Integrating HIV and substance misuse services: a person-centred approach grounded in human rights.

Integrating HIV-related care with treatment for substance use disorder provides an opportunity to better meet the needs of people living with these conditions. People with substance use disorder are rendered especially vulnerable by prevailing policies, structural inequalities, and stigmatisation. In this Series paper we analyse existing literature and empirical evidence from scoping reviews on integration designs for the treatment of HIV and substance use disorder, to understand barriers to and facilitators of care integration and to map ways forward. We discuss how approaches to integration address two core gaps in current models: a failure to consider human rights when incorporating the perspectives of people living with HIV and people who use drugs, and a failure to reflect critically on structural factors that determine risk, vulnerability, health-care seeking, and health equity. We argue that successful integration requires a person-centred approach, which is grounded in human rights, treats both concerns holistically, and reconnects with underlying social, economic, and political inequalities.

Comparative cytogenetic and allozyme analysis of Mugil rubrioculus and M. curema (Teleostei: Mugilidae) from Venezuela

Se presentan los resultados del análisis comparativo citogenético y aloenzimático entre las especies simpátricas Mugil rubrioculus y M. curema de Venezuela. Los especímenes de M. rubrioculus presentan un cariotipo con 2n=48 cromosomas exclusivamente acrocéntricos (NF=48), NORs intersticiales localizados en el par cromosómico número 8 y heterocromatina constitutiva distribuida en posición pericentromérica en todos los cromosomas. Los especímenes de M. curema presentan características citogenéticas significativamente diferentes de M. rubrioculus en términos de número cromosómico y morfología (2n=24 cromosomas de dos brazos y NF=48) y localización de las NORs (región terminal del par metacéntrico más grande). El análisis electroforético en gel de almidón de 20 loci presuntivos reveló una diferenciación genética reducida entre las dos especies. De hecho, aún cuando un total de diez alelos específicos hayan sido identificados, no hay loci que no compartan alelos entre las dos especies y el valor de distancia genética (Nei) obtenido (D= 0,060) es más bajo que el obtenido entre otras especies congenéricas de mugílidos. Así, los datos citogenéticos y los alozímicos indican diversos grados de divergencia entre el M. rubrioculus y M. curema. Esto podría reflejar una subestimación de la divergencia molecular por variación críptica o diferentes tasas de evolución molecular y cromosómica. De cualquier manera, este estudio confirma el poder de los datos cariotípicos para discriminar especies de Mugilidae.

Cytogenetic analysis of three species of the genus Haemulon (Teleostei: Haemulinae) from Margarita Island, Venezuela.

This paper describes the karyotype analysis of Haemulon aurolineatum, Haemulon bonariensis and Haemulon plumierii, by Giemsa staining, C-banding, Ag-staining and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), to locate the 18S and 5S rRNA genes. Diploid modal count in the three species was 2n = 48 acrocentric elements. Except for pair 24, which exhibited an unmistakable secondary constriction in all three species, it was not possible to classify them as homologous to each other because differences in chromosome size were too slight between adjacent pairs within a size-graded series. Ag-NOR clusters were located in pair 24 in the three species with signal located on the secondary constriction of these chromosomes. C-banding demonstrated that the three species share the same distribution pattern of the constitutive heterochromatin with centromeric heterochromatic blocks in the 23 chromosome pairs and a pericentromeric block in pair 24 which is coincident with the NORs. FISH experiments showed that 18S rDNA sequences were located coincident with the Ag-NOR site in the three species; however, differences in both the number and chromosome distribution of 5S-rDNA cluster were detected among them. Our data suggest that chromosome evolution of Haemulon has been preserved from major changes in the karyotypic macrostructure, whereas microstructural changes have occurred.