Processing and Recovery of Heavy Crude Oil Using an HPA-Ni Catalyst and Natural Gas.

To maintain economic profitability and stabilize fuel prices, refineries actively explore alternatives for efficiently processing (extra) heavy crude oils. These oils are challenging to process due to their complex composition, which includes significant quantities of asphaltenes, resins, and sulfur and nitrogen heteroatoms. A critical initial step in upgrading these oils is the hydrogenation of polyaromatic compounds, requiring substantial hydrogen sources. Methane from natural gas streams is known to act as an effective hydrogen donor. This study investigates the use of a heteropolyacid (HPA) catalyst modified with nickel and methane to enhance the quality of heavy crude oil with an initial 8.0°API (at 15.5 °C) and 2200 cSt viscosity (at 37.5 °C). After treatment in a batch reactor at 380 °C and 4.4 MPa for 2 h, the oil properties markedly improved: API gravity increased from 8.0 to 16.0 (at 15.5 °C), and kinematic viscosity reduced from 2200 to 125 cSt (at 37.5 °C). Additionally, there was a significant decrease in asphaltenes (from 38.7 to 16.4% by weight), sulfur (from 5.9 to 4.0% by weight), and nitrogen (from 971 to 695 ppm). This was accompanied by an increase in the volume of light distillates from 1.3 to 4.9%, and middle distillates from 8.8 to 21.0%. These results suggest that nickel-modified HPA catalysts, combined with methane as a hydrogen donor, are a promising option for upgrading heavy crude oils.

Effectiveness of cognitive reappraisal and distraction for induced acute pain: A laboratory study.

OBJECTIVE: Cognitive reappraisal and distraction modulate pain; however, little is known about their effectiveness at different levels of pain intensity. Thus, the aim of this study has been to analyze the differential efficacy of both strategies to reduce perceived pain intensity and pain unpleasantness in low and moderate pain levels. METHOD: 3 (emotion regulation strategy: cognitive reappraisal, distraction, and control) × 2 (intensity of the painful stimuli: low and moderate intensity) × 2 (time: pretest and posttest) mixed factorial design. Ninety healthy adults were randomly assigned to one of six experimental conditions. Pain-heat stimuli were administered with an advanced thermal stimulator. All participants completed the experimental pretest and posttest phases; in each phase, 12 pain stimuli were administered. Participants received brief training on how to apply cognitive reappraisal, distraction, and the control condition for the posttest phase. Data were collected from May 2022 to November 2022. RESULTS: Analyses of repeated-measure analysis of variance showed that at posttest cognitive reappraisal and distraction were equally effective in reducing perceived pain intensity in low pain levels, while distraction was more effective than cognitive reappraisal in decreasing perceived pain intensity in moderate pain levels. Both distraction and cognitive reappraisal were effective in decreasing pain unpleasantness regardless of the intensity of the painful stimuli. CONCLUSION: These findings highlighted the beneficial use of both strategies in the short term for pain relief, distraction being more effective in moderate pain levels. Applying both strategies to everyday situations that may cause short-term acute pain could be of great clinical relevance. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Case Report of a Young Adult with Fatal COVID-19 and Abundant SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein and Lipofuscin Accumulation in Tissues.

This is a case report of a young adult who died of COVID-19 twelve days after admission, with coronavirus nucleocapsid protein and lipofuscin found in the heart and kidney tissues, providing further evidence of the role of SARS-CoV-2 in cellular senescence.

Effectiveness of spontaneous pain coping strategies for acute pain management: A laboratory study.

