The Protective Effect of Astragalus Polysaccharide on Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice by Activating the AMPK/JAK/STAT3/Arginase-1 Signaling Pathway.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the protective effect and mechanism of Astragalus polysaccharide (APS) on autoimmune encephalomyelitis. METHODS: C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into the blank control group, EAE group, and APS intervention group (n=15/group). The Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model was established by active immunization. The pathological changes in the spinal cord were evaluated by Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and Luxol Fast Blue (LFB) staining. The number of CD11b+ Gr-1+ myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in the spleen tissues of mice in each group was determined by immunofluorescence staining. The expression of Arginase-1 in the spinal cord and spleen of each group was detected by immunofluorescence double staining. The TNF-α, IL-6, and Arginase-1 levels in the spleen were detected by ELISA assay. A western blot was used to detect the protein expression of the AMPK/JAK/STAT3/Arginase-1 signaling pathway. RESULTS: After the intervention of APS, the incidence of autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice of the APS group was significantly lower than that in the EAE group, and the intervention of APS could significantly delay the onset time in the EAE mice, and the score of neurological function deficit in mice was significantly lower than that in EAE group (P < 0.05). APS intervention could reduce myelin loss and improve the inflammatory response of EAE mice. Moreover, it could induce the expression of CD11b+ GR-1 + bone MDSCs in the spleen and increase the expression of Arginase-1 in the spinal cord and spleen. This study further demonstrated that APS can protect EAE mice by activating the AMPK/JAK/STAT3/Arginase-1 signaling pathway. CONCLUSION: After the intervention of APS, myelin loss and inflammatory response of EAE mice were effectively controlled. APS promoted the secretion of Arginase-1 by activating MDSCs and inhibited CD4+T cells by activating AMPK/JAK/STAT3/Arginase-1 signaling pathway, thus improving the clinical symptoms and disease progression of EAE mice.

Deciphering prognostic indicators in AQP4-IgG-seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: An integrative review of demographic and laboratory factors.

BACKGROUND: Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a group of inflammatory diseases affecting the central nervous system, characterized by optic neuritis and myelitis. The complex nature of NMOSD and varied patient response necessitates personalized treatment and efficient patient stratification strategies. OBJECTIVE: To provide a comprehensive review of recent advances in clinical and biomarker research related to aquaporin-4 (AQP4)-immunoglobulin G (IgG)-seropositive NMOSD prognosis and identify key areas for future research. METHODS: A comprehensive review and synthesis of recent literature were conducted, focusing on demographic factors and laboratory investigations. RESULTS: Demographic factors, such as age, ethnicity, and sex, influence NMOSD prognosis. Key biomarkers for NMOSD prognosis include homocysteine, antinuclear antibodies, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, thyroid hormone levels, neurofilament light chain levels, and serum glial fibrillary acidic protein might also predict NMOSD attack prognosis. CONCLUSION: Further investigation is required to understand sex-related disparities and biomarker inconsistencies. Identification and understanding of these factors can aid in the development of personalized therapeutic strategies, thereby improving outcomes for NMOSD patients. Future studies should focus on unifying research design for consistent results.

Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2 Emerges as a Central Player in Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders.

MECP2 and its product methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2) are associated with multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD), which are inflammatory, autoimmune, and demyelinating disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). However, the mechanisms and pathways regulated by MeCP2 in immune activation in favor of MS and NMOSD are not fully understood. We summarize findings that use the binding properties of MeCP2 to identify its targets, particularly the genes recognized by MeCP2 and associated with several neurological disorders. MeCP2 regulates gene expression in neurons, immune cells and during development by modulating various mechanisms and pathways. Dysregulation of the MeCP2 signaling pathway has been associated with several disorders, including neurological and autoimmune diseases. A thorough understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying MeCP2 function can provide new therapeutic strategies for these conditions. The nervous system is the primary system affected in MeCP2-associated disorders, and other systems may also contribute to MeCP2 action through its target genes. MeCP2 signaling pathways provide promise as potential therapeutic targets in progressive MS and NMOSD. MeCP2 not only increases susceptibility and induces anti-inflammatory responses in immune sites but also leads to a chronic increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines gene expression (IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-1ß) and downregulates the genes involved in immune regulation (IL-10, FoxP3, and CX3CR1). MeCP2 may modulate similar mechanisms in different pathologies and suggest that treatments for MS and NMOSD disorders may be effective in treating related disorders. MeCP2 regulates gene expression in MS and NMOSD. However, dysregulation of the MeCP2 signaling pathway is implicated in these disorders. MeCP2 plays a role as a therapeutic target for MS and NMOSD and provides pathways and mechanisms that are modulated by MeCP2 in the regulation of gene expression.

Downregulation of lncRNA XIST may promote Th17 differentiation through KDM6A-TSAd pathway in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders.

