RESUMO
PURPOSE: This study aimed to develop and validate a patient-reported experience measure (PREM) to examine the patients' perspectives on the quality of outpatient physiotherapy and occupational therapy rehabilitation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic literature search in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Cinahl was conducted to identify relevant themes for the questionnaire. Fourteen studies were analyzed through a systematic text condensation to identify quality aspects in the rehabilitation from patients' perspectives. Further, based on the analysis, 13 items with answers on a five-point Likert scale were developed. Face validity and content validity were established during interviewing 14 municipality outpatients. Finally, to determine the construct validity and internal consistency, the questionnaire was distributed to 385 patients with various diagnoses. RESULTS: The final questionnaire, Outpatients' Experience of quality in Rehabilitation (OPER), demonstrated good face and content validity and covered patients' experience of quality in municipal rehabilitation. Data from 307 respondents established construct validity and high internal consistency and showed, in general, a positive experience of outpatient rehabilitation. CONCLUSIONS: The OPER demonstrates satisfactory psychometric properties based on an extensive development and validation process. By assessing outpatients' experience of the rehabilitation process, OPER offers a measurement of the quality of therapists' practice of patient-centered rehabilitation.
Quality in outpatient rehabilitation should be measured with patient-reported experience measures (PREMs) that encompass patients' experience of the rehabilitation process.Based on analyses of the literature and a thorough validation process, the study developed a PREM for outpatient rehabilitation: OutPatients' Experience of quality in Rehabilitation (OPER).OPER demonstrates satisfying psychometric properties in an outpatient population with various diagnoses.OPER is based on patient-centeredness in meeting with physiotherapists and occupational therapists.
RESUMO
Assays to quantify natural killer (NK) cell killing efficacy have traditionally focused on assessing either direct killing or antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) independently. Due to the probability that immunotherapeutic interventions affect NK cell-mediated direct killing and NK cell-mediated ADCC differently, we developed an assay with the capacity to measure NK cell-mediated direct killing and ADCC simultaneously with cells from the same human donor. Specifically, this design allows for a single NK cell population to be split into several experimental conditions (e.g., direct killing, ADCC), thus controlling for potential confounders associated with human-to-human variation when assessing immunotherapy impacts. Our Natural Killer cell Simultaneous ADCC and Direct Killing Assay (NK-SADKA) allows researchers to reproducibly quantify both direct killing and ADCC by human NK cells. Furthermore, this optimized experimental design allows for concurrent analysis of the NK cells via flow cytometric immunophenotyping of NK cell populations which will facilitate the identification of relationships between NK cell phenotype and the subsequent killing potential. This assay will be valuable for assessing the broader impact(s) of immunotherapy strategies on both modes of NK cell killing.
