Selected microRNA Expression and Protein Regulator Secretion by Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Metabolic Syndrome.

The role of adipose mesenchymal stem cells (Ad-MSCs) in metabolic syndrome remains unclear. We aimed to assess the expression of selected microRNAs in Ad-MSCs of non-diabetic adults in relation to Ad-MSC secretion of protein regulators and basic metabolic parameters. Ten obese, eight overweight, and five normal weight subjects were enrolled: 19 females and 4 males; aged 43.0 ± 8.9 years. Ad-MSCs were harvested from abdominal subcutaneous fat. Ad-MSC cellular expressions of four microRNAs (2-ΔCt values) and concentrations of IL-6, IL-10, VEGF, and IGF-1 in the Ad-MSC-conditioned medium were assessed. The expressions of miR-21, miR-122, or miR-192 did not correlate with clinical parameters (age, sex, BMI, visceral fat, HOMA-IR, fasting glycemia, HbA1c, serum lipids, CRP, and eGFR). Conversely, the expression of miR-155 was lowest in obese subjects (3.69 ± 2.67 × 10-3 vs. 7.07 ± 4.42 × 10-3 in overweight and 10.25 ± 7.05 × 10-3 in normal weight ones, p = 0.04). The expression of miR-155 correlated inversely with BMI (sex-adjusted r = -0.64; p < 0.01), visceral adiposity (r = -0.49; p = 0.03), and serum CRP (r = -0.63; p < 0.01), whereas it correlated positively with serum HDL cholesterol (r = 0.51; p = 0.02). Moreover, miR-155 synthesis was associated marginally negatively with Ad-MSC secretion of IGF-1 (r = -0.42; p = 0.05), and positively with that of IL-10 (r = 0.40; p = 0.06). Ad-MSC expression of miR-155 appears blunted in visceral obesity, which correlates with Ad-MSC IGF-1 hypersecretion and IL-10 hyposecretion, systemic microinflammation, and HDL dyslipidemia. Ad-MSC studies in metabolic syndrome should focus on miR-155.

The use of steroids by gym athletes: an attempt to diagnose the problem scale and possible causes.

BACKGROUND: Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are said to be frequently used by both professional and amateur athletes. In addition to having a negative impact on health, steroids defy the concept of fair play. The aim of the study was to evaluate the scale of the problem related to using anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) by gym athletes and to analyze possible causes. METHODS: The study involved 435 participants aged between 18-66 (mean age 27.49±7.48). Out of them, 61.4% were male and 38.6% were female. The subjects were divided into two groups: Group A included 154 (35.4%) amateur and recreational athletes and group B included 281 (64.6%) professional athletes concerned with fitness, bodybuilding and powerlifting. A survey prepared by the authors was conducted in the study, and it consisted of 23 closed questions about AAS use, body confidence, and exercise dependence. In addition, a stadiometer and a body composition analyzer were utilized to take necessary measurements. RESULTS: Between 1-23% of group A participants admitted to using AAS. For group B, it was between 7-30%. Males were reported to use AAS more frequently than females in both groups. With regard to group A, differences in body confidence and exercise dependence were found between males using and not using AAS. Exercise dependence was reported to be different between group A and group B participants. This was true for both males and females. Also, it was shown that group A and group B females differed in terms of metabolic age, body mass and body composition (fat mass, fat-free mass, muscle mass, and total body water). CONCLUSIONS: Most gym athletes do not use AAS. Amateur athletes tend to use AAS more frequently than professional athletes. Factors that contribute to AAS use are: male gender, low body confidence, young age, and long training.

History of endocrinology in the world and in Poland.

Endocrinology is a branch of medicine dealing with the functioning of endocrine glands. Theain role of the endocrine glands is to control various functions and to adopt internal environment to changes in the external environment. Glands manage to do this by regulating the metabolism of target cells by hormones. One of the earliest connections with endocrinology is found in theHippocratic humoral hypothesis dating about 400 years BC. The author of the first endocrinological observations was Aristotle, who noticed changes in behavior and appearance in castrated roosters. In the Middle Ages winners of battles ate their enemies organs, such as the heart, brain, or gonads, believing that they were a source of special power.However, the last two centuries were a time of intensive development of the research in this field. Certainly, we can now look to the future awaiting the next breakthroughs that will revolutionize today's perception of endocrinology.

