. Viroid-induced dapple symptom severely affects the fruit coloration, however, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. In this study, we identified an apple dimple fruit viroid (ADFVd)-derived small interfering RNA, named vsiR693, which targeted the mRNA coding for a bHLH transcription factor MdPIF1 (PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR 1) to regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in apple. 5' RLM-RACE and artificial microRNA transient expression system proved that vsiR693 directly targeted the mRNA of MdPIF1 for cleavage. MdPIF1 positively regulated anthocyanin biosynthesis in both apple calli and fruits, and it directly bound to G-box element in the promoter of MdPAL and MdF3H, two anthocyanin biosynthetic genes, to promote their transcription. Expression of vsiR693 negatively regulated anthocyanin biosynthesis in both apple calli and fruits. Furthermore, co-expression of vsiR693 and MdPIF1 suppressed MdPIF1-promoted anthocyanin biosynthesis in apple fruits. Infiltration of ADFVd infectious clone suppressed coloration surrounding the injection sites in apple fruits, while a mutated version of ADFVd, in which the vsiR693 producing region was mutated, failed to repress fruit coloration around the injection sites. These data provide evidence that a viroid-derived small interfering RNA targets host transcription factor to regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in apple.

Targeted proteomics-determined multi-biomarker profiles developed classifier for prognosis and immunotherapy responses of advanced cervical cancer.

Background: Cervical cancer (CC) poses a global health challenge, with a particularly poor prognosis in cases of recurrence, metastasis, or advanced stages. A single biomarker is inadequate to predict CC prognosis or identify CC patients likely to benefit from immunotherapy, presumably owing to tumor complexity and heterogeneity. Methods: Using advanced Olink proteomics, we analyzed 92 oncology-related proteins in plasma from CC patients receiving immunotherapy, based upon the comparison of protein expression levels of pre-therapy with those of therapy-Cycle 6 in the partial response (PR) group and progressive disease (PD) group, respectively. Results: 55 proteins were identified to exhibit differential expression trends across pre-therapy and post-therapy in both PR and PD groups. Enriched GO terms and KEGG pathways were associated with vital oncological and immunological processes. A logistic regression model, using 5 proteins (ITGB5, TGF-α, TLR3, WIF-1, and ERBB3) with highest AUC values, demonstrated good predictive performance for prognosis of CC patients undergoing immunotherapy and showed potential across different cancer types. The effectiveness of these proteins in prognosis prediction was further validated using TCGA-CESC datasets. A negative correlation and previously unidentified roles of WIF-1 in CC immunotherapy was also first determined. Conclusion: Our findings reveal multi-biomarker profiles effectively predicting CC prognosis and identifying patients benefitting most from immunotherapy, especially for those with limited treatment options and traditionally poor prognosis, paving the way for personalized immunotherapeutic treatments and improved clinical strategies.

Prognostic implications of preoperative, postoperative, and dynamic changes of alpha-fetoprotein and des-gamma (γ)-carboxy prothrombin expression pattern for hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatic resection: a multicenter observational study.

Background: The utility of pre- and post-operative alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and des-gamma (γ)-carboxy prothrombin (DCP) expression patterns and their dynamic changes as predictors of the outcome of hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has yet to be well elucidated. Methods: From a multicenter database, AFP and DCP data during the week prior to surgery and the first post-discharge outpatient visit (within 1-2 months after surgery) were collected from patients with HCC who underwent hepatectomy. AFP-DCP expression patterns were categorized according to the number of positive tumor markers (AFP ≥ 20ng/mL, DCP ≥ 40mAU/mL), including double-negative, single-positive, and double-positive. Changes in the AFP-DCP expression patterns were delineated based on variations in the number of positive tumor markers when comparing pre- and post-operative patterns. Results: Preoperatively, 53 patients (8.3%), 337 patients (52.8%), and 248 patients (38.9%) exhibited double-negative, single-positive, and double-positive AFP-DCP expression patterns, respectively. Postoperatively, 463 patients (72.6%), 130 patients (20.4%), and 45 patients (7.0%) showed double-negative, single-positive, and double-positive AFP-DCP expression patterns, respectively. Survival analysis showed a progressive decrease in recurrence-free (RFS) and overall survival (OS) as the number of postoperative positive tumor markers increased (both P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that postoperative AFP-DCP expression pattern, but not preoperative AFP-DCP expression pattern, was an independent risk factor for RFS and OS. Further analysis showed that for patients with positive preoperative markers, prognosis gradually improves as positive markers decrease postoperatively. In particular, when all postoperative markers turned negative, the prognosis was consistent with that of preoperative double-negative patients, regardless of the initial number of positive markers. Conclusions: AFP-DCP expression patterns, particularly postoperative patterns, serve as vital sources of information for prognostic evaluation following hepatectomy for HCC. Moreover, changes in AFP-DCP expression patterns from pre- to post-operation enable dynamic prognostic risk stratification postoperatively, aiding the development of individualized follow-up strategies.

