Age-related changes in the architecture and biochemical markers levels in motor-related cortical areas of SHR rats-an ADHD animal model.

Introduction: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder whose exact pathophysiology has not been fully understood yet. Numerous studies have suggested disruptions in the cellular architecture and neuronal activity within brain structures of individuals with ADHD, accompanied by imbalances in the immune system, oxidative stress, and metabolism. Methods: This study aims to assess two functionally and histologically distinct brain areas involved in motor control and coordination: the motor cortex (MC) and prefrontal cortex (PFC). Namely, the morphometric analysis of the MC throughout the developmental stages of Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHRs) and Wistar Kyoto Rats (WKYs). Additionally, the study aimed to investigate the levels and activities of specific immune, oxidative stress, and metabolic markers in the PFC of juvenile and maturing SHRs in comparison to WKYs. Results: The most significant MC volume reductions occurred in juvenile SHRs, accompanied by alterations in neuronal density in these brain areas compared to WKYs. Furthermore, juvenile SHRs exhibit heightened levels and activity of various markers, including interleukin-1α (IL-1α), IL-6, serine/threonine-protein mammalian target of rapamycin, RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase, glucocorticoid receptor ß, malondialdehyde, sulfhydryl groups, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase, glucose, fructosamine, iron, lactic acid, alanine, aspartate transaminase, and lactate dehydrogenase. Discussion: Significant changes in the MC morphometry and elevated levels of inflammatory, oxidative, and metabolic markers in PFC might be associated with disrupted brain development and maturation in ADHD.

Long-term outcomes to neoadjuvant pembrolizumab based on pathological response for patients with resectable stage III/IV cutaneous melanoma.

BACKGROUND: While neoadjuvant immunotherapy for melanoma has shown promising results, the data have been limited by a relatively short follow-up time, with most studies reporting 2-year outcomes. The goal of this study was to determine long-term outcomes for stage III/IV melanoma patients treated with neoadjuvant and adjuvant programmed cell death receptor 1 (PD-1) inhibition. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This is a follow-up study of a previously published phase Ib clinical trial of 30 patients with resectable stage III/IV cutaneous melanoma who received one dose of 200 mg IV neoadjuvant pembrolizumab 3 weeks before surgical resection, followed by 1 year of adjuvant pembrolizumab. The primary outcomes were 5-year overall survival (OS), 5-year recurrence-free survival (RFS), and recurrence patterns. RESULTS: We report updated results at 5 years of follow-up with a median follow-up of 61.9 months. No deaths occurred in patients with a major pathological response (MPR, <10% viable tumor) or complete pathological response (pCR, no viable tumor) (n = 8), compared to a 5-year OS of 72.8% for the remainder of the cohort (P = 0.12). Two of eight patients with a pCR or MPR had a recurrence. Of the patients with >10% viable tumor remaining, 8 of 22 patients (36%) had a recurrence. Additionally, the median time to recurrence was 3.9 years for patients with ≤10% viable tumor and 0.6 years for patients with >10% viable tumor (P = 0.044). CONCLUSIONS: The 5-year results from this trial represent the longest follow-up of a single-agent neoadjuvant PD-1 trial to date. Response to neoadjuvant therapy continues to be an important prognosticator with regard to OS and RFS. Additionally, recurrences in patients with pCR occur later and are salvageable, with a 5-year OS of 100%. These results demonstrate the long-term efficacy of single-agent neoadjuvant/adjuvant PD-1 blockade in patients with a pCR and the importance of long-term follow-up for these patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT02434354.

Phenethyl isothiocyanate triggers apoptosis in human malignant melanoma A375.S2 cells through reactive oxygen species and the mitochondria-dependent pathways.

We have reported previously that phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) induces apoptosis in human osteosarcoma U-2 OS cells. Cytotoxic activity of PEITC towards other cancer cells such as human malignant melanoma and skin cancer cells has not been reported. In this study, the anticancer activity of PEITC towards human malignant melanoma cancer A375.S2 cells was investigated. To determine the mechanisms of PEITC inhibition of cell growth, the following end points were determined in A375.S2 cells: cell morphological changes, cell cycle arrest, DNA damage and fragmentation assays and morphological assessment of nuclear change, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Ca(2+) generations, mitochondrial membrane potential disruption, and nitric oxide and 10-N-nonyl acridine orange productions, expression and activation of caspase-3 and -9, B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)-associated X protein (Bax), Bcl-2, poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase, and cytochrome c release, apoptosis-inducing factor and endonuclease G. PEITC induced morphological changes in time- and dose-dependent manner. PEITC induced G2/M phase arrest and induced apoptosis via endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated mitochondria-dependent pathway. Western blot analysis showed that PEITC promoted Bax expression and inhibited Bcl-2 expression associated with the disintegration of the outer mitochondrial membrane causing cytochrome c release, and activation of caspase-9 and -3 cascade leading to apoptosis. We conclude that PEITC-triggered apoptotic death in A375.S2 cells occurs through ROS-mediated mitochondria-dependent pathways.

