FROM GARRINCHA'S LEGS TO NEYMAR'S LEGS: THE GENU VARUM AND VALGUM IN SOCCER. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW AND UPDATE.

The presence of abnormalities in knee alignment (genu varum and genu valgum) is extremely common in soccer. It can occur in the junior league / youth academy and perpetuate itself throughout the professional career. The consequences of years of high-level sports practice in players with genu varum / genu valgum can be harmful to the knees. By observing football matches of the present and the past, the authors of the article noted that great Brazilian soccer players were, or are, affected by the malalignment of the knees: Garrincha (the most famous), Leandro, Dunga, Romário, Rivaldo and Neymar. This study aims to discuss the relationship between high-performance sport and the development of these orthopedic deformities, serving as a tool for updating the trauma-orthopedic knee subspecialty. Level of Evidence III, Retrospective comparative study.

A presença de anormalidades no alinhamento dos joelhos (geno varo e geno valgo) é extremamente comum no futebol. Seu aparecimento pode ocorrer quando os jogadores estão nas categorias de base e se perpetuar durante a carreira profissional. As consequências de anos de prática esportiva em alto nível em jogadores com geno varo/geno valgo podem ser deletérias aos joelhos. A partir da observação de jogos de futebol do presente e do passado, os autores do artigo notaram que grandes nomes brasileiros deste esporte foram ou são acometidos pelo desalinhamento dos joelhos: Garrincha - o mais famoso -, Leandro, Dunga, Romário, Rivaldo e Neymar. O presente estudo tem como objetivo discutir a relação entre o esporte de alto rendimento e o desenvolvimento dessas deformidades ortopédicas, servindo como ferramenta de atualização da subespecialidade traumato-ortopédica do joelho. Nível III de Evidência, Estudo Retrospectivo Comparativo.

From garrincha's legs to neymar's legs: the genu varum and valgum in soccer. historical overview and update / Das pernas de garrincha às de neymar: os genu varum e valgum no futebol. panorama histórico e atualização

ABSTRACT The presence of abnormalities in knee alignment (genu varum and genu valgum) is extremely common in soccer. It can occur in the junior league / youth academy and perpetuate itself throughout the professional career. The consequences of years of high-level sports practice in players with genu varum / genu valgum can be harmful to the knees. By observing football matches of the present and the past, the authors of the article noted that great Brazilian soccer players were, or are, affected by the malalignment of the knees: Garrincha (the most famous), Leandro, Dunga, Romário, Rivaldo and Neymar. This study aims to discuss the relationship between high-performance sport and the development of these orthopedic deformities, serving as a tool for updating the trauma-orthopedic knee subspecialty. Level of Evidence III, Retrospective comparative study.

RESUMO A presença de anormalidades no alinhamento dos joelhos (geno varo e geno valgo) é extremamente comum no futebol. Seu aparecimento pode ocorrer quando os jogadores estão nas categorias de base e se perpetuar durante a carreira profissional. As consequências de anos de prática esportiva em alto nível em jogadores com geno varo/geno valgo podem ser deletérias aos joelhos. A partir da observação de jogos de futebol do presente e do passado, os autores do artigo notaram que grandes nomes brasileiros deste esporte foram ou são acometidos pelo desalinhamento dos joelhos: Garrincha - o mais famoso -, Leandro, Dunga, Romário, Rivaldo e Neymar. O presente estudo tem como objetivo discutir a relação entre o esporte de alto rendimento e o desenvolvimento dessas deformidades ortopédicas, servindo como ferramenta de atualização da subespecialidade traumato-ortopédica do joelho. Nível III de Evidência, Estudo Retrospectivo Comparativo.

Retrospective Analysis of 20 Patients Affected by Schwannomas in the Upper and Lower Limbs.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological profile and evolution of 20 patients diagnosed with upper- and lower-limb schwannomas. Methods A group of patients was defined for a retrospective evaluation comprising the period between February 2002 and June 2018, in which we studied and evaluated 20 medical records of patients undergoing surgery due to schwannoma; the diagnosis was confirmed by an anatomopathological examination. Results Male and female patients were equally affected. The average age was 50.85 years, ranging from 12 to 77 years. There was a predominance of the upper limb and of the flexor face. The most affected nerve was the ulnar nerve. In total, 6 (30%) patients had transient postoperative complications. No cases of tumor recurrence were identified. Conclusion Schwannoma is a rare and difficult-to-diagnose lesion. It should always be considered as a hypothesis when facing a soft-tissue tumor affecting the limbs. The Tinel sign should be regarded, given its higher correlation with complications. The patients should be informed of the possible postoperative complications, which are frequent but usually transient.

Retrospective Analysis of 20 Patients Affected by Schwannomas in the Upper and Lower Limbs / Análise retrospectiva de 20 pacientes acometidos por schwannoma nos membros superior e inferior

Abstract Objective To analyze the epidemiological profile and evolution of 20 patients diagnosed with upper- and lower-limb schwannomas. Methods A group of patients was defined for a retrospective evaluation comprising the period between February 2002 and June 2018, in which we studied and evaluated 20 medical records of patients undergoing surgery due to schwannoma; the diagnosis was confirmed by an anatomopathological examination. Results Male and female patients were equally affected. The average age was 50.85 years, ranging from 12 to 77 years. There was a predominance of the upper limb and of the flexor face. The most affected nerve was the ulnar nerve. In total, 6 (30%) patients had transient postoperative complications. No cases of tumor recurrence were identified. Conclusion Schwannoma is a rare and difficult-to-diagnose lesion. It should always be considered as a hypothesis when facing a soft-tissue tumor affecting the limbs. The Tinel sign should be regarded, given its higher correlation with complications. The patients should be informed of the possible postoperative complications, which are frequent but usually transient.

