Revolutionizing Cancer Treatment: Unleashing the Power of Combining Oncolytic Viruses with CAR-T Cells.

Oncolytic Viruses (OVs) have emerged as a promising treatment option for cancer thanks to their significant research potential and encouraging results. These viruses exert a profound impact on the tumor microenvironment, making them effective against various types of cancer. In contrast, the efficacy of Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy in treating solid tumors is relatively low. The combination of OVs and CAR-T cell therapy, however, is a promising area of research. OVs play a crucial role in enhancing the tumor-suppressive microenvironment, which in turn enables CAR-T cells to function efficiently in the context of solid malignancies. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the benefits and drawbacks of OV therapy and CAR-T cell therapy, with a focus on the potential of combining these two treatment approaches.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae cellular engineering for the production of FAME biodiesel.

The unsustainable and widespread utilization of fossil fuels continues to drive the rapid depletion of global supplies. Biodiesel has emerged as one of the most promising alternatives to conventional diesel, leading to growing research interest in its production. Microbes can facilitate the de novo synthesis of a type of biodiesel in the form of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). In this study, Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolic activity was engineered to facilitate enhanced FAME production. Initially, free fatty acid concentrations were increased by deleting two acetyl-CoA synthetase genes (FAA1, FAA4) and an acyl-CoA oxidase gene (POX1). Intracellular S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) levels were then enhanced via the deletion of an adenosine kinase gene (ADO1) and the overexpression of a SAM synthetase gene (SAM2). Lastly, the S. cerevisiae strain overproducing free fatty acids and SAM were manipulated to express a plasmid encoding the Drosophila melanogaster Juvenile Hormone Acid O-Methyltransferase (DmJHAMT). Using this combination of engineering approaches, a FAME concentration of 5.79 ± 0.56 mg/L was achieved using these cells in the context of shaking flask fermentation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first detailed study of FAME production in S. cerevisiae. These results will provide a valuable basis for future efforts to engineer S. cerevisiae strains for highly efficient production of biodiesel.

CDs-g-C3N4-oleaginous yeast hybrid system: Microbial lipid synthesis and fermentation residual reutilization.

The utilization of solar energy and fast-growing heterotrophic microbes for biofuel production has been recognized as a promising approach to achieve carbon neutrality and address energy crisis. In this work, we synthesized different kinds of photocatalysts based on graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4). We found that carbon dots modified-graphitic carbon nitride (CDs-g-C3N4) showed the highest photocatalytic activity. Subsequently, we developed a photocatalyst-microbe hybrid (PMH) system by combining CDs-g-C3N4 with an oleaginous yeast strain, Cutaneotrichosporon dermatis ZZ-46. Under visible light irradiation, the lipid yield of this PMH system reached 1.70 g/L at 120 h, representing a 36 % increase compared to the control. The photocatalytic reaction-induced ROS and the reductive photogenerated electrons facilitated ZZ-46 cells to synthesize more lipids. Furthermore, the fermentation residual of this PMH system was reutilized to prepare biochar via pyrolysis. The biochar generated at 550 °C (BC-550) demonstrated exceptional adsorption capabilities, particularly with a 57 % adsorption rate for methylene blue (MB), and maintained its perfect adsorption efficacy even after five regeneration cycles. These results offer promising avenues for addressing energy shortages and environmental contamination.

Association of serum uric acid with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in chronic kidney disease stages 3-5.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The role of serum uric acid (SUA) in the prognosis of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is inconclusive. To explore the association of SUA level with all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality in patients with CKD. METHODS AND RESULTS: Leveraging data from the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES) and linked national death records up to December 31 2019, we explored the association of SUA with all-cause and CVD mortality using weighted cox proportional hazards regression models and restricted cubic spline (RCS) models in patients with CKD stages 3-5. The study finally included 2644 patients with CKD stages 3-5, with a median SUA level of 6.5 mg/dL. After a median follow-up of 55 months, a total of 763 deaths were recorded, with 279 of them attributed to CVD. In the fully adjusted model, per 1 mg/dL increment in SUA concentration was found to be associated with increased HRs (95% CIs) of 1.07 (1.00, 1.14) for all-cause mortality and 1.11 (1.00, 1.24) for CVD mortality. Compared to Q2 (reference), those in Q4 had adjusted HRs of 1.72 (1.36, 2.17) for all-cause mortality and 2.17 (1.38, 3.41) for CVD mortality, while those in Q1 had adjusted HRs of 1.49 (1.19, 1.85) for all-cause mortality and 1.93 (1.26, 2.98) for CVD mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Both higher and lower SUA levels were associated with increased risks of all-cause and CVD mortality in patients with CKD stages 3-5.