Recent progress on nickel phthalocyanine-based electrocatalysts for CO2 reduction.

The electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 to high-value fuels by renewable electricity is a sustainable strategy, which can substitute for fossil fuels and circumvent climate changes induced by elevated CO2 emission levels, making the rational design of versatile electrocatalysts highly desirable. Among all the electrocatalytic materials used in the CO2 reduction reaction, nickel phthalocyanine (NiPc)-based electrocatalysts have attracted considerable attention recently because of their high CO selectivity and catalytic activity. Herein, we review the latest advances in CO2 electroreduction to CO catalyzed by immobilized NiPc and its derivatives on diverse surfaces. Specific strategies, the structure-performance relationship and the CO2-to-CO reaction mechanism of these NiPc-based electrocatalysts are analyzed. Future opportunities and challenges for this series of powerful heterogeneous electrocatalysts are also highlighted.

Multi-role conductive hydrogels for flexible transducers regulated by MOFs for monitoring human activities and electronic skin functions.

Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) have garnered significant attention in the development of stretchable and wearable conductive hydrogels for flexible transducers. However, MOFs used in hydrogel networks have been hampered by low mechanical performance and poor dispersibility in aqueous solutions, which affect the performance of hydrogels, including low toughness, limited self-recovery, short working ranges, low conductivity, and prolonged response-recovery times. To address these shortcomings, a novel approach was adopted in which micelle co-polymerization was used for the ex situ synthesis of Zn-MOF-based hydrogels with exceptional stretchability, robust toughness, anti-fatigue properties, and commendable conductivity. This breakthrough involved the ex situ integration of Zn-MOFs into hydrophobically cross-linked polymer chains. Here the micelles of EHDDAB had two functions, first they uniformly dispersed the Zn-MOFs and secondly they dynamically cross-linked the polymer chains, profoundly influencing the mechanical characteristics of the hydrogels. The non-covalent synergistic interactions introduced by Zn-MOFs endowed the hydrogels with the capacity for high stretchability, high stress, rapid self-recovery, anti-fatigue properties, and conductivity, all achieved without external stimuli. Furthermore, hydrogels based on Zn-MOFs can serve as durable and highly sensitive flexible transducers, adept at detecting diverse mechanical deformations with swift response-recovery times and high gauge factor values. Consequently, these hydrogels can be tailored to function as wearable strain sensors capable of sensing significant human joint movements, such as wrist bending, and motions involving the wrist, fingers, and elbows. Similarly, they excel at monitoring subtle human motions, such as speech pronunciation, distinguishing between different words, as well as detecting swallowing and larynx vibrations during various activities. Beyond these applications, the hydrogels exhibit proficiency in distinguishing and reproducing various written words with reliability. The Zn-MOF-based hydrogels hold promising potential for development in electronic skin, medical monitoring, soft robotics, and flexible touch panels.

Decoding the Qu-aroma of medium-temperature Daqu starter by volatilomics, aroma recombination, omission studies and sensory analysis.