Resumo Objetivo Analisar o perfil epidemiológico e a evolução de 20 pacientes diagnosticados com schwannoma nos membros superiores e inferiores. Métodos Definiu-se um grupo de pacientes para avaliação retrospectiva, compreendendo o período entre fevereiro de 2002 e junho de 2018, no qual foram estudados e avaliados 20 prontuários de pacientes submetidos a procedimento cirúrgico devido a schwannoma; a confirmação diagnóstica foi feita pelo exame anatomopatológico. Resultados Tanto os pacientes do sexo masculino quanto do feminino foram igualmente acometidos, e a média de idade foi de 50,85 anos, variando de 12 a 77 anos. Houve predomínio do membro superior e da face flexora. O nervo mais acometido foi o ulnar, e 6 (30%) pacientes apresentaram complicações pós-operatórias transitórias. Não foi identificado nenhum caso de recidiva tumoral. Conclusão O schwannoma é uma lesão rara e de difícil diagnóstico. Deve sempre ser considerada como hipótese quando se estiver diante de um tumor de partes moles acometendo os membros. O sinal de Tinel deve ser levado em consideração por conta de sua maior correlação com as complicações. Os pacientes devem ser informados quanto às possíveis complicações pós-operatórias, que são frequentes, mas, geralmente, transitórias.

Obstetric Paralysis: Who is to blame? A systematic literature review.

Obstetric palsy is classically defined as the brachial plexus injury due to shoulder dystocia or to maneuvers performed on difficult childbirths. In the last 2 decades, several studies have shown that half of the cases of Obstetric palsy are not associated with shoulder dystocia and have raised other possible etiologies for Obstetric palsy. The purpose of the present study is to collect data from literature reviews, classic articles, sentries, and evidence-based medicine to better understand the events involved in the occurrence of Obstetric palsy. A literature review was conducted in the search engine PubMed (MeSH - Medical Subject Headings) with the following keywords: shoulder dystocia and obstetric palsy , completely open, boundless regarding language or date. Later, the inclusion criterion was defined as revisions. A total of 21 review articles associated with the themes described were found until March 8, 2018. Faced with the best available evidence to date, it is well-demonstrated that Obstetric palsy occurs in uncomplicated deliveries and in cesarean deliveries, and there are multiple factors that can cause it, relativizing the responsibility of obstetricians, nurses, and midwives. The present study aims to break the paradigms that associate Obstetric palsy compulsorily with shoulder dystocia, and that its occurrence necessarily implies negligence, malpractice or recklessness of the team involved.

Obstetric Paralysis: Who is to blame? A systematic literature review / Paralisia obstétrica: De quem é a culpa? Uma revisão sistemática de literatura

Abstract Obstetric palsy is classically defined as the brachial plexus injury due to shoulder dystocia or to maneuvers performed on difficult childbirths. In the last 2 decades, several studies have shown that half of the cases of Obstetric palsy are not associated with shoulder dystocia and have raised other possible etiologies for Obstetric palsy. The purpose of the present study is to collect data from literature reviews, classic articles, sentries, and evidence-based medicine to better understand the events involved in the occurrence of Obstetric palsy. A literature review was conducted in the search engine PubMed (MeSH - Medical Subject Headings) with the following keywords: shoulder dystocia and obstetric palsy, completely open, boundless regarding language or date. Later, the inclusion criterion was defined as revisions. A total of 21 review articles associated with the themes described were found until March 8, 2018. Faced with the best available evidence to date, it is well-demonstrated that Obstetric palsy occurs in uncomplicated deliveries and in cesarean deliveries, and there are multiple factors that can cause it, relativizing the responsibility of obstetricians, nurses, and midwives. The present study aims to break the paradigms that associate Obstetric palsy compulsorily with shoulder dystocia, and that its occurrence necessarily implies negligence, malpractice or recklessness of the team involved.

Resumo A paralisia obstétrica é classicamente definida como a lesão do plexo braquial decorrente da distócia de ombros ou das manobras executadas no parto difícil. Nas 2 últimas décadas, vários estudos comprovaram que metade dos casos de paralisia obstétrica não estão associados à distócia de ombros e levantaram outras possíveis etiologias para a paralisia obstétrica. O objetivo do presente trabalho é colher dados da literatura de revisão, artigos clássicos, sentinelas e da medicina baseada em evidências para compreender melhor os eventos envolvidos na ocorrência de paralisia obstétrica. Foi realizada uma revisão da literatura no motor de busca da PubMed (MeSH - Medical Subject Headings) com as seguintes palavras-chave: shoulder dystocia and obstetric palsy, completamente aberto, sem limites de língua ou data. Posteriormente, definimos como critério de inclusão artigos de revisão. Encontramos 21 artigos de revisão com associação dos temas descritos até 8 de março de 2018. Frente às melhores evidências existentes até o momento, está bem demonstrado que a paralisia obstétrica ocorre em partos não complicados e em partos cesáreos, e são múltiplos os fatores que podem causá-la, relativizando a responsabilidade de médicos obstetras, enfermeiras e parteiras. Procuramos, com o presente estudo, quebrar os paradigmas de que paralisia obstétrica se associa obrigatoriamente à distócia de ombros e que a sua ocorrência necessariamente implica em negligência, imperícia ou imprudência da equipe envolvida.