Microbial lipid synthesis based on visible light-driven oxygen doped-graphitic carbon nitride /oleaginous yeast hybrid system.

The use of solar energy and heterotrophic microbes to synthesize microbial lipids is a promising strategy to solve energy crisis and reduce CO2 emissions. In this study, a photocatalyst, oxygen-doped graphitic carbon nitride (O-g-C3N4), was synthesized and combined with an oleaginous yeast strain, Cutaneotrichosporon dermatis ZZ-46, to construct a photocatalyst-microbe hybrid (PMH) system. Under illumination, the lipid yield of the PMH system reached 1.61 g/L after 96 h (87 % higher than that of control). NADPH/NADP+ ratio of ZZ-46 cells in the PMH system increased. Metabolomics results revealed that glutathione generation was increased, and the fatty acid decomposition pathway in ZZ-46 cells was inhibited in the PMH system. This study provides a new approach for the synthesis of microbial lipids based on solar energy and heterotrophic microbes.

The protective mechanism of SIRT3 and potential therapy in acute kidney injury.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a complex clinical syndrome with a poor short-term prognosis, which increases the risk of the development of chronic kidney diseases and end-stage kidney disease. However, the underlying mechanism of AKI remains to be fully elucidated, and effective prevention and therapeutic strategies are still lacking. Given the enormous energy requirements for filtration and absorption, the kidneys are rich in mitochondria, which are unsurprisingly involved in the onset or progression of AKI. Accumulating evidence has recently documented that Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3), one of the most prominent deacetylases highly expressed in the mitochondria, exerts a protective effect on AKI. SIRT3 protects against AKI by regulating energy metabolism, inhibiting oxidative stress, suppressing inflammation, ameliorating apoptosis, inhibiting early-stage fibrosis and maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis. Besides, a number of SIRT3 activators have exhibited renoprotective properties both in animal models and in vitro experiments, but have not yet been applied to clinical practice, indicating a promising therapeutic approach. In this review, we unravel and summarize the recent advances in SIRT3 research and the potential therapy of SIRT3 activators in AKI.

Alterations of the gut microbiota in the lupus nephritis: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Emerging evidence suggests that gut microbiota dysbiosis may play a critical role in the development of lupus nephritis (LN). However, the specific characteristics of the gut microbiota in individuals with LN have not been fully clarified. METHODS: The PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases were systematically searched for clinical and animal studies related to the relationship between LN and gut microbiota from inception until October 1, 2023. A semiquantitative analysis was used to assess the changes in gut microbial profiles. RESULTS: A total of 15 clinical studies were selected for analysis, which included 138 LN patients, 441 systemic lupus erythematosus patients, and 1526 healthy controls (HCs). Five different types of LN mouse models were included in 5 animal studies. The alpha diversity was decreased in LN patients compared to HCs. A significant decrease in the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio is considered a hallmark of pathological conditions. Specifically, alterations in the abundance of the phylum Proteobacteria, genera Streptococcus and Lactobacillus, and species Ruminococcus gnavus and Lactobacillus reuteri may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of LN. Remarkably, the gut taxonomic chain Bacteroidetes-Bacteroides-Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron was enriched in LN patients, which could be a crucial characteristic of LN patients. The increased level of interleukin-6, imbalance of regulatory T cells and T helper 17 cells, and decreased level of the intestinal tight junction proteins zonula occludens-1 and claudin-1 also might be related to the pathogenesis of LN. CONCLUSIONS: Specific changes in the abundance of gut microbiota such as decreased F/B ratio, and the level of inflammatory indicators, and markers of intestinal barrier dysfunction may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of LN. These factors could be effective diagnostic and potential therapeutic targets for LN.