The aim of the present study has been to analyze the relationship between the use of not previously trained, diverse acute pain coping strategies and levels of pain intensity and pain tolerance in a group of healthy participants. Previous research has analyzed the usefulness of the training of these strategies after several training sessions, but adequate patient training requires a great deal of time. Two hundred and forty healthy people participated in the study. Pain coping strategies was evaluated with a version of CSQ-S. Subsequently, the participants completed a cold pressor test and tolerance test. After that, subjects filled in the adaptation of the CSQ-S about the strategies which they had employed throughout the test. Correlation analyses showed a positive relationship between pain intensity and catastrophizing, distractor behaviors, hoping and ignoring the pain. Pain tolerance correlated with self-instructions, ignoring the pain, reinterpreting the pain, catastrophizing and faith and praying. Regression analyses showed that catastrophizing was found to be the strategy that most predicts the variance of pain intensity, and catastrophizing (negative) and ignoring the pain (positive) and praying (negative) were the most predictive ones for pain tolerance. This is the first laboratory study that identifies the more useful pain coping strategies which can be used by patients without previous training in an acute pain context. The results of this study could be useful in the development of protocols for nurses and other health professionals, especially for situations where potentially painful techniques are to be applied to patients.

Stressors and uplifts of confinement due to covid-19: A longitudinal study on mental health in a sample of academic and administrative university staff in Spain.

The rapid spread of COVID-19 caused many countries to decide to enter full lockdown, a circumstance that impacted all aspects of life, including mental health. The present longitudinal study aimed to analyse how stressors and uplifts of confinement were linked to psychological symptoms at three different time points: during the full lockdown (wave 1), after the gradual lifting of restrictions (wave 2) and after confinement (wave 3). The sample was made up by one hundred and twenty academic and administrative staff from a big University in Spain, they all completed an online survey. Results showed that psychological status did not change over time, but a significant interindividual variability was found throughout. Some stressors were only linked to symptoms at wave 1, but others maintained their associations during waves 2 and 3. Uplifts were, for the most part, inversely (and exclusively) linked to symptoms at wave 1. However, some of them, although enjoyable, were paradoxically linked to worse mental health at wave 1, and even at waves 2 and 3. These findings highlight the importance of providing preventive psychological strategies for mental distress before, during and after confinement.

Electrophysiological indices of pain expectation abnormalities in fibromyalgia patients.

Fibromyalgia is a chronic pain syndrome characterized by dysfunctional processing of nociceptive stimulation. Neuroimaging studies have pointed out that pain-related network functioning seems to be altered in these patients. It is thought that this clinical symptomatology may be maintained or even strengthened because of an enhanced expectancy for painful stimuli or its forthcoming appearance. However, neural electrophysiological correlates associated with such attentional mechanisms have been scarcely explored. In the current study, expectancy processes of upcoming laser stimulation (painful and non-painful) and its further processing were explored by event-related potentials (ERPs). Nineteen fibromyalgia patients and twenty healthy control volunteers took part in the experiment. Behavioral measures (reaction times and subjective pain perception) were also collected. We manipulated the pain/no pain expectancy through an S1-S2 paradigm (cue-target). S1 (image: triangle or square) predicted the S2 appearance (laser stimulation: warmth or pinprick sensation). Laser stimuli were delivered using a CO2 laser device. Temporal and spatial principal component analyses were employed to define and quantify the ERP component reliability. Statistical analyses revealed the existence of an abnormal pattern of pain expectancy in patients with fibromyalgia. Specifically, our results showed attenuated amplitudes at posterior lCNV component in anticipation of painful stimulation that was not found in healthy participants. In contrast, although larger P2 amplitudes to painful compared to innocuous events were shown, patients did not show any amplitude change in this laser-evoked response as a function of pain predictive cues (as occurred in the healthy control group). Additionally, analyses of the subjective perception of pain and reaction time indicated that laser stimuli preceded by pain cues were rated as more painful than those signaling non-pain expectancy and were associated with faster responses. Differences between groups were not found. The present findings suggest the presence of dysfunction in pain expectation mechanisms in fibromyalgia that eventually may make it difficult for patients to correctly interpret signs that prevent pain symptoms. Furthermore, the abnormal pattern in pain expectancy displayed by fibromyalgia patients could result in ineffective pain coping strategies. Understanding the neural correlates of pain processing and its modulatory factors is crucial to identify treatments for chronic pain syndromes.

A(H3N2) antigenic variation of influenza is associated with low vaccine efficacy in the early 2018 influenza season in Mexico City.

OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the VE and the mutations of the viruses present in the Mexican population at the beginning of 2018. METHODS: We diagnosed influenza in outpatients with a high-performance Rapid Influenza Diagnostic Test (RIDT) qRT-PCR. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the study population, while the chi-square test was used to determine clinical variables. VE was analyzed through a negative test design. We sequenced the hemagglutinin (HA) gene, performed a phylogenetic analysis, and analyzed the nonsynonymous substitutions both in and outside antigenic sites. RESULTS: Of the 240 patients analyzed, 42.5% received the trivalent vaccine, and 37.5% were positive for influenza. The VE for the general population for any influenza virus type or subtype was 37.0%, while the VE for the predominant influenza A(H3N2) subtype was the lowest (19.7%). The phylogenetic analysis of HA showed the co-circulation of clades and subclades 3C.2a1, 3C.2a1b, 3C.2a2, 3C.2a2re, 3C.2a3, and 3C.3a with identities approximately 97-98% similar to the vaccine composition. CONCLUSION: Low VE was related to the co-circulation of multiple clades and subclades of influenza A(H3N2), with sufficient genetic and phenotypic distance to allow for the infection of vaccinated individuals.

Answers to common questions about COVID-19 vaccines in children with cancer.

BACKGROUND: The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in 2020 evolved into a global pandemic, and COVID-19 vaccines became rapidly available, including for pediatric patients. However, questions emerged that challenged vaccine acceptance and use. We aimed to answer these questions and give recommendations applicable for use in pediatric patients with cancer by healthcare professionals and the public. METHODS: A 12-member global COVID-19 Vaccine in Pediatric Oncology Working Group made up of physicians and nurses from all world regions met weekly from March to July 2021. We used a modified Delphi method to select the top questions. The Working Group, in four-member subgroups, answered assigned questions by providing brief recommendations, followed by a discussion of the rationale for each answer. All Working Group members voted on each recommendation using a scale of 1 to 10, 10 being complete agreement. A "pass" recommendation corresponded to an agreement ≥7.5. RESULTS: We selected 15 questions from 173 suggested questions. Based on existing published information, we generated answers for each question as recommendations. The overall average agreement for the 24 recommendations was 9.5 (95% CI 9.4-9.6). CONCLUSION: Top COVID-19 vaccine-related questions could be answered using available information. Reports on COVID-19 vaccination and related topics have been published at record speed, aided by available technology and the priority imposed by the pandemic; however, all efforts were made to incorporate emerging information throughout our project. Recommendations will be periodically updated on a dedicated website.

An updated list of butterflies (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea) of two Guatemalan seasonally dry forests.

Guatemala has a great diversity of butterflies, although there have been few intensive surveys on Lepidoptera in the country so far. We present an updated list of 218 species in 149 genera, 19 subfamilies, and six families of butterflies sampled at two seasonally dry forests in the Salamá and Motagua valleys in central and eastern Guatemala, by integrating new data from field surveys conducted in 2014-2021 into our previously published data (Yoshimoto et al. 2018, 2019), with Amblyscirteselissaelissa Godman, 1900, Repensflorus (Godman, 1900), and Niconiadesnikko Hayward, 1948 (Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae) as new country records. We collected a hairstreak species, Chalybshassan (Stoll, 1790) (Lycaenidae: Theclinae), at the Motagua Valley site, representing the second record for Guatemala since the early 20th century, after we rediscovered it at the Salamá Valley site in 2011 and 2012 (Yoshimoto and Salinas-Gutiérrez 2015). Nymphalidae and Hesperiidae had larger numbers of species than the other four families at both sites. In Pieridae and Nymphalidae, species composition was similar between the sites, whereas in Lycaenidae, Riodinidae, and Papilionidae it differed more greatly between the sites. These results confirm the relatively high lepidopteran diversity of Guatemalan dry forests, noteworthy for the small areas that comprise the study sites, and represent marked similarities and differences in butterfly fauna and phenology within these forests.