Retrospective Study of the Results of Surgical Treatment of 31 Giant Cell Tumors of the Tendon Sheath in the Hand.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the results of the treatment of 31 giant-cell tumors of the tendon sheath of the hand cared for between 2006 and 2015. METHODS: A group of patients for the present retrospective evaluation was defined, covering the period between February 2006 and November 2015, in which 31 records of patients who underwent surgery due to cell tumor of the tendon sheath of the fingers were studied and evaluated. The recommended treatment was complete excision of the tumor with preservation of the adjacent structures. The diagnosis was confirmed by pathological examination. The progress of the treatment after surgery was evaluated, especially regarding the rate of tumor recurrence. RESULTS: Taking all 31 patients into consideration, there was a predominance of the female gender and white ethnicity. Most of these patients were aged between 30 and 50 years. The most affected side was the left one, and most tumors were in the flexor face. There was a predominance of the radial fingers, along with their distal end. A total of 27 patients are being followed up at regular intervals at an outpatient clinic, and three cases of tumor recurrence have been identified. CONCLUSION: An appropriate surgical technique is essential in order to prevent GCTTS recurrences. The results obtained in this research are in agreement with the literature.

Retrospective Study of the Results of Surgical Treatment of 31 Giant Cell Tumors of the Tendon Sheath in the Hand / Estudo retrospectivo dos resultados do tratamento cirúrgico de 31 tumores de células gigantes da bainha do tendão da mão

Abstract Objective To evaluate the results of the treatment of 31 giant-cell tumors of the tendon sheath of the hand cared for between 2006 and 2015. Methods A group of patients for the present retrospective evaluation was defined, covering the period between February 2006 and November 2015, in which 31 records of patients who underwent surgery due to cell tumor of the tendon sheath of the fingers were studied and evaluated. The recommended treatment was complete excision of the tumor with preservation of the adjacent structures. The diagnosis was confirmed by pathological examination. The progress of the treatment after surgery was evaluated, especially regarding the rate of tumor recurrence. Results Taking all 31 patients into consideration, there was a predominance of the female gender and white ethnicity. Most of these patients were aged between 30 and 50 years. The most affected side was the left one, and most tumors were in the flexor face. There was a predominance of the radial fingers, along with their distal end. A total of 27 patients are being followed up at regular intervals at an outpatient clinic, and three cases of tumor recurrence have been identified. Conclusion An appropriate surgical technique is essential in order to prevent GCTTS recurrences. The results obtained in this research are in agreement with the literature.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar os resultados do tratamento de 31 tumores de células gigantes da bainha do tendão da mão encontrados entre 2006 e 2015. Métodos Entre fevereiro de 2006 e novembro de 2015, um grupo de pacientes foi selecionado para avaliação retrospectiva, na qual foram estudados e avaliados 31 prontuários de pacientes submetidos a procedimento cirúrgico devido a tumor de células gigantes da bainha do tendão dos dedos da mão. O tratamento preconizado foi a excisão completa do tumor com a preservação das estruturas adjacentes. A confirmação diagnóstica foi feita pelo exame anatomopatológico. Foi avaliada a evolução do tratamento após a cirurgia, principalmente no tocante ao índice de recidivas dos tumores. Resultados Dos 31 pacientes da amostra, houve predomínio do sexo feminino e da etnia branca. O tumor acometeu principalmente indivíduos entre 30 e 50 anos. O lado mais acometido foi o esquerdo, e amaioria dos tumores estava na face flexora. Houve predominância dos dedos radiais, juntamente com sua extremidade distal. Esses pacientes têm sido acompanhados em intervalos regulares em ambulatório. Dos 27 pacientes reavaliados, foram identificados 3 casos de recidiva tumoral. Conclusão Uma técnica cirúrgica adequada é essencial para a prevenção de recidivas do TCGBT. Os resultados obtidos na pesquisa estão em concordância com a literatura atual.

Prevalence of cardiographic findings in pre-participation assessments of a professional soccer club / Prevalência dos achados cardiográficos nas avaliações de pré-participação de um clube de futebol profissional / Prevalencia de los hallazgos cardiográficos en las evaluaciones pre participación de un club de fútbol profesional

ABSTRACT Objectives: To analyze the results of pre-participation tests applied to soccer players from a professional club, aiming to compare the cardiographic findings with the literature and encourage the development of new strategies for the prevention of sudden death. Methods: We used a sample group of 110 male soccer players. Stages of the study: 1) collection of data from the pre-participation tests (cardiac history, electrocardiogram, exercise test and echocardiogram) using a form covering three years (2015 to 2017); 2) tabulation of data using Word and Excel Office 2010 software; 3) comparison with the literature. Results: Of the athletes studied, 55.5% had sinus bradycardia and 14.5% had ventricular repolarization abnormalities, 33.3% showed evidence of minimal tricuspid regurgitation, and 45.7% had physiological pulmonary regurgitation. The echocardiogram presented some interesting data when compared to the adult non-athlete population. In the ergometric test, 53.6% of the athletes reached the maximum stage and 46.4% discontinued the test due to physical fatigue. Regarding arrhythmias, in 21.8% of the patients we observed rare isolated ventricular extrasystoles and in 8.2% rare isolated supraventricular extrasystoles. Conclusion: The findings corroborate data from the literature on exercise and sports cardiology, since they mainly represent physiological adaptations of the athlete's heart. The sports physician is responsible for monitoring athletes to prevent sudden death. Level of Evidence II; Retrospective study.