The Role of Tryptophan Metabolism in the Occurrence and Progression of Acute and Chronic Kidney Diseases.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are common kidney diseases in clinics with high morbidity and mortality, but their pathogenesis is intricate. Tryptophan (Trp) is a fundamental amino acid for humans, and its metabolism produces various bioactive substances involved in the pathophysiology of AKI and CKD. Metabolomic studies manifest that Trp metabolites like kynurenine (KYN), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), and indoxyl sulfate (IS) increase in AKI or CKD and act as biomarkers that facilitate the early identification of diseases. Meanwhile, KYN and IS act as ligands to exacerbate kidney damage by activating aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) signal transduction. The reduction of renal function can cause the accumulation of Trp metabolites which in turn accelerate the progression of AKI or CKD. Besides, gut dysbiosis induces the expansion of Enterobacteriaceae family to produce excessive IS, which cannot be excreted due to the deterioration of renal function. The application of Trp metabolism as a target in AKI and CKD will also be elaborated. Thus, this study aims to elucidate Trp metabolism in the development of AKI and CKD, and explores the relative treatment strategies by targeting Trp from the perspective of metabolomics to provide a reference for their diagnosis and prevention.

[Role of Histone Modifications in Acute Kidney Injury Progressing to Chronic Kidney Disease]. / ç»„è›‹ç™½ä¿®é¥°åœ¨æ€¥æ€§è‚¾æŸä¼¤å‘æ ¢æ€§è‚¾è„ç— è½¬åŒ–ä¸­çš„ä½œç”¨.

Acute kidney injury (AKI), a clinical syndrome caused by various factors, is characterized by a rapid decline in kidney function in a short period of time. AKI affects the short-term prognosis of patients and may also induce chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, the current treatment options for AKI mainly focus on symptom management. Specific therapeutic measures available for the prevention of transition from AKI to CKD are very limited in number. Histones are basic proteins that intricately bind the DNA in chromosomes. After translation, histones undergo various modifications on their amino-terminal tails, such as methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and lactylation, collectively forming the "histone code", which affects the expression of genes mainly by regulating the elastic structure of chromatin or recruiting specific proteins. Extensive research conducted in recent years on histone post-translational modifications (PTMs) has also sparked continuous interest in their association with the AKI-to-CKD transition. Therefore, this paper highlights the significant role of PTMs in the process of AKI developing and progressing to CKD, with a view to finding new approaches to preventing the progression of AKI to CKD.

Enhanced Second-Harmonic-Generation Response in a KH2PO4-Type Calcium Nitrate Carboxylate with Unusual Three-Dimensional Inorganic and Organic Connections.

An organic carboxylate ligand was employed in the synthesis of a nonhygroscopic nitrate-based nonlinear-optical (NLO) material. The hybrid-framework solid has unusual three-dimensional inorganic and organic connections with high thermal stability. Sharing similar structural features with the well-known NLO material KH2PO4 (KDP), this compound shows an enhanced second-harmonic-generation (SHG) response of about 1.6 times that of KDP. Theoretical calculations were carried out to reveal the origin of its SHG response.

Using Bacillus thuringiensis HM-311@hydroxyapatite@biochar beads to remediate Pb and Cd contaminated farmland soil.

Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) have become serious soil contaminants in China. In this work, we immobilized B. thuringiensis HM-311 (a heavy metal resistant strain) using vinegar residue biochar and hydroxyapatite (HAP) to form BtHM-311@HAP@biochar calcium alginate beads. In aqueous solution, the beads respectively reduced 1000 mg/L Pb2+ to 14.59 mg/L and 200 mg/L Cd2+ to 5.40 mg/L within 20 h. Furthermore, the results of pot experiment showed that the BtHM-311@HAP@biochar beads reduced the bioavailability of Pb and Cd in soil. The accumulation of Pb2+ in rice decreased by 39.97% in shoots and 46.40% in roots, while that of Cd2+ decreased by 34.59 and 44.9%, respectively. Similarly, the accumulation of Pb2+ in corn decreased by 40.86% in shoots and 51.34% in roots, while that of Cd2+ decreased by 41.28 and 42.91%, respectively. The beads also increased the microbial community diversity in the rhizosphere soil. These findings indicate that BtHM-311@HAP@biochar beads may be applicable for the bioremediation of Cd- and Pb-contaminated farmland soil.

Using nanomaterials to increase the efficiency of chemical production in microbial cell factories: A comprehensive review.