Qu-aroma is of great significance for evaluation the quality of Daqu starter. This study aimed to decode the Qu-aroma of medium-temperature Daqu (MT-Daqu) via "top-down" and "bottom-up" approaches. Firstly, 52 aroma descriptors were defined to describe the MT-Daqu aroma by quantitative descriptive analysis. Secondly, 193 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were identified from 42 MT-Daqu samples by HS-SPME-GC-MS, and 43 dominant VOCs were screened out by frequence of occurrence or abundance. By Thin Film (TF)-SPME-GC-O-MS, 27 odors and 90 VOCs were detected in MT-Daqu mixture, and 14 odor-active VOCs were screened out by odor intensity. Thirdly, a five-level MT-Daqu aroma wheel was constructed by matching 52 aroma descriptors and 37 aroma-active VOCs. Finally, Qu-aroma of MT-Daqu was reconstructed with 37 aroma-active VOCs and evaluated by omission experiments. Hereinto, 26 key aroma-active VOCs were determined by OAV value ≥1, including isovaleric acid, 1-hexanol, isovaleraldehyde, 2-octanone, trimethylpyrazine, γ-nonalactone, 4-vinylguaiacol, etc.

Multiomics integration-based immunological characterizations of adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma in relation to keratinization.

Although adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma (ACP) is a tumour with low histological malignancy, there are very few therapeutic options other than surgery. ACP has high histological complexity, and the unique features of the immunological microenvironment within ACP remain elusive. Further elucidation of the tumour microenvironment is particularly important to expand our knowledge of potential therapeutic targets. Here, we performed integrative analysis of 58,081 nuclei through single-nucleus RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomics on ACP specimens to characterize the features and intercellular network within the microenvironment. The ACP environment is highly immunosuppressive with low levels of T-cell infiltration/cytotoxicity. Moreover, tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs), which originate from distinct sources, highly infiltrate the microenvironment. Using spatial transcriptomic data, we observed one kind of non-microglial derived TAM that highly expressed GPNMB close to the terminally differentiated epithelial cell characterized by RHCG, and this colocalization was verified by asmFISH. We also found the positive correlation of infiltration between these two cell types in datasets with larger cohort. According to intercellular communication analysis, we report a regulatory network that could facilitate the keratinization of RHCG+ epithelial cells, eventually causing tumour progression. Our findings provide a comprehensive analysis of the ACP immune microenvironment and reveal a potential therapeutic strategy base on interfering with these two types of cells.

High sensitivity of dissolved organic carbon transport during hydrological events in a small subtropical karst catchment.

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and discharge are often tightly coupled, though these relationships in karst environments remain poorly constrained. In this study, DOC dynamics over 13 hydrological events, alongside monthly monitoring over an entire hydrological year were monitored in a small karst catchment, SW China. The concurrent analyses of power-law model and hysteresis patterns reveal that DOC behavior is generally transport-limited due to flushing effects of increased discharge but highly variable at both intra- and inter-event scales. The initial discharge at event onset and discharge-weighted mean concentration of DOC ([DOC]DW) of individual events can explain 37.7 % and 19.9 % of the variance of DOC behavior among events, respectively. The sustained dry-cold antecedent conditions make DOC hysteresis behavior during the earliest event complex and different from subsequent events. At event scale, the variability in DOC export is primarily controlled by [DOC]DW (explaining 64.3 %) and the yield of total dissolved solutes (YTDS, explaining 30.4 %), reflecting the impacts of variable hydrological connectivity and intense soil-water-rock interactions in this karst catchment. On an annual scale, DOC yield (YDOC, 222.86 kg C km-2) was mostly derived during the wet season (98.19 %) under the hydrological driving force. The difference in annual YDOC between this karst catchment and other regions can be well explained by annual water yield (Ywater, explaining 24.2 %) and [DOC] (explaining 35.4 %), whereas the variance in DOC export efficiency among catchments is almost exclusively controlled by [DOC] alone, independent of drainage area and annual Ywater. This study highlights the necessity of high-frequency sampling for modeling carbon biogeochemical processes and the particularity of the earliest hydrological events occurred after a long cold-dry period in karst catchments. Under the changing climate, whether DOC dynamics in karst catchments will present source-limited patterns during more extreme hydrological events merits further study.

Modulation of choline and lactate metabolism by basic fibroblast growth factor mitigates neuroinflammation in type 2 diabetes: Insights from 1H-NMR metabolomics analysis.