RESUMO Objetivos: Analisar os resultados dos exames de pré-participação dos atletas de um clube de futebol profissional, visando confrontar os achados cardiográficos com a literatura e incentivar o desenvolvimento de novas estratégias para a prevenção da morte súbita. Método: Utilizamos uma amostra com 110 atletas, jogadores de futebol do sexo masculino. Etapas do estudo: 1) coleta de dados dos exames de pré-participação (anamnese cardiológica, eletrocardiograma, teste ergométrico e ecocardiograma), através de formulário, em um período de três anos (2015 a 2017); 2) tabulação dos dados utilizando os softwares Word e Excel Office 2010; 3) confrontação com a literatura. Resultados: Dos atletas estudados, 55,5% apresentaram bradicardia sinusal e 14,5% alteração na repolarização ventricular, 33,3% evidenciaram refluxo tricúspide mínimo e 45,7% apresentaram refluxo pulmonar fisiológico. O ecocardiograma apresentou alguns dados interessantes quando comparados à população adulta não atleta. No teste ergométrico, atingiram o estágio máximo 53,6% dos atletas e 46,4% interromperam o teste por cansaço físico. Em relação às arritmias, em 21,8% observaram-se extrassístoles ventriculares isoladas e raras e em 8,2% extrassístoles supraventriculares isoladas e raras. Conclusões: Os achados reforçam os dados da literatura de cardiologia do exercício e esporte, pois, representam, em sua maioria, adaptações fisiológicas do coração do atleta. Cabe ao médico do esporte o acompanhamento clínico dos atletas, visando prevenção da morte súbita. Nível de Evidência II; Estudo retrospectivo.

RESUMEN Objetivos: Analizar los resultados de los exámenes de pre participación de los atletas de un club de fútbol profesional, con el fin de confrontar los hallazgos cardiográficos con la literatura e incentivar el desarrollo de nuevas estrategias para la prevención de la muerte súbita. Método: Utilizamos una muestra de 110 atletas, jugadores de fútbol del sexo masculino. Etapas del estudio: 1) colecta de datos de estos exámenes de pre participación (anamnesis cardíaca, electrocardiograma, test ergométrico y ecocardiograma), a través de formulario, en un período de tres años (2015 a 2017); 2) tabulación de los datos utilizando los softwares Word y Excel Office 2010; 3) confrontación con la literatura. Resultados: De los atletas estudiados, 55,5% presentaron bradicardia sinusal y 14,5% alteración en la repolarización ventricular, 33,3% evidenció reflujo tricúspide mínimo y 45,7% presentaron reflujo pulmonar fisiológico. El ecocardiograma presentó algunos datos interesantes cuando comparados a la población adulta no atleta. En el test ergométrico, alcanzaron la etapa máxima 53,6% de los atletas y 46,4% interrumpió la prueba por cansancio físico. Con cuanto a las arritmias, en 21,8% se observaron extrasístoles ventriculares aisladas y raras, y en 8,2% extrasístoles supraventriculares aisladas y raras. Conclusión: Los hallazgos refuerzan los datos de la literatura de cardiología del ejercicio y deporte, pues representan en su mayoría, adaptaciones fisiológicas del corazón del atleta. Cabe al médico del deporte el acompañamiento clínico de los atletas buscando la prevención de la muerte súbita. Nivel de Evidencia II; Estudio retrospectivo.

Las lesiones traumato-ortopédicas de Jesucristo, según el Sudario de Turín / Traumato-orthopedic injuries of Jesus Christ according to the Shroud of Turin

Introducción: El Sudario de Turín es un paño de lino que supuestamente cubrió el cadáver de Jesucristo. Posee marcas de un hombre muerto, flagelado, coronado de espinas, al que le traspasaron un objeto cortante en el lado izquierdo del tórax y fue crucificado. Es uno de los objetos más estudiados de la historia. Objetivo: Describir las lesiones traumato-ortopédicas sufridas por el hombre del Sudario de Turín en su condenación y crucifixión. Métodos: Utilizamos doce artículos de las bases de datos: PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus, Lilacs, Scielo. En la búsqueda se emplearon las palabras en inglés: "injuries" y "Turin Shroud". Se añadieron siete artículos centinela y tres libros de estudios relacionados con el Sudario de Turín. Los materiales utilizados fueron publicados antes del 30 de junio de 2018. La búsqueda no tuvo restricciones en cuanto a contenidos, fechas e idiomas de publicación. Resultados: Los principales hallazgos fueron lesiones en la cabeza derivadas de una corona de espinas; miosis, enoftalmia y ptosis palpebral, causadas por lesión del plexo braquial; la luxación en el hombro derecho, debido a un trauma violento; perforación en el tórax, por la penetración de una lanza, y lesiones perforadas en puños y pies por la colocación de los clavos. Conclusiones: Se han descrito lesiones en la cabeza (corona de espinas, cartílago nasal y maxilofacial), en el cuello y en los miembros superiores (plexo braquial, luxación de hombro, lesión del nervio mediano y / o ulnar y perforación en los puños), en el tórax (perforación por lanza y las excoriaciones), en el abdomen (excoriaciones), en los miembros inferiores (articular, trauma de patela, luxación de tobillo y perforación en los pies). Algunas hipótesis sobre las lesiones descritas deben ser mejor elucidadas en futuros trabajos de investigación(AU)