Microbes have proven to be robust workhorses for the large-scale production of many chemicals. Especially, high-value biochemicals (e.g., natural pigments, unsaturated fatty acids) that cannot be derived from fossil fuels, can be produced by engineered microbes. There is a growing interest in both academia and industry to find new technologies that can enhance the efficiencies of microbial cell factories and boost the circular bioeconomy. Rapid technological innovations, such as microbial genome editing and synthetic biology, have greatly advanced the production of chemicals in engineered microbes. Nanomaterial-based technologies that exploit the unique physiochemical properties of nano-scale materials (e.g., large surface area, excellent catalytic activity, tunable optical and electrical performance) have demonstrated great potential and attracted increasing attention. There are many studies showing that nanomaterials can assist microbes in the synthesis of chemicals by providing micronutrients, inducing anti-ROS responses, promoting gas-liquid mass transfer, immobilizing microbial cells and promoting electron transfer in electrosynthesis. Furthermore, the latest studies demonstrate that nanomaterials can be used to construct photocatalyst-microbe hybrids and achieve solar driven chemical production. In this review, we comprehensively summarize these advances and discuss the current gaps as well as future perspectives. With the rapid development of synthetic biology and nanotechnology, we believe more nanomaterial-based technologies will be developed and used to improve the productivity of microbial cell factories.

Draft Genome Assembly and Annotation for Cutaneotrichosporon dermatis NICC30027, an Oleaginous Yeast Capable of Simultaneous Glucose and Xylose Assimilation.

The identification of oleaginous yeast species capable of simultaneously utilizing xylose and glucose as substrates to generate value-added biological products is an area of key economic interest. We have previously demonstrated that the Cutaneotrichosporon dermatis NICC30027 yeast strain is capable of simultaneously assimilating both xylose and glucose, resulting in considerable lipid accumulation. However, as no high-quality genome sequencing data or associated annotations for this strain are available at present, it remains challenging to study the metabolic mechanisms underlying this phenotype. Herein, we report a 39,305,439 bp draft genome assembly for C. dermatis NICC30027 comprised of 37 scaffolds, with 60.15% GC content. Within this genome, we identified 524 tRNAs, 142 sRNAs, 53 miRNAs, 28 snRNAs, and eight rRNA clusters. Moreover, repeat sequences totaling 1,032,129 bp in length were identified (2.63% of the genome), as were 14,238 unigenes that were 1,789.35 bp in length on average (64.82% of the genome). The NCBI non-redundant protein sequences (NR) database was employed to successfully annotate 11,795 of these unigenes, while 3,621 and 11,902 were annotated with the Swiss-Prot and TrEMBL databases, respectively. Unigenes were additionally subjected to pathway enrichment analyses using the Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), Cluster of Orthologous Groups of proteins (COG), Clusters of orthologous groups for eukaryotic complete genomes (KOG), and Non-supervised Orthologous Groups (eggNOG) databases. Together, these results provide a foundation for future studies aimed at clarifying the mechanistic basis for the ability of C. dermatis NICC30027 to simultaneously utilize glucose and xylose to synthesize lipids.

Haloterrigena gelatinilytica sp. nov., a new extremely halophilic archaeon isolated from salt-lake.

Two extremely halophilic strains, designated SYSU A558-1T and SYSU A121-1, were isolated from a saline sediment sample collected from Aiding salt-lake, China. Cells of strains SYSU A558-1T and SYSU A121-1 were Gram-stain-negative, coccoid, and non-motile. The strains were aerobic and grew at NaCl concentration of 10-30% (optimum, 20-22%), at 20-55 °C (optimum, 37-42 °C) and at pH 6.5-8.5 (optimum, 7.0-8.0). Cells lysed in distilled water. The polar lipids were phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester, disulfated diglycosyl diether-1 and unidentified glycolipid. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that the two strains SYSU A558-1T and SYSU A121-1 were closely related to the membranes of the genus Haloterrigena. Phylogenetic and phylogenomic trees of strains SYSU A558-1T and SYSU A121-1 demonstrated a robust clade with Haloterrigena turkmenica, Haloterrigena salifodinae and Haloterrigena salina. The genomic DNA G + C content of strains SYSU A558-1T and SYSU A121-1 were 65.8 and 65.0%, respectively. Phenotypic, phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and genome analysis suggested that the two strains SYSU A558-1T and SYSU A121-1 represent a novel species of the genus Haloterrigena, for which the name Haloterrigena gelatinilytica sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SYSU A558-1T (= KCTC 4259T = CGMCC 1.15953T).