Long-term efficacy of miglustat in paediatric patients with Niemann-Pick disease type C.

Niemann-Pick disease type C (NP-C) is a rare inherited neurovisceral disease characterized by progressive neurological manifestations. Oral miglustat was first approved for the treatment of children and adults with NP-C in Europe in 2009. There are still relatively few published data on the long-term efficacy and safety of miglustat in patients with NP-C in clinical practice. We report the effects of up to 6 years of treatment with miglustat 100 mg t.i.d. in five children. Overall, 3/5 patients displayed progressive dysphagia before starting miglustat, and 4/5 showed marked cognitive and/or motor impairment. The mean age at treatment start was 11.6 years, and the median (range) duration of therapy so far is 4 (4.1 to 6.1) years. No treatment dose alterations were required, but therapy was interrupted for 1-3 months at least once in all patients due to supply issues. Swallowing function was stabilised during miglustat therapy, with no significant increase in Han dysphagia scale or aspiration-penetration index scores among four evaluable patients (p > 0.05). Scores on the mini-mental state examination indicated an improvement in cognitive function during the first 3-6 months of miglustat therapy, followed by stabilisation up to 5 years. Ambulatory function remained stable for at least the first 2 years of treatment in most patients, but there was a trend towards deterioration thereafter, possibly related to treatment interruptions. The safety/tolerability profile of miglustat was similar to previous clinical studies, although reports of gastrointestinal disturbances were rare. Overall, miglustat appeared to stabilise key parameters of neurological disease progression.

Capsaicin mediates apoptosis in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma NPC-TW 039 cells through mitochondrial depolarization and endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Capsaicin, a pungent compound found in hot chili peppers, has been reported to have antitumor activities in many human cancer cell lines, but the induction of precise apoptosis signaling pathway in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells is unclear. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanisms of capsaicin-induced apoptosis in human NPC, NPC-TW 039, cells. Effects of capsaicin involved endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, caspase-3 activation and mitochondrial depolarization. Capsaicin-induced cytotoxic effects (cell death) through G0/G1 phase arrest and induction of apoptosis of NPC-TW 039 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Capsaicin treatment triggered ER stress by promoting the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), increasing levels of inositol-requiring 1 enzyme (IRE1), growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible 153 (GADD153) and glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78). Other effects included an increase in cytosolic Ca(2+), loss of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨ(m)), releases of cytochrome c and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), and activation of caspase-9 and -3. Furthermore, capsaicin induced increases in the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 and abundance of apoptosis-related protein levels. These results suggest that ER stress- and mitochondria-mediated cell death is involved in capsaicin-induced apoptosis in NPC-TW 039 cells.

Treatment of Niemann-Pick disease type C in two children with miglustat: initial responses and maintenance of effects over 1 year.

Niemann-Pick disease type C (NP-C) is a lipid storage disorder characterized by the accumulation of unesterified cholesterol and glycolipids in the lysosomal/late endosomal system of certain cells in the central nervous system (CNS) and visceral organs. Clinical symptoms include progressive neurological deterioration and visceral organomegaly. Miglustat, a small iminosugar molecule approved for the treatment of Gaucher disease, reversibly inhibits glucosylceramide synthase, which catalyses the first committed step in glycosphingolipid synthesis. The physicochemical properties of miglustat allow it to cross the blood-brain barrier and suggest possible benefits in lysosomal storage diseases affecting the CNS. Here, we present findings in two children with NP-C, aged 14 years (patient 1) and 9 years (patient 2), treated with miglustat for 1 year. Before treatment, patient 1 presented with severe difficulties in swallowing and walking, and patient 2 with problems mostly affecting communication and social interaction. Videofluoroscopic studies in patient 1 demonstrated a substantial improvement in swallowing by month 6 of treatment, and ambulation index measurements indicated improved walking. Mini Mental-State Examination (MMSE) assessments in patient 2 showed cognitive improvement by month 6, which was sustained up to month 12. Liver/spleen volume and plasma chitotriosidase activities were stabilized in both cases. There was no weight loss during treatment. Patient 1 experienced severe but self-limiting paresthesia, which was not associated with peripheral neuropathy. We conclude that miglustat can provide therapeutic benefits in CNS symptoms and allows stabilization of systemic disease in childhood-onset NP-C. Further follow-up is crucial to determine the long-term maintenance of these effects.