Introduction: The Shroud of Turin is a linen cloth that is said to be the burial cloth of Jesus. This shroud has marks of a dead man, flagellated, crowned with thorns, who was pierced by a sharp object on the left side of his chest and was crucified. It is one of the most studied objects in history. Objective: To describe the traumatic-orthopedic injuries suffered by the man in Shroud of Turin in his condemnation and crucifixion. Methods: We used twelve articles from PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus, Lilacs, Scielo databases. We used keywords such as "Injuries" and "Turin Shroud". Seven sentinel articles and three study books related to the Shroud of Turin were added. The materials used were published before June 30, 2018. The search was not restricted in terms of content, dates or languages of publication. Results: The main findings were head injuries derived from a crown of thorns; miosis, enophthalmia and palpebral ptosis, caused by a brachial plexus injury; the dislocation in his right shoulder, due to violent trauma; perforation in the thorax, due to the penetration of a spear and perforated injuries in his fists and feet by the placement of the nails. Conclusions: Injuries to the head (crown of spines, nasal and maxillofacial cartilage), neck and upper limbs (brachial plexus, shoulder dislocation, median and / or ulnar nerve injury and puncture in the fists) have been described. The thorax (perforation by spear and excoriations), in the abdomen (excoriations), in the lower limbs (articular, patella trauma, ankle dislocation and perforation in the feet). Some hypotheses about the lesions described should be better elucidated in future research(AU)

Terrible triad of the elbow: evaluation of surgical treatment / Tríade terrível do cotovelo. Avaliação do tratamento cirúrgico

ABSTRACT Objective: This study aims at analyzing retrospectively the clinical-functional and radiographic results of surgical treatment of the terrible elbow triad, with at least 12 months of postoperative follow-up evaluating elbow function. Methods: A group of patients for retrospective analysis from 2004 to 2015 was defined, in which 12 patients were studied. They underwent surgery due to fracture of the radial head, coronoid fracture, and elbow dislocation; they were evaluated by the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) score, the degree of patient satisfaction, the degree of trauma energy, radiographic images, range of motion, and complications. Results: There was a higher incidence of Regan and Morrey type II coronoid process fractures; in relation to the injuries, nine patients had deinsertion of the brachialis. Half of the patients suffered a fall from their own height as the mechanism of trauma. The extent of elbow flexion and extension averaged 126.6 and 24.1 degrees, respectively; the averages for pronation and supination were 64.1 and 62.0 degrees, respectively. All patients presented muscle strength of grade IV or V. The mean DASH score was 14.3, the mean pain score was 2.5, and a majority of the patients were satisfied with the treatment. Conclusion: Despite the total loss of range of motion of the elbow, especially in extension, the treatment was satisfactory for most patients.

RESUMO Objetivo: Este estudo tem o objetivo de analisar, retrospectivamente, os resultados clínico- funcionais e radiográficos do tratamento cirúrgico da tríade terrível do cotovelo, com no mínimo doze meses de acompanhamento pós-operatório, avaliando a função do cotovelo. Métodos: Definimos um grupo de pacientes para avaliação retrospectiva no período de 2004 a 2015, no qual foram estudados 12 pacientes, submetidos a procedimento cirúrgico devido a fratura da cabeça do rádio, fratura do processo coronoide e luxação do cotovelo; sendo avaliados pelo escore Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH), grau de satisfação do paciente, grau de energia do trauma, radiografias, arco de movimento e complicações. Resultados: Observou-se maior incidência de fraturas do processo coronoide do tipo II de Regan e Morrey; em relação às lesões, nove pacientes apresentaram desinserção do músculo braquial. Metade dos pacientes apresentou queda da própria altura como mecanismo de trauma. Os graus de flexão e extensão do cotovelo tiveram respectivamente as médias: 126,6 e 24,1 graus; e as médias em graus de pronação e supinação foram respectivamente: 64,1 e 62,0 graus. Todos os pacientes apresentaram grau de força muscular IV ou V. Obtivemos escore DASH médio de 14,3, a escala de dor teve média de 2,5, e a maioria dos pacientes se disse satisfeita com o tratamento. Conclusão: Apesar da perda de amplitude total de movimento do cotovelo, principalmente em extensão, o tratamento mostrou-se satisfatório para a maioria dos pacientes.