Metagenomic analysis further extends the role of Chloroflexi in fundamental biogeochemical cycles.

Chloroflexi members are ubiquitous and have been extensively studied; however, the evolution and metabolic pathways of Chloroflexi members have long been debated. In the present study, the evolution and the metabolic potentials of 17 newly obtained Chloroflexi metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) were evaluated using genome and horizontal gene transfer (HGT) analysis. Taxonomic analysis suggests that the MAGs of the present study might be novel. One MAG encodes genes for anoxygenic phototrophy. The HGT analysis suggest that genes responsible for anoxygenic phototrophy in the MAG might have been transferred from Proteobacteria/Chlorobi. The evolution of anaerobic photosynthesis, which has long been questioned, has now been shown to be the result of HGT events. An incomplete Wood-Ljungdahl pathway (with missing genes metF, acsE, fdh, and acsA) was reported in Dehalococcoidetes members. In the present study, MAGs that were not the Dehalococcoidetes members encode genes acsA, acsB, metF and acsE. The genes responsible for sulfate reduction (sat, cysC and sir), dissimilatory sulfite reductase (dsrA and dsrB), and aerobic and anaerobic carbon monoxide oxidation (coxSML and cooSF) were detected in the present study MAGs. The present study expands our knowledge of the possible metabolic potentials of the phylum Chloroflexi and clarifies the evolution of anaerobic photosynthesis.

Halophilic archaea and their extracellular polymeric compounds in the treatment of high salt wastewater containing phenol.

Phenol is one of the major organic pollutants in high salt industrial wastewaters. The biological treatment of such waste using microorganisms is considered to be a cost-effective and eco-friendly method. However, in this process, salt tolerance of microorganisms is one of the main limiting factors. Halophilic microorganisms, especially halophilic archaea are thought to be appropriate for such treatment. To develop a novel effective biological method for high salt phenol wastewater treatment, the influence of phenol in high salt phenol wastewater on halophilic archaea and their extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) should be investigated. In the present study, using phenol enrichment method, 75 halophilic archaeal strains were isolated from Wuyongbulake salt lake sediment sample. The majority of the identified strains were phenol-tolerant. Six strains with high phenol tolerance were chosen, and the phenol scavenging effect was observed in the microbial suspension, supernatant, and EPS. It was noticed that the phenol degradation rate of suspensions of both strains 869-1, and 121-1 in salt water exhibited the highest rates of 83.7%, while the supernatant of strain 869-1 reached the highest rate of 78.2%. When combined with the comprehensive analysis of the artificial wastewater simulation experiment, it was discovered that in the artificial wastewater containing phenol, the phenol degradation rate of suspension of strain A387 exhibited the highest rates of 55.74% both, and supernatant of strain 630-3 reached the highest rate of 62.3%. The EPS produced by strains A00135, 558-1, 869-1, 121-1 and A387 removed 100% phenol within 96 h, and the phenol removal efficiency of EPS produced by 869-1 reached 56.1% under an artificial wastewater simulation experiment with high salt (15%NaCl) condition. The present study suggests that halophilic archaea and their EPS play an important role in phenol degradation. This approach could be potentially used for industrial high-salt wastewater treatment.

Halegenticoccus tardaugens sp. nov., an extremely halophilic archaeon isolated from a saline soil.

Two extremely halophilic archaea, isolates SYSU A00711T and SYSU A00630, were isolated from a sediment soil sample collected from the Aiding lake, China. Cells of these isolates were cocci, non-motile and stained Gram-negative. They grew optimally at 37 °C, with 20-22% NaCl (w/v) and at pH 7.5-8.0. Cells lysed in distilled water. Major polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester, mannosyl glucosyl diether, sulfated mannosyl glucosyl diether, and two unidentified glycolipids. Pairwise sequence comparison revealed that isolates SYSU A00711T and SYSU A00630 were closely related to Halegenticoccus soli SYSU A9-0T (94.1 and 94.0% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities; 94.0 and 94.2% rpoB' gene similarities, respectively). The overall genomic relatedness indices values between the two isolates and Halegenticocus soli SYSU A9-0 T were: AAI, both 79.6%; ANI, 84.6 and 84.5%; dDDH, 32.5 and 26.3%, respectively. Phylogenetic trees based on the 16S rRNA gene, rpoB' gene, and genome sequences demonstrated a robust clade of these two isolates with Halegenticoccus soli SYSU A9-0T. The DNA G + C contents of these two isolates are both 64.7% (genome method). Based on the differences in phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, and phylogenetic properties, isolates SYSU A00711T and SYSU A00630 are characterized to represent a novel species in the genus Halegenticoccus, for which the name Halegenticoccus tardaugens sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the species Halegenticoccus tardaugens is SYSU A00711T (= KCTC 4245T = CGMCC 1.15768T).