Benefits of Residual Aluminum Oxide for Sand Blasting Titanium Dental Implants: Osseointegration and Bactericidal Effects.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this work was to determine the influence of residual alumina after sand blasting treatment in titanium dental implants. This paper studied the effect of alumina on physico-chemical surface properties, such as: surface wettability, surface energy. Osseointegration and bacteria adhesion were determined in order to determine the effect of the abrasive particles. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three surfaces were studied: (1) as-received, (2) rough surface with residual alumina from sand blasting on the surface and (3) with the same roughness but without residual alumina. Roughness was determined by white light interferometer microscopy. Surface wettability was evaluated with a contact angle video-based system and the surface free energy by means of Owens and Wendt equation. Scanning electron microscopy equipped with microanalysis was used to study the morphology and determine the chemical composition of the surfaces. Bacteria (Lactobacillus salivarius and Streptococcus sanguinis) were cultured in each surface. In total, 110 dental implants were placed into the bone of eight minipigs in order to compare the osseointegration. The percentage of bone-to-implant contact was determined after 4 and 6 weeks of implantation with histometric analysis. RESULTS: The surfaces with residual alumina presented a lower surface free energy than clean surfaces. The in vivo studies demonstrated that the residual alumina accelerated bone tissue growth at different implantation times, in relation to clean dental implants. In addition, residual alumina showed a bactericidal effect by decreasing the quantity of bacteria adhering to the titanium. CONCLUSIONS: It is possible to verify the benefits that the alumina (percentages around 8% in weight) produces on the surface of titanium dental implants. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Clinicians should be aware of the benefits of sand-blasted alumina due to the physico-chemical surface changes demonstrated in in vivo tests.

Indicadores de calidad para unidades de cuidados intensivos respiratorios / Quality indicators for respiratory intensive care units / Indicadores de qualidade para as unidades de terapia intensiva respiratórias

Resumen: Introducción: Existen indicadores de calidad tanto generales como específicos en medicina crítica. Los indicadores para procesos propios de unidades de cuidados intensivos respiratorios (UCIRs) son necesarios. Material y métodos: Un grupo de trabajo de las UCIRs de los servicios de tórax de los principales hospitales de tercer y cuarto nivel de atención sanitaria en México, siguiendo la metodología de los grupos de trabajo de la Sociedad Española de Medicina Intensiva, Crítica y Unidades Coronarias y la Fundación Avedis-Donabedian, identificó aspectos relevantes del proceso del cuidado con relación a volumen, riesgo y complejidad, recabando información de 10 años de actividad asistencial para ser correlacionados y finalmente diseñar indicadores. Resultados: Con información de 2,776 pacientes atendidos del 1o de noviembre de 2009 al 1o de noviembre de 2019, se delimitó el campo de actuación con aspectos importantes como broncoscopia, neumonía, paciente inmunocomprometido, hemoptisis masiva, embolización de arterias bronquiales, cirugía de resección segmentaria/lobar o pulmonar, pleurocentesis y ultrasonido fueron identificados y correlacionados en consenso por el grupo de expertos, llevando al diseño de cuatro indicadores. Conclusiones: Este es el primer reporte de desarrollo de indicadores de calidad para UCIRs de servicios de tórax que servirán para la mejora de la calidad en este tipo de unidades.

Abstract: Introduction: There are both general and specific quality indicators in critical care medicine. Indicators for respiratory intensive care units (RICUs) processes are needed. Material and methods: Following the methodology of the working groups of the Spanish Society of Intensive, Critical Care and Coronary Units and the Avedis-Donabedian Foundation, a working group of the RICUs belonging to departments of chest medicine of the main hospitals of third and fourth level of care in Mexico identified relevant aspects of the care process in relation to volume, risk and complexity, collecting information from ten years of clinical activity to be correlated and finally to design indicators. Results: Delimitation of the field of action was made accounting with information on 2,776 patients treated from November 1, 2009 to November 1, 2019. Important aspects such as bronchoscopy, pneumonia, immunocompromised patient, massive hemoptysis, bronchial artery embolization, segmental/lobar or pulmonary resection surgery, thoracentesis and ultrasound were identified and correlated in consensus by the group of experts leading to the design of four indicators. Conclusions: This is the first report on the development of quality indicators for RICUs belonging to departments of chest medicine that will serve to improve quality in this type of units.