Terrible triad of the elbow: evaluation of surgical treatment.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims at analyzing retrospectively the clinical-functional and radiographic results of surgical treatment of the terrible elbow triad, with at least 12 months of postoperative follow-up evaluating elbow function. METHODS: A group of patients for retrospective analysis from 2004 to 2015 was defined, in which 12 patients were studied. They underwent surgery due to fracture of the radial head, coronoid fracture, and elbow dislocation; they were evaluated by the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) score, the degree of patient satisfaction, the degree of trauma energy, radiographic images, range of motion, and complications. RESULTS: There was a higher incidence of Regan and Morrey type II coronoid process fractures; in relation to the injuries, nine patients had deinsertion of the brachialis. Half of the patients suffered a fall from their own height as the mechanism of trauma. The extent of elbow flexion and extension averaged 126.6 and 24.1 degrees, respectively; the averages for pronation and supination were 64.1 and 62.0 degrees, respectively. All patients presented muscle strength of grade IV or V. The mean DASH score was 14.3, the mean pain score was 2.5, and a majority of the patients were satisfied with the treatment. CONCLUSION: Despite the total loss of range of motion of the elbow, especially in extension, the treatment was satisfactory for most patients.

OBJETIVO: Este estudo tem o objetivo de analisar, retrospectivamente, os resultados clínico- funcionais e radiográficos do tratamento cirúrgico da tríade terrível do cotovelo, com no mínimo doze meses de acompanhamento pós-operatório, avaliando a função do cotovelo. MÉTODOS: Definimos um grupo de pacientes para avaliação retrospectiva no período de 2004 a 2015, no qual foram estudados 12 pacientes, submetidos a procedimento cirúrgico devido a fratura da cabeça do rádio, fratura do processo coronoide e luxação do cotovelo; sendo avaliados pelo escore Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH), grau de satisfação do paciente, grau de energia do trauma, radiografias, arco de movimento e complicações. RESULTADOS: Observou-se maior incidência de fraturas do processo coronoide do tipo II de Regan e Morrey; em relação às lesões, nove pacientes apresentaram desinserção do músculo braquial. Metade dos pacientes apresentou queda da própria altura como mecanismo de trauma. Os graus de flexão e extensão do cotovelo tiveram respectivamente as médias: 126,6 e 24,1 graus; e as médias em graus de pronação e supinação foram respectivamente: 64,1 e 62,0 graus. Todos os pacientes apresentaram grau de força muscular IV ou V. Obtivemos escore DASH médio de 14,3, a escala de dor teve média de 2,5, e a maioria dos pacientes se disse satisfeita com o tratamento. CONCLUSÃO: Apesar da perda de amplitude total de movimento do cotovelo, principalmente em extensão, o tratamento mostrou-se satisfatório para a maioria dos pacientes.

Effects of platelet-rich plasma on lateral epicondylitis of the elbow: prospective randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) infiltration in patients with lateral epicondylitis of the elbow, through analysis of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) and Patient-Rated Tennis Elbow Evaluation (PRTEE) questionnaires. METHODS: Sixty patients with lateral epicondylitis of the elbow were prospectively randomized and evaluated after receiving infiltration of three milliliters of PRP, or 0.5% neocaine, or dexamethasone. For the scoring process, the patients were asked to fill out the DASH and PRTEE questionnaires on three occasions: on the day of infiltration and 90 and 180 days afterwards. RESULTS: Around 81.7% of the patients who underwent the treatment presented some improvement of the symptoms. The statistical tests showed that there was evidence that the cure rate was unrelated to the substance applied (p = 0.62). There was also intersection between the confidence intervals of each group, thus demonstrating that the proportions of patients whose symptoms improved were similar in all the groups. CONCLUSION: At a significance level of 5%, there was no evidence that one treatment was more effective than another, when assessed using the DASH and PRTEE questionnaires.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos da infiltração do plasma rico em plaquetas (PRP) em pacientes com epicondilite lateral do cotovelo (ELC) pela análise dos questionários Deficiência do Braço, Ombro e Mão (Dash) e Avaliação do Paciente Portador do Cotovelo de Tenista (PRTEE). MÉTODOS: Foram randomizados e avaliados prospectivamente 60 pacientes, após receberem infiltrações de três mililitros de PRP, ou neocaína 0,5%, ou dexametasona. Para o processo de pontuação, os pacientes foram convidados a preencher os questionários Dash e PRTEE em três ocasiões: no dia da infiltração, 90 e 180 dias após. RESULTADOS: Dos pacientes submetidos ao tratamento, 81,7% apresentaram melhoria dos sintomas. Os testes estatísticos demonstraram que há evidências de que a taxa de cura não está relacionada com a substância aplicada (p = 0,62). Houve também interseção dos intervalos de confiança de cada grupo, com demonstração de que as proporções de pacientes cujos sintomas melhoraram foram semelhantes em todos os grupos. CONCLUSÃO: Em um nível de significância de 5%, não houve evidência de que um tratamento foi mais eficaz do que a outro, quando avaliados pelos questionários Dash e PRTEE.

Effects of platelet-rich plasma on lateral epicondylitis of the elbow: prospective randomized controlled trial / Efeitos do plasma rico em plaquetas na epicondilite lateral do cotovelo: estudo prospectivo, randomizado e controlado

To evaluate the effects of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) infiltration in patients with lateral epicondylitis of the elbow, through analysis of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) and Patient-Rated Tennis Elbow Evaluation (PRTEE) questionnaires. METHODS: Sixty patients with lateral epicondylitis of the elbow were prospectively randomized and evaluated after receiving infiltration of three milliliters of PRP, or 0.5% neocaine, or dexamethasone. For the scoring process, the patients were asked to fill out the DASH and PRTEE questionnaires on three occasions: on the day of infiltration and 90 and 180 days afterwards. RESULTS: Around 81.7% of the patients who underwent the treatment presented some improvement of the symptoms. The statistical tests showed that there was evidence that the cure rate was unrelated to the substance applied (p = 0.62). There was also intersection between the confidence intervals of each group, thus demonstrating that the proportions of patients whose symptoms improved were similar in all the groups. CONCLUSION: At a significance level of 5%, there was no evidence that one treatment was more effective than another, when assessed using the DASH and PRTEE questionnaires.