Transcriptomic responses of haloalkalitolerant bacterium Egicoccus halophilus EGI 80432T to highly alkaline stress.

The haloalkalitolerant bacterium Egicoccus halophilus EGI 80432T exhibits high adaptability to saline-alkaline environment. The salinity adaptation mechanism of E. halophilus EGI 80432T was fully understood based on transcriptome analyses and physiological responses; however, the alkaline response mechanism has not yet been investigated. Here, we investigated the alkaline response mechanism of E. halophilus EGI 80432T by a transcriptomic comparison. In this study, the genes involved in the glycolysis, TCA cycle, starch, and trehalose metabolism for energy production and storage, were up-regulated under highly alkaline condition. Furthermore, genes responsible for the production of acidic and neutral metabolites, i.e., acetate, pyruvate, formate, glutamate, threonine, and ectoine, showed increased expression under highly alkaline condition, compared with the control pH condition. In contrast, the opposite results were observed in proton capture or retention gene expression profiles, i.e., cation/proton antiporters and ATP synthases. The above results revealed that E. halophilus EGI 80432T likely tended to adopt an "acidic metabolites production" strategy in response to a highly alkaline condition. These findings would pave the way for further studies in the saline-alkaline adaptation mechanisms of E. halophilus EGI 80432T, and hopefully provide a new insight into the foundational theory and application in ecological restoration with saline-alkaline strains.

Gulosibacter sediminis sp. nov., isolated from Indian Ocean marine sediment.

A novel Gram-stain-positive, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, aerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain YIM M12148T, was isolated from a marine sediment sample collected from the Indian Ocean. The strain grew optimally at 28 °C, pH 8.0 and in the presence of 1-3 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain YIM M12148T belongs to the genus Gulosibacter, with the highest sequence similarity to Gulosibacter faecalis NBRC 15706T (96.12 %). The cell-wall sugars of strain YIM M12148T were rhamnose, ribose, glucose and mannose. The predominant isoprenoid quinones were MK-8 and MK-9. The polar lipids consisted of major amounts of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, one unknown phospholipid and one unknown lipid. Major fatty acids (>5 % of the total) of the novel isolate were anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0, iso-C13 : 0 and anteiso-C13 : 0. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain YIM M12148T was 67.15 mol%. On the basis of genotypic and phenotypic data, it is apparent that strain YIM M12148T represents a novel species of the genus Gulosibacter, for which the name Gulosibacter sediminis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YIM M12148T (=KCTC 29660T=DSM 29154T).

Physicochemical and Microbial Diversity Analyses of Indian Hot Springs.

In the present study, physicochemical and microbial diversity analyses of seven Indian hot springs were performed. The temperature at the sample sites ranged from 32 to 67°C, and pH remained neutral to slightly alkaline. pH and temperature influenced microbial diversity. Culture-independent microbial diversity analysis suggested bacteria as the dominant group (99.3%) when compared with the archaeal group (0.7%). Alpha diversity analysis showed that microbial richness decreased with the increase of temperature, and beta diversity analysis showed clustering based on location. A total of 131 strains (divided into 12 genera and four phyla) were isolated from the hot spring samples. Incubation temperatures of 37 and 45°C and T5 medium were more suitable for bacterial isolation. Some of the isolated strains shared low 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, suggesting that they may be novel bacterial candidates. Some strains produced thermostable enzymes. Dominant microbial communities were found to be different depending on the culture-dependent and culture-independent methods. Such differences could be attributed to the fact that most microbes in the studied samples were not cultivable under laboratory conditions. Culture-dependent and culture-independent microbial diversities suggest that these springs not only harbor novel microbial candidates but also produce thermostable enzymes, and hence, appropriate methods should be developed to isolate the uncultivated microbial taxa.