Expression of multidrug resistance 1 and glutathione-S-transferase-Pi protein in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Radiotherapy is the modality of choice for the treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). However, systemic chemotherapy has recently been found to play an increasing role in the treatment of advanced or metastatic disease. The status of drug resistance gene expression that has crucial impact on chemotherapy has not been fully addressed for patients with NPC. In this study, we examined the expression of multidrug resistance 1 (MDR-1) and glutathione-S-transferase-Pi (GST-Pi) in primary, recurrent, and metastatic NPC using results of immunohistochemical examinations. The results were correlated with the expression of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent protein, latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), and clinicopathologic features, including stage, histopathologic types, and survival rates. MDR-1 protein expression was detected in 18 (12.6%) of 143 patients with primary NPC, 14 (32.6%) of 43 with recurrent NPC, and O (0%) of 20 with metastatic NPC, whereas 83 (58%) of 143 patients with primary NPC, 30 (69.8%) of 43 with recurrent NPC, and 13 (65%) of 20 with metastatic NPC expressed GST-Pi. EBV-LMP1 was expressed in 59 (41.3%) of 143 patients with primary NPC, 23 (53.5%) of 43 with recurrent NPC, and 9 (45%) of 20 with metastatic NPC. Simultaneous expression of MDR1 and GST-Pi was observed in 13 (72.2%) of 18 patients with primary NPC and 12 (85.7%) of 14 with recurrent NPC. The expression of LMP1 was detected in only 6 of the 13 patients with primary NPC and 6 of the 12 with recurrent NPC. We concluded that the expression of GST-Pi was more frequent in NPC tumor tissues than the expression of MDR-1. The expression of MDR-1 correlated with clinicopathologic features of primary NPC, including the histopathologic types and survival rates, but not with disease stage. The expression of GST-Pi did not correlate with clinicopathologic features. The expression of MDR-1 and GST-Pi did not correlate with expression of EBV-LMP1 for patients with NPC.

Comparison of anti-leukemic immunity against U937 cells in endurance athletes versus sedentary controls.

To examine whether endurance athletes have higher anti-leukemic immunity than sedentary controls or not, we isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MNC) from cyclists and sedentary controls to prepare conditioned media (CM) with various doses of phytohemagglutinin (PHA). The proliferation-inhibiting and differentiation-inducing activities of these PHA-MNC-CM on human leukemic U937 cells were investigated. Our results show that the growth inhibition activity of cyclists' PHA-MNC-CM were higher than that of controls. The dosage of PHA used to prepare MNC-CM to achieve about 90% growth inhibition was 5 microg/ml in the control group and was 2 microg/ml in the athletes group. The differentiation-inducing effects were evaluated by morphological scoring, superoxide production, and monocyte-associated antigen expression (CD14 and CD68). These three parameters all demonstrated the differentiation-inducing effect of MNC-CM increased with increasing dose of PHA. These effects were significantly greater in the athletic when compared to the sedentary control group at all doses of PHA. The levels of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma PHA-MNC-CM increased in a PHA dose-dependent manner and were much higher in the athletic group when compared to the controls. We conclude that the capacity of endurance athletes to activate anti-leukemic immunity is significantly higher than that of sedentary controls.

Internalized epidermal growth factor receptors participate in the activation of p21(ras) in fibroblasts.

Regulated activation of the highly conserved Ras GTPase is a central event in the stimulation of cell proliferation, motility, and differentiation elicited by receptor tyrosine kinases, such as the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). In fibroblasts, this involves formation and membrane localization of Shc.Grb2.Sos complexes, which increases the rate of Ras guanine nucleotide exchange. In order to control Ras-mediated cell responses, this activity is regulated by receptor down-regulation and a feedback loop involving the dual specificity kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase (MEK). We investigated the role of EGFR endocytosis in the regulation of Ras activation. Of fundamental interest is whether activated receptors in endosomes can participate in the stimulation of Ras guanine nucleotide exchange, because the constitutive membrane localization of Ras may affect its compartmentalization. By exploiting the differences in postendocytic signaling of two EGFR ligands, epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor-alpha, we found that activated EGFR located at the cell surface and in internal compartments contribute equally to the membrane recruitment and tyrosine phosphorylation of Shc in NR6 fibroblasts expressing wild-type EGFR. Importantly, both the rate of Ras-specific guanine nucleotide exchange and the level of Ras-GTP were depressed to near basal values on the time scale of receptor trafficking. Using the selective MEK inhibitor PD098059, we were able to block the feedback desensitization pathway and maintain activation of Ras. Under these conditions, the generation of Ras-GTP was not significantly affected by the subcellular location of activated EGFR. In conjunction with our previous analysis of the phospholipase C pathway in the same cell line, this suggests a selective continuation of specific signaling activities and cessation of others upon receptor endocytosis.

