Postcrisis Follow-Up and Linkage to Community Services.

During the postcrisis period, many individuals struggle to transition to available care, often falling through the cracks. This article discusses effective postcrisis approaches that provide rapid access to transitional team-based care using critical time intervention strategies. It also highlights the development of state, county, and funder models for "care-traffic control" to ensure swift linkage to follow-up services, along with new funding models that support intensive community crisis stabilization during the postcrisis period. Emerging crisis systems can leverage these emerging services and approaches to facilitate successful transitions for individuals in need.

Adjunct Aripiprazole Reduces Prolactin and Prolactin-Related Adverse Effects in Premenopausal Women With Psychosis: Results From the DAAMSEL Clinical Trial.

PURPOSE/BACKGROUND: Prolactin-related adverse effects contribute to nonadherence and adverse health consequences, particularly in women with severe mental illness. Treating these adverse effects may improve treatment acceptability, adherence, and long-term outcomes. METHODS/PROCEDURES: Premenopausal women with a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision diagnosis of schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or bipolar disorder were recruited for a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled 16-week trial of adjunct aripiprazole (5-15 mg/d). Participants had elevated prolactin (>24 ng/mL) and were experiencing galactorrhea, amenorrhea, oligomenorrhea, or sexual dysfunction on a prolactin-elevating antipsychotic. Participants were evaluated biweekly for prolactin elevation and galactorrhea and completed a menstrual diary review. Psychiatric symptoms and adverse effects were closely monitored. FINDINGS/RESULTS: Forty-six women were randomized (n = 25 aripiprazole, n = 21 placebo). Thirty-seven completed at least 8 weeks of the study (n = 20 [80%] aripiprazole and n = 17 [81%] placebo). Aripiprazole (mean dose, 11.7 ± 2.4 mg/d) was effective for lowering prolactin relative to placebo (P = 0.04). In addition, 45% (9/20) of the aripiprazole group had a normalized prolactin (<24 mg/mL) compared with 12% (2/17) of the placebo group (P = 0.028). Galactorrhea resolved in 77% (10/13) of the aripiprazole-treated participants compared with 33% (4/12) in the placebo group (P = 0.028). Normalization of sexual function (<16 on the Arizona Sexual Experience Scale) occurred in 50% on aripiprazole (7/14) versus 9% (1/11) on placebo (P = 0.030). No differences between groups in symptoms or adverse effects were noted. Overall, women rated a mean score of 4.6 ± 0.6 on a 5-point Likert scale for sexual function improvement, suggesting their particular satisfaction with improvement in this domain. IMPLICATIONS/CONCLUSIONS: Building upon prior studies, this rigorous evaluation confirms the utility of adjunctive aripiprazole as a strategy for improving prolactin and managing prolactin-related adverse effects in premenopausal women with psychosis.

Clozapine in Reducing Aggression and Violence in Forensic Populations.

Popular media often portray people with a mental illness as being aggressive, violent, and incarcerated as a result of their behavior. Despite exaggeration in the media, risks for some aggressive behaviors are in fact higher in individuals with schizophrenia. This is often the case with influence of comorbid substance use disorders. It is essential that mental health professionals are aware of treatments that may help with attenuating and treating behaviors that contribute to violence, aggression and incarceration. This paper reviews violence and incarceration in individuals with schizophrenia as well as recommendations, guidelines and benefits for the use of clozapine in this population. Clozapine remains one of the most underutilized evidence-based medications available in the psychiatric arena in the United States. It is a viable and recommended option in the forensic population and it may be helpful on the path to recovery as well as bring substantial savings to the criminal justice system.

Evidence for differential opioid use disorder in schizophrenia in an addiction treatment population.

Although people diagnosed with schizophrenia are known to have elevated risks of abuse and dependence for nicotine, alcohol, cocaine, and cannabis, it is less clear if schizophrenia is associated with higher rates of opioid use disorders compared to either the general population or individuals with other major psychiatric disorders. Here we examine a large publicly available database from substance abuse treatment centers to compare how frequently patients with schizophrenia report problems with heroin or other opioid drugs compared to other major drugs of abuse. For comparison, the pattern of substance abuse in schizophrenia is contrasted with individuals with major depression, bipolar disorder, and the entire sample of individuals seeking substance abuse treatment. We find that a significantly lower proportion of patients with schizophrenia are reported to have problems with heroin (5.1%) relative to the entire treatment population (18.2%). The schizophrenia sample also had a significantly lower proportion of individuals with a non-heroin opioid problem (7.2%) compared to the entire treatment population (14.8%), patients with depression (23%), and patients with bipolar disorder (17.3%). In contrast, the schizophrenia sample had significantly higher proportions of individuals with problems with alcohol, cocaine, and cannabis relative to the treatment population. Although these data do not allow conclusions on the relative rate of opioid addiction in schizophrenia compared to the general population, the results suggest a discrepancy in patterns of drug choice that may aid our understanding of schizophrenia and substance use comorbidity.