BACKGROUNDS: Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is an autoimmune disease with significant female preponderance. X inactive specific transcript (XIST) is a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) and a key regulator of X-chromosome inactivation which is related to the sex-bias of autoimmunity. And Th17 cell proportion was significantly elevated in NMOSD according to our previous study. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to explore the expression levels of lncRNA XIST-KDM6A-TSAd pathway in lymphocytes of female NMOSD patients, and investigate its possible relationship with pathogenesis of NMOSD. METHODS AND RESULTS: The study enrolled 30 acute-phase untreated female NMOSD patients and 30 age-matched female healthy controls, their lymphocytes were collected for experiments. Microarray as well as validation experiments showed lncRNA XIST was significantly downregulated in the NMOSD group. And the levels of lysine demethylase 6A (KDM6A) decreased in NMOSD and showed significant positive correlation with XIST. The levels of T cell-specific adapter (TSAd) mRNA and protein levels were significantly lower in NMOSD. And Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated that NMOSD had more H3K27me3 modification than control at TSAd promoter region. CONCLUSIONS: The present study introduced a potential pathway that following lncRNA XIST downregulation, which process may promote Th17 differentiation in NMOSD. These findings shed new light on the immune regulation mechanism about lncRNA XIST and related epigenetic features, which may contribute to develop female-specific treatment plans.

BLK polymorphisms and expression level in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder.

AIM: This study aimed to determine the correlation between B-lymphoid tyrosine kinase (BLK) polymorphism, mRNA gene expression of BLK, and NMOSD in a Chinese Han population. BACKGROUND: B-lymphoid tyrosine kinase gene expressed mainly in B cells plays a key role in various autoimmune disorders. However, no studies have investigated the association of BLK polymorphisms with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). METHODS: Han Chinese population of 310 subjects were recruited to analyze three single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs13277113, rs4840568, and rs2248932) under allele, genotype, and haplotype frequencies, followed by clinical characteristics stratified analysis. Real-time PCR was used to analyze mRNA expression levels of BLK in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 64 subjects. RESULTS: Patients with NMOSD showed lower frequencies of the minor allele G of rs2248932 than healthy controls (odds ratio (OR) =0.57, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.39-0.83, p = 0.003). The association between minor allele G of rs2248932 and reduced NMOSD susceptibility was found by applying genetic models of inheritance (codominant, dominant, and recessive) and haplotypes analysis. Subsequently, by stratification analysis for AQP4-positivity, the minor allele G frequencies of rs2248932 in AQP4-positive subgroup were significantly lower than in the healthy controls (OR =0.46, 95% CI 0.30-0.72, p = 0.001). Notably, the genotype GG of rs2248932 was more frequent in AQP4-negative subgroup (n = 14) than in AQP4-positive subgroup (n = 93) (p = 0.003, OR =0.05, 95% CI =0.01-0.57). BLK mRNA expression levels in the NMOSD patients (n = 36) were lower than in healthy controls (n = 28) (p < 0.05). However, the acute non-treatment (n = 7), who were untreated patients in the acute phase from the NMOSD group, showed BLK mRNA expression levels 1.8-fold higher than healthy controls (n = 8) (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study evaluated that the minor allele G of rs2248932 in BLK is associated with reduced susceptibility to NMOSD and protected the risk of AQP4-positive. BLK mRNA expression in NMOSD was lower as compared to healthy controls while significantly increased in acute-untreated patients.

Optical coherence tomography monitoring and diagnosing retinal changes in multiple sclerosis.

This study explores the use of optical coherence tomography (OCT) to monitor and diagnose multiple sclerosis (MS). The analysis of reduced total macular volume and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thinning are shown. The severity of these defects increases as MS progresses, reflecting the progressive degeneration of nerve fibers and retinal ganglion cells. The OCT parameters are noninvasive, sensitive indicators that can be used to assess the progression of neurodegeneration and inflammation in MS.

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats as an advanced treatment for Parkinson's disease.

Recently, genome-editing technology like clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 has improved the translational gap in the treatments mediated through gene therapy. The advantages of the CRISPR system, such as, work in the living cells and tissues, candidate this technique for the employing in experiments and the therapy of central nervous system diseases. Parkinson's disease (PD) is a widespread, disabling, neurodegenerative disease induced by dopaminergic neuron loss and linked to progressive motor impairment. Pathophysiological basis knowledge of PD has modified the PD classification model and expresses in the sporadic and familial types. Analyses of the earliest genetic linkage have shown in PD the inclusion of synuclein alpha (SNCA) genomic duplication and SNCA mutations in the familial types of PD pathogenesis. This review analyzes the structure, development, and function in genome editing regulated through the CRISPR/Cas9. Also, it explains the genes associated with PD pathogenesis and the appropriate modifications to favor PD. This study follows the direction by understanding the PD linking analyses in which the CRISPR technique is applied. Finally, this study explains the limitations and future trends of CRISPR service in relation to the genome-editing process in PD patients' induced pluripotent stem cells.