Resumo: Introdução: Existen indicadores de qualidade tanto gerais como específicos em medicina crítica. São necessários os indicadores para procesos própios das unidades de terapias intensivas respiratórias (UTIRs). Material e métodos: Um grupo de trabalho das UTIRs dos serviço de tórax dos principais hospitais de tercero e quarto níveis de atenção sanitária no México, seguindo a metodologia dos grupos de trabalho da Sociedade Espanhola de Terapia Intensiva, Crítica e Unidades Coronárias e a Fundação Avedis-Donabedian, identificou aspectos relevantes do processo de cuidado com relação ao volume, risco e complexidade, reunindo informações de 10 anos de atividade assistencial para ser correlacionada e, finalmente, desenhar indicadores. Resultados: Com informações de 2,776 pacientes atendidos de 1o de novembro de 2009 a 1o de novembro de 2019, o campo de atuação foi definido com aspectos importantes como broncoscopia, pneumonia, paciente imunocomprometido, hemoptise maciça, embolização de artérias brônquicas, cirurgia de ressecção segmentar/lobar ou pulmonar, pleurocentese e ultrassom foram identificados e correlacionados em consenso pelo grupo de especialistas, resultando no desenho de quatro indicadores. Conclusão: Este é o primeiro relatório de desenvolvimento de indicadores de qualidade para UTIRs do serviço de tórax que servirão para melhorar a qualidade neste tipo de unidade.

Violencia sexual en niños y adolescentes varones en el mundo: una revisión integrativa / Sexual violence in male children and adolescents worldwide: An integrative review / Violência sexual em crianças e adolescentes do sexo masculino no mundo: uma revisão integrativa

Objetivo: recopilar, resumir y analizar la producción científica actual sobre la violencia sexual infantil (VSI) en niños y adolescentes varones en el mundo entre el 2014 y el 2019. Método: se realizó una revisión integrativa de literatura mediante una búsqueda sistemática de estudios publicados entre el 2014 y el 2019 en PubMed, LILACS e IBECS. Resultados: se identificaron 990 referencias, de las cuales se seleccionaron 31 artículos para la revisión. La mayoría se realizaron en EE. UU. (n = 18) y otros países desarrollados; solo cinco provienen de países en desarrollo (Brasil, China, India, Jamaica y Suráfrica). Dieciocho estudios usaron metodologías cuantitativas; quince, de tipo transversal. Dos trabajos abordaron menores de 16 años como su población objetivo. Respecto a los objetivos y hallazgos principales, se identificaron cuatro temas recurrentes: caracterización de la VSI, efectos en salud de la VSI (salud mental, salud sexual, comportamientos de riesgo y violencia), revelación de la VSI y análisis de intervenciones terapéuticas. Entre los hallazgos más sobresalientes se refirió que la divulgación del evento constituye un factor protector en el fortalecimiento de la resiliencia frente al abuso. Conclusiones: la VSI genera un impacto negativo en diferentes dimensiones de la salud de la víctima, que trascienden a lo largo de su vida y se profundizan en la medida en que se prolonga el momento de la revelación de los hechos. Más investigaciones son necesarias, principalmente en regiones y países en vías de desarrollo.

Objective: Collect, summarize, and analyze current scientific publications on Child Sexual Violence (CSV) in male children and adolescents worldwide between 2014 and 2019. Method: An integrative review was conducted using a systematic search of studies published between 2014 and 2019 in PubMed, LILACS, and IBECS. Results: Nine hundred and ninety references were identified, from which thirty-one articles were selected for the review. Most of the studies were conducted in the USA (n=18) and other developed countries; only five were conducted in developing countries (Brazil, China, India, Jamaica, and South Africa). Eighteen studies used quantitative methodologies; fifteen were cross-sectional. In two articles, children under 16 years were chosen as the target population. Regarding the main objectives and findings, four recurrent themes were identified: CSV characteristics, effects of CSV on health (mental health, sexual health, risk behaviors, and violence), CSV disclosure, and analysis of therapeutic interventions. Among the findings, the most outstanding was that the disclosure of the event is a protective factor for strengthening resilience against abuse. Conclusions: CSV has a negative impact on different dimensions of the victim's health that transcends throughout his life, and it deepens as the moment of disclosure is delayed. Further research is needed, especially in regions of developing countries.