Oral niacin prevents photocarcinogenesis and photoimmunosuppression in mice.

Topical nicotinamide (niacinamide) has demonstrable preventive activity against photocarcinogenesis in mice. To better understand how this vitamin prevents ultraviolet (UV) carcinogenesis, we tested systemic administration of another form of the vitamin, niacin, and its capacity to elevate cutaneous nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) content as well as to decrease photoimmunosuppression and photocarcinogenesis. BALB/cAnNTacfBR mice were fed the AIN-76A diet supplemented with 0%, 0.1%, 0.5%, or 1.0% niacin throughout the experiment. UV irradiation consisted of five 30-minute exposures per week to banks of six FS40 Westinghouse sunlamps for 22 weeks in the carcinogenesis experiments, yielding a total cumulative dose of approximately 1.41 x 10(6) Jm-2 of UV-B radiation. Dietary supplementation with 0.1%, 0.5%, or 1.0% niacin reduced the control incidence of skin cancer from 68% to 60%, 48%, and 28%, respectively, at 26.5 weeks after the first UV treatment. Two potential mechanisms by which niacin prevents tumor formation were identified. Photoimmunosuppression, critical for photocarcinogenesis, is measured by a passive transfer assay. Syngeneic, antigenic tumor challenges grew to an average of 91.6 +/- 19.7, 79.8 +/- 11.5, 41.9 +/- 11.7, or 13.2 +/- 4.1 mm2 in naive recipients of splenocytes from UV-irradiated mice treated with 0%, 0.1%, 0.5%, or 1.0% niacin supplementation, respectively, demonstrating niacin prevention of immunosuppression. Niacin supplementation elevated skin NAD content, which is known to modulate the function of DNA strand scission surveillance proteins p53 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, two proteins critical in cellular responses to UV-induced DNA damage. These results clearly demonstrate a dose-dependent preventive effect of oral niacin on photocarcinogenesis and photoimmunosuppression and establish the capacity of oral niacin to elevate skin NAD levels.

Mapping the role of NAD metabolism in prevention and treatment of carcinogenesis.

Studies presented here show that cellular NAD, which we hypothesize to be the relevant biomarker of niacin status, is significantly lower in humans than in the commonly studied animal models of carcinogenesis. We show that nicotinamide and the resulting cellular NAD concentration modulate expression of the tumor suppressor protein, p53, in human breast, skin, and lung cells. Studies to determine the optimal NAD concentrations for responding to DNA damage in breast epithelial cells reveal that DNA damage appears to stimulate NAD biosynthesis and that recovery from DNA damage occurs several hours earlier in the presence of higher NAD or in cells undergoing active NAD biosynthesis. Finally, analyses of normal human skin tissue from individuals diagnosed with actinic keratoses or squamous cell carcinomas show that NAD content of the skin is inversely correlated with the malignant phenotype. Since NAD is important in modulating ADP-ribose polymer metabolism, cyclic ADP-ribose synthesis, and stress response proteins, such as p53, following DNA damage, understanding how NAD metabolism is regulated in the human has important implications in developing both prevention and treatment strategies in carcinogenesis.

Thioredoxin peroxidase (natural killer enhancing factor) regulation of activator protein-1 function in endothelial cells.

Thioredoxin peroxidase-1 (TxP-1), originally cloned as natural killer enhancing factor-B, belongs to a highly conserved antioxidant family. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) activates the expression of activator protein-1 (AP-1) responsive genes. We show here that over-expression of TxP-1 blocks TNF-induced AP-1 activation in endothelial ECV304 cells, which was demonstrated by three independent experimental protocols: electromobility shift assay with AP-1 oligonucleotide probe; reporter gene expression with AP-1 binding site, and interleukin-8 production, which is dependent on AP-1. These results are consistent with the role of TxP-1 as an antioxidant and the previous reports that TNF-induced reactive oxygen species were responsible for AP-1 activation.

The antiallergic activities of synthetic acrophylline and acrophyllidine.

The antiallergic activities of synthetic acrophylline [1] and acrophyllidine [2] have been demonstrated. Both compounds 1 and 2 at 30 mumol/kg reduced the plasma leakage in mouse ear in a passive cutaneous anaphylactic (PCA) reaction. In addition, compound 1 suppressed mast cell degranulation in a dose-dependent manner, while compound 2 at 100 microM produced no significant inhibition of the release of preformed inflammatory mediators. These results suggest that the antiallergic effect of compound 1 probably occurs through the suppression of mast cell degranulation, and that of compound 2 by protection of the vasculature against challenge by mediators of inflammation.