A Study on the relationship between orthorexia and vegetarianism using the BOT (Bratman Test for Orthorexia). / Ocena zwiazku pomiedzy ortoreksja a wegetarianizmem z uzyciem BOT (Bratman Test for Orthorexia).

OBJECTIVES: The following article presents the relationship between vegetarianism and orthorexia nervosa (ON). Vegetarianism is an ideology and a way of life that aims at minimizing animal exploitation. A vegetarian diet excludes the consumption of meat together with other animal derived products. According to scientists, orthorexia nervosa is considered to be a new, yet unclassified eating disorder. It involves introducing dietary restrictions by individuals who feel a desire to improve their health status by healthy eating. METHODS: The study involved 2,611 participants, namely 1,346 vegetarians and 1,265 non-vegetarians. The research questionnaire consisted of general personal and anthropometric characteristics, the BOT(Bratman Test for Orthorexia) and questions evaluating the participants' attitude towards nutrition. RESULTS: Based on the obtained results, health food fanaticism is more specific to vegetarians than non-vegetarians. The risk for orthorexia nervosa decreases with age and diet duration. The biggest number of health food fanatics was found in the group of lacto-vegetarians, a lower number among ovo-vegetarians and lacto-ovo-vegetarians, and the smallest number was observed in the vegan group. Also, vegetarians were reported to have dietary consultations as frequently as non-vegetarians. CONCLUSIONS: Very few studies can be found on the relationship between orthorexia nervosa and vegetarianism. Some scientists believe that vegetarians are particularly prone to orthorexia nervosa. In addition, it has been suggested by other researchers that vegetarianism can be used to mask eating disorders, as it allows these affected individuals to avoid certain products or situations related to food. The direction of cause and effect cannot be determined.

A possible link between the Epstein-Barr virus infection and autoimmune thyroid disorders.

The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), also known as human herpesvirus 4, is a member of the Herpesviridae virus family. EBV infection can cause infectious mononucleosis (IM) in the lytic phase of EBV's life cycle. Past EBV infection is associated with lymphomas, and may also result in certain allergic and autoimmune diseases. Although potential mechanisms of autoimmune diseases have not been clearly elucidated, both genetic and environmental factors, such as infectious agents, are considered to be responsible for their development. In addition, EBV modifies the host immune response. The worldwide prevalence of autoimmune diseases shows how common this pathogen is. Normally, the virus stays in the body and remains dormant throughout life. However, this is not always the case, and a serious EBV-related illness may develop later in life. This explains the chronic course of autoimmune diseases that is often accompanied by exacerbations of symptoms. Based on the present studies, EBV infection can cause autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), multiple sclerosis (MS), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Sjögren's syndrome, and autoimmune hepatitis. The EBV has also been reported in patients with autoimmune thyroid disorders. Although EBV is not the only agent responsible for the development of autoimmune thyroid diseases, it can be considered a contributory factor.

[Arsenic - Poison or medicine?]. / Arsen - trucizna czy lek?

Arsenic (As) is commonly known as a poison. Only a few people know that As has also been widely used in medicine. In the past years As and its compounds were used as a medicine for the treatment of such diseases as diabetes, psoriasis, syphilis, skin ulcers and joint diseases. Nowadays As is also used especially in the treatment of patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has recognized arsenic as an element with carcinogenic effect evidenced by epidemiological studies, but as previously mentioned it is also used in the treatment of neoplastic diseases. This underlines the specificity of the arsenic effects. Arsenic occurs widely in the natural environment, for example, it is present in soil and water, which contributes to its migration to food products. Long exposure to this element may lead to liver damages and also to changes in myocardium. Bearing in mind that such serious health problems can occur, monitoring of the As presence in the environmental media plays a very important role. In addition, the occupational risk of As exposure in the workplace should be identified and checked. Also the standards for As presence in food should be established. This paper presents a review of the 2015 publications based on the Medical database like PubMed and Polish Medical Bibliography. It includes the most important information about arsenic in both forms, poison and medicine.

