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BACKGROUND: Ibrutinib is a first-in-class inhibitor of Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK). We previously reported the safety and short-term antitumor activity of ibrutinib in 20 patients with relapsed or refractory (r/r) primary (PCNSL) or secondary CNS lymphoma (SCNSL). PATIENTS AND METHODS: We enrolled 26 additional patients with r/r PCNSL/SCNSL into the dose-expansion cohort of the trial into a combined cohort of 46 patients (31 PCNSLs, 15 SCNSLs). Patients received ibrutinib at 560mg or 840mg daily in the dose-escalation and 840mg daily in the expansion cohort. Median follow up was 49.9 and 62.1 months for patients with PCNSL and SCNSL, respectively. We sequenced DNA from available tumor biopsies and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collected before and during ibrutinib therapy. RESULTS: Tumor responses were observed in 23/31 (74%) PCNSLs and 9/15 (60%) SCNSLs, including 12 complete responses in PCNSL and 7 in SCNSL. Median progression-free survival (PFS) for PCNSL was 4.5 months (95%CI: 2.8-9.2) with 1y-PFS at 23.7% (95%CI: 12.4%-45.1%). Median duration of response (DOR) in the 23 PCNSL responders was 5.5 months. Median PFS in SCNSL was 5.3 months (95%CI: 1.3-14.5) with a median DOR 8.7 months for the 9 responders. Exploratory biomarker analysis suggests that mutations in TBL1XR1 may be associated with a long-term response to ibrutinib in PCNSL (p=0.0075). Clearance of circulating tumor DNA from CSF was associated with complete and long-term ibrutinib response. CONCLUSIONS: Our study confirms single-agent activity of ibrutinib in r/r CNS lymphoma and identifies molecular determinants of response based on long-term follow up. CLINICAL TRIAL INFORMATION: NCT02315326.
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PURPOSE: High-dose methotrexate (HD-MTX) is the backbone of curative therapy for CNS lymphoma. Because of toxicity, MTX is administered in the inpatient setting along with hyperhydration and monitoring until MTX clearance is documented (3-5 days). Frequent hospitalizations result in patient time away from work, home, and exposure to potential iatrogenic/nosocomial complications. Here, we aim to demonstrate feasibility of HD-MTX administration in the outpatient setting with low-dose glucarpidase facilitating clearance. METHODS: This is a prospective nonrandomized study of outpatient HD-MTX followed by glucarpidase 2000u (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03684980). Eligible patients had CNS lymphoma, creatinine <1.3 mg/dL, and previously tolerated HD-MTX. Patients were enrolled between May 2020 December 2021 for one HD-MTX treatment. Patients could re-enroll for subsequent doses of HD-MTX as eligibility and slots permitted. MTX 3.5 g/m2 was administered once over 2 hours, preceded by standard hydration and followed by an additional 2 hours of dextrose 5% in water with NaHCO3 75 mEq at 150 cc/h. Glucarpidase 2000u was administered once in the clinic 24 hours later. The primary end point was MTX level 48 hours after HD-MTX. RESULTS: Twenty doses of outpatient HD-MTX with glucarpidase were administered to seven patients. After 20 of 20 (100%) treatments, serum MTX levels were reduced to <100 nmol/L. Treatments were well-tolerated, and no admissions were required. One patient received additional outpatient hydration for elevated creatinine. Development of antiglucarpidase antibody was rare and did not affect treatment. CONCLUSION: Outpatient HD-MTX with glucarpidase is safe and well-tolerated and has the potential to alter standard treatment for CNS lymphoma.
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PURPOSE: The genomic landscape of gliomas has been characterized and now contributes to disease classification, yet the relationship between molecular profile and disease progression and treatment response remain poorly understood.Experimental Design: We integrated prospective clinical sequencing of 1,004 primary and recurrent tumors from 923 glioma patients with clinical and treatment phenotypes. RESULTS: Thirteen percent of glioma patients harbored a pathogenic germline variant, including a subset associated with heritable genetic syndromes and variants mediating DNA repair dysfunctions (29% of the total) that were associated with somatic biallelic inactivation and mechanism-specific somatic phenotypes. In astrocytomas, genomic alterations in effectors of cell-cycle progression correlated with aggressive disease independent of IDH mutation status, arose preferentially in enhancing tumors (44% vs. 8%, P < 0.001), were associated with rapid disease progression following tumor recurrence (HR = 2.6, P = 0.02), and likely preceded the acquisition of alkylating therapy-associated somatic hypermutation. Thirty-two percent of patients harbored a potentially therapeutically actionable lesion, of whom 11% received targeted therapies. In BRAF-mutant gliomas, response to agents targeting the RAF/MEK/ERK signaling axis was influenced by the type of mutation, its clonality, and its cellular and genomic context. CONCLUSIONS: These data reveal genomic correlates of disease progression and treatment response in diverse types of glioma and highlight the potential utility of incorporating genomic information into the clinical decision-making for patients with glioma.