Avaliar os efeitos da infiltração do plasma rico em plaquetas (PRP) em pacientes com epicondilite lateral do cotovelo (ELC) pela análise dos questionários Deficiência do Braço, Ombro e Mão (Dash) e Avaliação do Paciente Portador do Cotovelo de Tenista (PRTEE). MÉTODOS: Foram randomizados e avaliados prospectivamente 60 pacientes, após receberem infiltrações de três mililitros de PRP, ou neocaína 0,5%, ou dexametasona. Para o processo de pontuação, os pacientes foram convidados a preencher os questionários Dash e PRTEE em três ocasiões: no dia da infiltração, 90 e 180 dias após. RESULTADOS: Dos pacientes submetidos ao tratamento, 81,7% apresentaram melhoria dos sintomas. Os testes estatísticos demonstraram que há evidências de que a taxa de cura não está relacionada com a substância aplicada (p = 0,62). Houve também interseção dos intervalos de confiança de cada grupo, com demonstração de que as proporções de pacientes cujos sintomas melhoraram foram semelhantes em todos os grupos. CONCLUSÃO: Em um nível de significância de 5%, não houve evidência de que um tratamento foi mais eficaz do que a outro, quando avaliados pelos questionários Dash e PRTEE.

Results from surgical treatment of Morel-Lavallée lesions: prospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To present the results from early diagnosis and delayed surgical treatment of a cohort of patients who were diagnosed with Morel-Lavallée lesions. METHODS: Between January 2006 and December 2013, we performed delayed surgical debridement on Morel-Lavallée lesions, after delimitation of the local tissue necrosis, followed by closure through second intention and/or use of grafts/flaps. RESULTS: All the patients evolved with complete closure of the lesion after the delayed debridement, granulation of the operative wound and primary suturing or construction of pedunculated flaps. Three patients (50%) evolved with deep infectious processes due to the successive operative procedures. CONCLUSION: Whatever the treatment methods used are, they should be performed in a radical manner. If not, the patient will be at risk of evolution to septicemia and death.

OBJETIVO: apresentar os resultados do diagnóstico precoce e do tratamento cirúrgico tardio de uma coorte de pacientes diagnosticada com a lesão de Morel-Lavallée (LML). MÉTODOS: de janeiro de 2006 a dezembro de 2013 os autores fizeram o desbridamento cirúrgico tardio da LML, após a delimitação da necrose tecidual local, seguido de fechamento por segunda intenção e/ou enxertos/retalhos. RESULTADOS: todos os pacientes evoluíram com fechamento total da lesão após o desbridamento tardio a granulação da ferida operatória e a(os) sutura primária/retalhos pediculados. Três pacientes (50%) evoluíram com processo infeccioso profundo devido aos sucessivos procedimentos operatórios. CONCLUSÃO: sejam quais forem os métodos de tratamento empregados, estes devem ser feitos de maneira radical, sob risco de evolução dos pacientes para septicemia e óbito.

Results from surgical treatment of Morel-Lavallée lesions: prospective cohort study / Resultados do tratamento cirúrgico da lesão de Morel-Lavallée. Estudo coorte prospectivo

OBJECTIVE: To present the results from early diagnosis and delayed surgical treatment of a cohort of patients who were diagnosed with Morel-Lavallée lesions. METHODS: Between January 2006 and December 2013, we performed delayed surgical debridement on Morel-Lavallée lesions, after delimitation of the local tissue necrosis, followed by closure through second intention and/or use of grafts/flaps. RESULTS: All the patients evolved with complete closure of the lesion after the delayed debridement, granulation of the operative wound and primary suturing or construction of pedunculated flaps. Three patients (50%) evolved with deep infectious processes due to the successive operative procedures. CONCLUSION: Whatever the treatment methods used are, they should be performed in a radical manner. If not, the patient will be at risk of evolution to septicemia and death. .

OBJETIVO: apresentar os resultados do diagnóstico precoce e do tratamento cirúrgico tardio de uma coorte de pacientes diagnosticada com a lesão de Morel-Lavallée (LML). MÉTODOS: de janeiro de 2006 a dezembro de 2013 os autores fizeram o desbridamento cirúrgico tardio da LML, após a delimitação da necrose tecidual local, seguido de fechamento por segunda intenção e/ou enxertos/retalhos. RESULTADOS: todos os pacientes evoluíram com fechamento total da lesão após o desbridamento tardio a granulação da ferida operatória e a(os) sutura primária/retalhos pediculados. Três pacientes (50%) evoluíram com processo infeccioso profundo devido aos sucessivos procedimentos operatórios. CONCLUSÃO: sejam quais forem os métodos de tratamento empregados, estes devem ser feitos de maneira radical, sob risco de evolução dos pacientes para septicemia e óbito. .