Body posture in children with obesity - the relationship to physical activity (PA).

INTRODUCTION: The modern world of electronic devices offers children and young people various forms of leisure activities, while reducing the need for natural movement, necessary for normal psychomotor development. Sedentary life contributes to an increased body weight and, thereby, to the development of body posture abnormalities. The aim of the study was to evaluate body posture, leisure activities, and the number of hours spent using electronic devices among children with obesity. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study involved 51 children with obesity (BMI above 95 percentile) - A group, and 69 children with normal body weight at the age of 9-13 years (10.98 ± 1.29) - B group (control). Body posture has been evaluated with the scoliometer, the digital inclinometer and the plumb line. The hump ratio has been calculated on the basis of SOSORT recommendations. Time spent in front of electronic devices based on a questionnaire results has also been calculated. RESULTS: Children with obesity have more body posture defects in the sagittal plane than children with normal z-scores (p<0.001). 46.8% of children in group A have distorted depth of the two curvatures of the spine. In the control group, the majority of deviations have been observed in the evaluation of the ATR (Angle Trunk Rotation) at the lumbar spine (p<0.05), while in group A, at the level of the thoracic spine (40.42% vs. 23.07%). Both groups of respondents use electronic devices at least 3 days a week (p>0.05). Obese children often use mobile devices, while children with normal body weight often use desktop equipment. CONCLUSIONS: Definitely more body posture abnormalities are found in the group of obese children. Children use electronic devices regardless of weight. It is worth to expand educational activities with programs that improve the quality of body posture through a daily change of abnormal patterns.

Assessing the Risk of Orthorexia in Dietetic and Physiotherapy Students Using the BOT (Bratman Test for Orthorexia).

INTRODUCTION: Orthorexia nervosa is an obsessive-compulsive focus on a "healthy" diet, which manifests as extreme concern about food content. This research was carried out in order to identify highly sensitive behaviours associated with eating a healthy diet. AIM: Assessment of risk of orthorexia nervosa among dietetics students compared to physiotherapy students. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Presented research was conducted among 229 dietetic students and 201 physiotherapy students. It was based on general personal characteristics, the Bratman Test for Orthorexia (BOT) and questions posed by the authors. RESULTS: 26.6% of the dietetics students and only 14.9% of physiotherapy students were recognised as health food fanatics. The students of both dietetics (88.2%) and physiotherapy (52%) declared that they noticed changes in their attitude towards food after they had become students. CONCLUSIONS: It has been observed that these highly sensitive behaviours towards healthy eating are very common in both surveyed groups, however with a stronger tendency among the students of dietetics.

[Phytoestrogens--whether can they be an alternative to hormone replacement therapy for women during menopause period?]. / Fitoestrogeny--czy moga byc alternatywa dla hormonalnej terapii zastepczej u kobiet w okresie menopauzy?

Menopause is a turning point in a woman's life. Decreasing of secretion of estrogens can cause appearing of many health problems, which make that life is becoming harder in each partof life. Hormonal ReplacementTherapy (HRT) is using for relieving the symptoms of menopause, however, because of the possibility of adverse reactions cannot be used by all women. Alternative for HTC are phytoestrogens--compounds naturally occurring in plants, structurally similar to endogenous estrogen, so that they have an affinity for estrogen receptors, and in this way they can modulate functions of endocrine system. Phytoestrogens can play an important role in symptoms of menopause, but their positive impacts are being described for cardiovascular system, especially for lipid metabolism, bone metabolism. Moreover consumption of phytoestrogens could relieve as symptoms as: fatigue, insomnia, problems with concentrations and depression symptoms. Phytoestrogens are acting as antioxidants against free radicals, and reactive oxygen forms which are known as carcinogenic factors. Article is a review of the most important information about phitoestrogens and their influence on women organism during menopausal period.