The RAISE Connection Program: Psychopharmacological Treatment of People With a First Episode of Schizophrenia.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the adherence of psychiatrists to the Schedule of Recommended First and Second Line Antipsychotic Medications ("Antipsychotic Schedule"), which was implemented in two Recovery After an Initial Schizophrenia Episode (RAISE) Connection Program Implementation and Evaluation Study clinics. METHODS: Sixty-five individuals with a first episode of psychosis were enrolled in the RAISE Connection Program clinics. Two psychiatrists received training and ongoing consultation on use of a shared decision-making approach to prescribing antipsychotic medications according to the Antipsychotic Schedule. Information about participants, prescribed antipsychotic medications, and completion of side-effect assessments were obtained from standardized research assessments and chart extractions. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the extent to which patterns of antipsychotic prescribing and side-effect monitoring were consistent with the Antipsychotic Schedule. RESULTS: Ninety-two percent of participants were prescribed an antipsychotic medication and received the medication on 76%±35% of the days they were in treatment. Seventy-seven percent of participants were prescribed at least one Antipsychotic Schedule first-line antipsychotic, 20% were prescribed olanzapine, and 10% received a trial of clozapine. Regarding monitoring for metabolic side effects, 92% of participants had at least one weight recorded, 72% had at least one blood glucose measure recorded, and 62% had at least one lipid profile recorded. CONCLUSIONS: In the context of a study in which training and ongoing clinical supervision by experts was provided to psychiatrists and shared decision making was encouraged, antipsychotic prescribing patterns closely adhered to recommendations established by the RAISE Connection Program.

Ethics and the Treatment of the Mentally Ill, Homeless Person: a Perspective on Psychiatry Resident Training.

OBJECTIVE: The authors outline the unique ethical challenges that psychiatry residents face in working with individuals who are homeless and mentally ill. The authors also propose steps to develop effective teaching methods with residents working with these patients. METHODS: The authors reviewed literature relevant to the training of psychiatry residents in ethics and treating individuals who are homeless and mentally ill. RESULTS: The authors summarize current literature and, with the use of case examples, provide guidelines for effective teaching. CONCLUSIONS: Teaching psychiatry residents who are working in the community with individuals who are mentally ill and homeless needs to address a number of unique ethical conflicts that arise in this area. The authors outline approaches to this teaching.

The role of social media networks in psychotic disorders: a case report.

We report the case of a young man diagnosed with schizophrenia who presented with stalking behaviors that may have been caused by problematic use or participation in social media networks (SMN). We review the possible role of SMN in the formation of his romantic delusion and offer suggestions for clinicians around incorporation of SMN questions into assessments. It is imperative to identify populations at risk of SMN-related stalking behaviors to stratify mental health resources and interventions. Additional studies are needed to further clarify the role of SMN in psychotic disorders.

Rational protection of subjects in research and quality improvement activities.

This Open Forum illuminates shortcomings with the basis for determining degree of oversight of health services research and quality improvement activities. Using a federally regulated definition of research rather than a direct appraisal of risk to patients can misallocate effort from activities with higher risk for patients to those with lower risk. The case of the Johns Hopkins multicenter study of central line safety checklists in intensive care units is cited. Definitions of research promulgated by the Office of Human Research Protection are reviewed, and an alternative model based on patient risk is proposed. Suggestions for how quality improvement work fits into the larger paradigm of research are made.

Implementing standardized assessments in clinical care: now's the time.

In this Open Forum the Committee on Psychopathology within the Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry (GAP) strongly encourages clinicians and health systems to implement standardized assessments of patients' outcomes for mental disorders, particularly disorders such as depression. The GAP committee describes how calls for the regular use of standardized scales in clinical settings naturally follow from the development and dissemination of treatment guidelines. It discusses the challenges involved in implementing routine outcome measures in clinical settings and explains why the advantages of measurement-based care make addressing these challenges worthwhile. Finally, the committee makes practical suggestions for clinicians and systems attempting to implement routine outcome measures in their clinics.

