CoLeaf-DB: Peruvian coffee leaf images dataset for coffee leaf nutritional deficiencies detection and classification.

This article introduces Peruvian coffee leaf datasets known as CATIMOR, CATURRA and BORBON of coffee plantations located at San Miguel de las Naranjas and La Palma Central, Jaén province, Cajamarca, Perú. The leaves with nutritional deficiencies were identified by agronomists, using a physical structure the controlled environment was designed and the images were captured with a digital camera. The dataset contains 1006 leaf images grouped according to their nutritional deficiencies (Boron, Iron, Potasium, Calcium, Magnesium, Manganese, Nitrogen and others). CoLeaf dataset contain images that facilitate training and validation during the utilization of deep learning algorithms for coffee plant leaf nutritional deficiencies recognition and classification. The dataset is publicly and freely available at http://dx.doi.org/10.17632/brfgw46wzb.1.

Initiation of type 2 immunity at barrier surfaces.

Although seemingly unrelated, parasitic worms, venoms, and allergens all induce a type 2 immune response. The effector functions and clinical features of type 2 immunity are well-defined, but fundamental questions about the initiation of type 2 immunity remain unresolved. How are these enormously diverse type 2 stimuli first detected? How are type 2 helper T cells primed and regulated? And how do mechanisms of type 2 initiation vary across tissues? Here, we review the common themes governing type 2 immune sensing and explore aspects of T cell priming and effector reactivation that make type 2 helper T cells a unique T helper lineage. Throughout the review, we emphasize the importance of non-hematopoietic cells and highlight how the unique anatomy and physiology of each barrier tissue shape mechanisms of type 2 immune initiation.

Verbal memory declines more in female patients with Parkinson's disease: the importance of gender-corrected normative data.

BACKGROUND: Data on gender-specific profiles of cognitive functions in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) are rare and inconsistent, and possible disease-confounding factors have been insufficiently considered. METHOD: The LANDSCAPE study on cognition in PD enrolled 656 PD patients (267 without cognitive impairment, 66% male; 292 with mild cognitive impairment, 69% male; 97 with PD dementia, 69% male). Raw values and age-, education-, and gender-corrected Z scores of a neuropsychological test battery (CERAD-Plus) were compared between genders. Motor symptoms, disease duration, l-dopa equivalent daily dose, depression - and additionally age and education for the raw value analysis - were taken as covariates. RESULTS: Raw-score analysis replicated results of previous studies in that female PD patients were superior in verbal memory (word list learning, p = 0.02; recall, p = 0.03), while men outperformed women in visuoconstruction (p = 0.002) and figural memory (p = 0.005). In contrast, gender-corrected Z scores showed that men were superior in verbal memory (word list learning, p = 0.02; recall, p = 0.02; recognition, p = 0.04), while no difference was found for visuospatial tests. This picture could be observed both in the overall analysis of PD patients as well as in a differentiated group analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Normative data corrected for gender and other sociodemographic variables are relevant, since they may elucidate a markedly different cognitive profile compared to raw scores. Our study also suggests that verbal memory decline is stronger in women than in men with PD. Future studies are needed to replicate these findings, examine the progression of gender-specific cognitive decline in PD and define different underlying mechanisms of this dysfunction.