Exposure of the surgical team to ionizing radiation during orthopedic surgical procedures / Exposição da equipe cirúrgica à radiação ionizante durante procedimentos cirúrgicos ortopédicos

OBJECTIVE: the aim of this study was to assess the degree of exposure of the orthopedic surgical team to fluoroscopic ionizing radiation. METHODS: the ionizing radiation to which the orthopedic surgical team (R1, R2 and R3) was exposed was assayed using thermoluminescent dosimeters that were distributed in target anatomical regions (regions with and without protection using a lead apron). This was done during 45 hip osteosynthesis procedures to treat transtrochanteric fractures that were classified as 31-A2.1 (AO). RESULTS: the radioactive dose received by R3 was 6.33 mSv, R2 4.51 mSv and R3 1.99 mSv (p = 0.33). The thyroid region received 0.86 mSv of radiation, the thoracic region 1.24 mSv and the gonadal region 2.15 mSv (p = 0.25). There was no record of radiation at the dosimeters located below the biosafety protectors or on the team members' backs. CONCLUSIONS: the members of the surgical team who were located closest to the fluoroscope received greater radiation doses than those located further away. The anatomical regions located below the waistline were the ones that received most ionizing radiation. These results emphasize the importance of using biosafety devices, since these are effective in preventing radiation from reaching the vital organs of the medical team...

OBJETIVO: avaliar o grau de exposição da equipe cirúrgica ortopédica à radiação ionizante fluoroscópica. MÉTODOS: foi dosada a radiação ionizante incidida sobre a equipe cirúrgica ortopédica (R1, R2 e R3) com dosímetros termoluminescentes, distribuídos em regiões anatômicas alvo, com e sem a proteção de avental de chumbo, durante 45 procedimentos de osteossíntese de quadril (DHS), por fraturas transtrocantéricas classificadas como 31-A2.1 (AO). RESULTADOS: a dose radioativa sobre o R3 foi de 6,33 mSv, de 4,51 mSv sobre o R2 e de 1,99 mSv sobre o R1 (p = 0,33). A região da tireoide recebeu 0,86 mSv de radiação, a região torácica 1,24 mSv e a região gonadal 2,15 mSv (p = 0,25). Não houve registro de radiação nas dosímetros localizados abaixo dos protetores de biossegurança ou nas costas dos membros da equipe. CONCLUSÕES: os membros da equipe cirúrgica que ficaram mais próximos do fluoroscópio receberam maiores doses de radiação do que os que ficaram mais remotamente. As regiões anatômicas abaixo da linha cintura foram as que mais receberam radiação ionizante. Os resultados ressaltam a importância do uso de dispositivos de biossegurança, os quais são efetivos em impedir que a radiação atinja órgãos vitais dos integrantes da equipe médica...

Exposure of the surgical team to ionizing radiation during orthopedic surgical procedures.

OBJECTIVE: the aim of this study was to assess the degree of exposure of the orthopedic surgical team to fluoroscopic ionizing radiation. METHODS: the ionizing radiation to which the orthopedic surgical team (R1, R2 and R3) was exposed was assayed using thermoluminescent dosimeters that were distributed in target anatomical regions (regions with and without protection using a lead apron). This was done during 45 hip osteosynthesis procedures to treat transtrochanteric fractures that were classified as 31-A2.1 (AO). RESULTS: the radioactive dose received by R3 was 6.33 mSv, R2 4.51 mSv and R3 1.99 mSv (p = 0.33). The thyroid region received 0.86 mSv of radiation, the thoracic region 1.24 mSv and the gonadal region 2.15 mSv (p = 0.25). There was no record of radiation at the dosimeters located below the biosafety protectors or on the team members' backs. CONCLUSIONS: the members of the surgical team who were located closest to the fluoroscope received greater radiation doses than those located further away. The anatomical regions located below the waistline were the ones that received most ionizing radiation. These results emphasize the importance of using biosafety devices, since these are effective in preventing radiation from reaching the vital organs of the medical team.

OBJETIVO: avaliar o grau de exposição da equipe cirúrgica ortopédica à radiação ionizante fluoroscópica. MÉTODOS: foi dosada a radiação ionizante incidida sobre a equipe cirúrgica ortopédica (R1, R2 e R3) com dosímetros termoluminescentes, distribuídos em regiões anatômicas alvo, com e sem a proteção de avental de chumbo, durante 45 procedimentos de osteossíntese de quadril (DHS), por fraturas transtrocantéricas classificadas como 31-A2.1 (AO). RESULTADOS: a dose radioativa sobre o R3 foi de 6,33 mSv, de 4,51 mSv sobre o R2 e de 1,99 mSv sobre o R1 (p = 0,33). A região da tireoide recebeu 0,86 mSv de radiação, a região torácica 1,24 mSv e a região gonadal 2,15 mSv (p = 0,25). Não houve registro de radiação nas dosímetros localizados abaixo dos protetores de biossegurança ou nas costas dos membros da equipe. CONCLUSÕES: os membros da equipe cirúrgica que ficaram mais próximos do fluoroscópio receberam maiores doses de radiação do que os que ficaram mais remotamente. As regiões anatômicas abaixo da linha cintura foram as que mais receberam radiação ionizante. Os resultados ressaltam a importância do uso de dispositivos de biossegurança, os quais são efetivos em impedir que a radiação atinja órgãos vitais dos integrantes da equipe médica.