Use of the internet and other media for health information among clinic outpatients with serious mental illness.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined how people with serious mental illness access and use media to receive health information. METHODS: One hundred people with serious mental illness were interviewed regarding their media use, with a focus on how they get their health information. RESULTS: Among these participants, 91% had a television (M+/-SD=5.7+/-4.6 hours per day), and 74% indicated it was a primary health information source. One third of the sample had used the Internet. Of these participants, about half (53%) had gone online for health information. Younger participants and those with more education were significantly more likely to use the Internet. Among Internet nonusers, there was still interest in finding health information online; however, expense, lack of computer skills or knowledge, and difficulties with typing and reading prevented doing so. CONCLUSIONS: Although this sample used television more often than the Internet as a resource, there appears to be interest among persons with serious mental illness in using the Internet as a source of health information and support.

Transitioning clients from assertive community treatment to traditional mental health services.

The original assertive community treatment (ACT) model included time-unlimited treatment. However, resource restrictions and subsequent research call into question the feasibility and necessity of time-unlimited services. This study compares the outcomes of 48 individuals who successfully transitioned from ACT to less intensive Community Mental Health Center (CMHC) services to 19 persons who required return to ACT or did not remain in CMHC treatment. There were no statistically significant differences in demographics, diagnoses, and other treatment factors between the two groups.

Media and internet ownership and use among mental health outpatients with serious mental illness.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether people with serious mental illness (SMI) and substance use disorder (SUD) use the Internet to receive health information. METHODS: One hundred people with SMI were surveyed in community mental health clinics. RESULTS: Participants with SUD were significantly less likely to use the Internet compared to those who without SUD (.34 [.12-.95] p = .04). Internet users with SUD were significantly more likely to report accessing sites topically related to substance abuse (p = .01). CONCLUSION: Few participants with SMI and SUD used the Internet. Attention to educating patients about quality health information on the Internet may be warranted.

Physical wellness and employment status among adults with serious mental illness.

This study examined whether concurrent medical status contributes to employment outcomes among those with psychiatric disabilities. Thirty-five percent (n = 70) of the 200 participants reported being currently employed. Sixty-three percent (n = 127) reported one or more co-occurring medical conditions; thirty-six percent (n = 71) reported two or more, and twenty-one percent (n = 41) reported three or more co-occurring medical conditions. Individuals with higher self-ratings of physical health functioning were more likely to be employed. Neither the number of co-occurring medical conditions nor any specific medical condition was related to employment status. Recommendations to enhance existing models of supported employment programs with physical health and wellness promotion components are offered.

Consumer satisfaction with inpatient psychiatric treatment among persons with severe mental illness.

Consumer satisfaction with inpatient care is an important component of quality of care and a recovery-oriented system of care. This study assessed association of patient, demographic and process of care variables with inpatient satisfaction focusing on modifiable service delivery factors. Participants were 136 people with psychotic or affective disorders recruited from VA inpatient units who were interviewed with an extensive assessment. Staff teaching efforts regarding medication, illness management, substance abuse, outpatient treatment and living skills were significantly associated with greater levels of satisfaction with care, controlling for demographic and clinical variables. This may reflect value consumers place on staff time, attention and communication. Teaching may enhance self-efficacy and hope thereby facilitating recovery.

Psychiatrists and primary caring: what are our boundaries of responsibility?

This column provides a framework for considering the extent of psychiatrists' responsibility for patients' medical conditions. Psychiatrists have the greatest responsibility for medical conditions that occur as a result of their own actions. Next on the continuum of responsibility is psychiatrists' obligation to remain alert for medical conditions that can cause, trigger, or exacerbate psychiatric conditions or interfere with treatment. Another potential responsibility is for preventive monitoring, screening, and education for medical conditions that disproportionately affect psychiatric patients. Characteristics of the setting, practitioner, and patient that affect how such responsibilities are fulfilled are also discussed.

Use of emergency department services for somatic reasons by people with serious mental illness.

OBJECTIVE: This study identified factors associated with use of the emergency department for medical reasons among individuals with serious mental illness. METHODS: A total of 200 randomly selected outpatients who were receiving community-based psychiatric care were recruited for the study and interviewed with items from the National Health Interview Survey and other national health surveys. RESULTS: Emergency department use (37 percent of the sample) was negatively associated with older age and positively associated with the number of co-occurring medical conditions, smoking, recent injury, and recent change in health care provider. CONCLUSIONS: The relatively high rate of emergency department use may be suggestive of inappropriate use or may reflect perceived barriers to care. Future work should identify specific reasons for seeking care in the emergency department and develop interventions to optimize appropriate emergency department use.