Objetivo: coletar, resumir e analisar a produção científica atual sobre violência sexual infantil (VSI) em crianças e adolescentes do sexo masculino no mundo entre 2014 e 2019. Método: foi realizada uma revisão integrativa da literatura por meio de uma busca sistemática de estudos publicados entre 2014 e 2019 no PubMed, LILACS e IBECS. Resultados: foram identificadas 990 referências, das quais 31 artigos foram selecionados para a revisão. A maioria foi conduzida nos Estados Unidos (n = 18) e em outros países desenvolvidos; apenas cinco provém de países em desenvolvimento (Brasil, China, Índia, Jamaica e África do Sul). Dezoito estudos utilizaram metodologias quantitativas; quinze, tipo transversal. Dois estudos abordaram crianças menores de 16 anos como população-alvo. Em relação aos objetivos e principais achados foram identificados quatro temas recorrentes: caracterização da VSI, efeitos da VSI na saúde (saúde mental, saúde sexual, comportamentos de risco e violência), revelação da VSI e análise das intervenções terapêuticas. Entre os achados mais destacados, foi colocado que a divulgação do evento constitui um fator de proteção no fortalecimento da resiliência contra o abuso. Conclusões: a VSI gera impacto negativo em diferentes dimensões da saúde da vítima, que transcendem ao longo de sua vida e se aprofundam à medida que se prolonga o momento da revelação dos fatos. Mais pesquisas são necessárias, principalmente em países e regiões em desenvolvimento

Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) in Non-Apneic Asthma: A Clinical Review of Current Evidence.

The use of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in asthma has been a point of debate over the past several years. Various studies, including those on animals and humans have attempted to understand the role and pathophysiology of CPAP in patients with either well controlled or poorly controlled asthma. The aim of this manuscript is to review the currently available literature on the physiologic and clinical effects of CPAP in animal models of asthma and on humans with stable asthma.

Origin variations of the superior thyroid, lingual, and facial arteries: a computed tomography angiography study.

PURPOSE: To determine the anatomical variations and morphology of the external carotid artery (ECA) and its anterior branches. METHODS: Using computed tomography angiography (CTA), the origin, internal diameter, and surface laterality emergence of the superior thyroid (STA), lingual (LA), and facial (FA) arteries were evaluated retrospectively evaluated and classified. The bifurcation level of the common carotid artery (CCA) in relation to the cervical vertebrae and disc was also determined. RESULTS: A total of 76 CTA were included in the study. STA originated from the carotid bifurcation (CB) (type I), CCA (type II) and ECA (type III) in 20.4 (31/152), 17.1 (26/152) and 50.7% (77/152) cases, respectively. Also 10.5% (16/152) arose from a shared trunk with LA as a thyrolingual trunk (TLT) (type IVa), and absent in 1.3% (2/152). LA originated in the CB in only one case. A linguofacial trunk (LFT) was present in 14.5% (22/152). Mean diameters of STA, LA and FA were 1.70, 1.95 and 2.45 mm, respectively. Meanwhile, surface laterality were predominately from anteromedial, medial, and anterior, respectively. CB was mainly on C3 or C3-C4 (55.9% of cases). CONCLUSIONS: STA origin below the ECA is a common finding. Our population presented the highest percentage of TLT (10.5%) and high CB (9.8%) in literature. Considering these variations are important to prevent complications in neck surgical procedures.

[Robotic and laparosocpic urological surgery during COVID-19 pandemia.] / Situación de la cirugía laparoscópica y robótica urológica durante la pandemia COVID-19.