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes (T2D), a chronic metabolic disease, occurs brain dysfunction accompanied with neuroinflammation and metabolic disorders. The neuroprotective effects of the basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) have been well studied. However, the mechanism underlying the anti-inflammatory effects of bFGF remains elusive. METHODS: In this study, db/db mice were employed as an in vivo model, while high glucose (HG)-induced SY5Y cells and LPS-induced BV2 cells were used as in vitro models. Liposomal transfection of MyD88 DNA plasmid was used for MyD88-NF-κB pathway studies. And western blotting, flow cytometry and qPCR were employed. 1H-NMR metabolomics was used to find out metabolic changes. RESULTS: bFGF mitigated neuroinflammatory and metabolic disorders by inhibiting cortical inflammatory factor secretion and microglia hyperactivation in the cortex of db/db mice. Also, bFGF was observed to inhibit the MyD88-NF-κB pathway in high glucose (HG)-induced SY5Y cells and LPS-induced BV2 cells in in vitro experiments. Moreover, the 1H-NMR metabolomics results showed that discernible disparities between the cortical metabolic profiles of bFGF-treated db/db mice and their untreated counterparts. Notably, excessive lactate and choline deficiency attenuated the anti-inflammatory protective effect of bFGF in SY5Y cells. CONCLUSION: bFGF ameliorates neuroinflammation in db/db mice by inhibiting the MyD88-NF-kB pathway. This finding expands the potential application of bFGF in the treatment of neuroinflammation-related cognitive dysfunction.

Fungal invasion-induced accumulation of salicylic acid promotes anthocyanin biosynthesis through MdNPR1-MdTGA2.2 module in apple fruits.

In the field, necrosis area induced by pathogens is usually surrounded by a red circle in apple fruits. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of this phenomenon remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that accumulated salicylic acid (SA) induced by fungal infection promoted anthocyanin biosynthesis through MdNPR1-MdTGA2.2 module in apple (Malus domestica). Inoculating apple fruits with Valsa mali or Botryosphaeria dothidea induced a red circle surrounding the necrosis area, which mimicked the phenotype observed in the field. The red circle accumulated a high level of anthocyanins, which was positively correlated with SA accumulation stimulated by fungal invasion. Further analysis showed that SA promoted anthocyanin biosynthesis in a dose-dependent manner in both apple calli and fruits. We next demonstrated that MdNPR1, a master regulator of SA signaling, positively regulated anthocyanin biosynthesis in both apple and Arabidopsis. Moreover, MdNPR1 functioned as a co-activator to interact with and enhance the transactivation activity of MdTGA2.2, which could directly bind to the promoters of anthocyanin biosynthetic and regulatory genes to promote their transcription. Suppressing expression of either MdNPR1 or MdTGA2.2 inhibited coloration of apple fruits, while overexpressing either of them significantly promoted fruit coloration. Finally, we revealed that silencing either MdNPR1 or MdTGA2.2 in apple fruits repressed SA-induced fruit coloration. Therefore, our data determined that fungal-induced SA promoted anthocyanin biosynthesis through MdNPR1-MdTGA2.2 module, resulting in a red circle surrounding the necrosis area in apple fruits.

Parotid Gland Segmentation Using Purely Transformer-Based U-Shaped Network and Multimodal MRI.

Parotid gland tumors account for approximately 2% to 10% of head and neck tumors. Segmentation of parotid glands and tumors on magnetic resonance images is essential in accurately diagnosing and selecting appropriate surgical plans. However, segmentation of parotid glands is particularly challenging due to their variable shape and low contrast with surrounding structures. Recently, deep learning has developed rapidly, and Transformer-based networks have performed well on many computer vision tasks. However, Transformer-based networks have yet to be well used in parotid gland segmentation tasks. We collected a multi-center multimodal parotid gland MRI dataset and implemented parotid gland segmentation using a purely Transformer-based U-shaped segmentation network. We used both absolute and relative positional encoding to improve parotid gland segmentation and achieved multimodal information fusion without increasing the network computation. In addition, our novel training approach reduces the clinician's labeling workload by nearly half. Our method achieved good segmentation of both parotid glands and tumors. On the test set, our model achieved a Dice-Similarity Coefficient of 86.99%, Pixel Accuracy of 99.19%, Mean Intersection over Union of 81.79%, and Hausdorff Distance of 3.87. The purely Transformer-based U-shaped segmentation network we used outperforms other convolutional neural networks. In addition, our method can effectively fuse the information from multi-center multimodal MRI dataset, thus improving the parotid gland segmentation.