OBJECTIVE: SARS-CoV-2 pandemic hashigh repercussion on urologic minimally invasive surgery (MIS). Controversy about safety of MIS procedures during COVID-19 pandemic has been published. Nowadays, our priority should be create agreement in order to restart and organize MIS with safety conditions for patients and healthcare workers. METHODS: Pubmed and web search was conducted with following terms: "SARS-CoV-2", "COVID19", "COVID19 Urology", COVID19 Surgery", "COVID19 transmission", "SARS-CoV-2 transmission", "COVID19 nd minimally invasive surgery", "SARS-CoV-2 and CO 2insuflation". A narrative review of available literature and scientific evidence summary was done. A modify nominal group technique was used to achieve an expert consensus. First draft was circulated amongst authors. Definitive document was approved in May 26th. RESULTS: Non evidence supports higher risk of SARSCoV-2 healthcare workers infection with MIS compared to open surgery. MIS is associated with shorter hospital stay than open surgery. Modify MIS indications to open surgery, with no scientific evidence, could spend valuable resources in detriment to COVID-19 patients. MIS indications should be prioritized attending to available resources and pandemic intensity. SARS-CoV-2screening 72 hours prior to surgery by clinical and epidemiological questionnaire and nasopharyngeal PCRis recommended, in order to prevent nosocomial transmission, professional infections and to minimize postoperative complications. Intraoperative steps should be established to reduce professional exposure to surgical aerosols, including: surgical room reorganization, adequate personal protective equipment, surgical technique optimization and management of CO2 and surgical smoke. CONCLUSIONS: In COVID-19 pandemic de-escalation, MIS carried out with optimal safety measurements, could contribute to reduce hospital resources utilization. With current evidence, MIS should not be limited or reconverted to open surgery during COVID-19 pandemic.

OBJETIVO: La pandemia provocada por el nuevo coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 ha tenido una elevada repercusión sobre la cirugía mínimamente invasiva (CMI). Ha surgido una importante controversia sobre la realización de CMI durante la pandemia COVID-19. Es prioritario, establecer un consenso sobre la organización y realización con seguridad de la CMI durante la pandemia. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó una búsqueda web y en PubMed con los términos: "SARS-CoV-2", "COVID19", "COVID19 Urology", "COVID19 Surgery", "COVID19 transmission", "SARS-CoV-2 transmission", "COVID19 and minimally invasive surgery", "SARSCoV-2 and CO2 insuflation". Se realizó una revisión narrativa de la literatura y una síntesis de la evidencia disponible. Se ha utilizado una técnica de grupo nominal modificada, circulando un primer borrador a todos los autores y aprobándose la versión definitiva el día 26 de Mayo de 2020. RESULTADOS: No existe evidencia sobre una mayor exposición a SARS-CoV-2 en CMI respecto a cirugía abierta. La CMI se asocia a una menor estancia hospitalaria por lo que cambiar, sin justificación, la indicaciónde CMI puede retrotraer recursos que podrían ser utilizados para la pandemia COVID-19. Se debe priorizar la CMI según los recursos disponibles y la intensidad de la pandemia en cada momento. Se recomienda realizar despistaje de SARS-CoV-2 mediante cuestionario clínico-epidemiológico y PCR nasofaríngea 72 horas antes de la CMI electiva, para minimizar las complicaciones postoperatorias, evitar la transmisión cruzada entre pacientes y la posible exposición de los profesionales sanitarios. Se recomienda establecer medidas de organización en quirófano, de protección personal, técnica quirúrgica y manejo del CO2 y aerosoles generados para reducir la exposición y riesgos del personal sanitario. CONCLUSIONES: La CMI realizada con las medidasd e seguridad adecuadas para el paciente y profesionales, puede contribuir durante la desescalada a una menor utilización de recursos sanitarios y por tanto, no debe limitarse su utilización o cambiar sus indicaciones.

Stress-Recovery State in Fibromyalgia Patients and Healthy People. Relationship with the Cardiovascular Response to Stress in Laboratory Conditions.

The current study´s objective was to determine the relationship between stress-recovery state and cardiovascular response to an acute stressor in a sample of female fibromyalgia patients in comparison with a control group of healthy participants. The laboratory procedure was completed by 36 participants with fibromyalgia and by 38 healthy women who were exposed to an arithmetic task with harassment while blood pressure and heart rate were measured during task exposure.