Vitamin D Deficiency, Inflammation, and Diminished Endogenous Regenerative Capacity in Coronary Heart Disease.

Background: Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is associated with coronary heart disease (CHD) and poor outcomes, but supplementation does not improve prognosis. VDD has been implicated in and may promote greater risk through inflammation and impaired progenitor cell function. Objectives: The authors examined VDD, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), circulating progenitor cell (CPC) counts, and outcomes in patients with CHD. They hypothesized that the higher risk with VDD is mediated by inflammation and impaired regenerative capacity. Methods: A total of 5,452 individuals with CHD in the Emory Cardiovascular Biobank had measurement of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, subsets of whom had hsCRP measurements and CPCs estimated as CD34-expressing mononuclear cell counts. Findings were validated in an independent cohort. 25-hydroxyvitamin D <20 ng/mL was considered VDD. Cox and Fine-Gray models determined associations between marker levels and: 1) all-cause mortality; 2) cardiovascular mortality; and 3) major adverse cardiovascular events, a composite of adverse CHD outcomes. Results: VDD (43.6% of individuals) was associated with higher adjusted cardiovascular mortality (HR: 1.57, 95% CI: 1.09-2.28). There were significant interactions between VDD and hsCRP and CPC counts in predicting cardiovascular mortality. Individuals with both VDD and elevated hsCRP had the greatest risk (HR: 2.82, 95% CI: 2.16-3.67). Only individuals with both VDD and low CPC counts were at high risk (HR: 2.25, 95% CI: 1.46-3.46). These findings were reproduced in the validation cohort. Conclusions: VDD predicts adverse outcomes in CHD. Those with VDD, inflammation and/or diminished regenerative capacity are at a significantly greater risk of cardiovascular mortality. Whether targeted supplementation in these high-risk groups improves risk warrants further study.

Metabolomic signatures of ideal cardiovascular health in black adults.

Plasma metabolomics profiling is an emerging methodology to identify metabolic pathways underlying cardiovascular health (CVH). The objective of this study was to define metabolomic profiles underlying CVH in a cohort of Black adults, a population that is understudied but suffers from disparate levels of CVD risk factors. The Morehouse-Emory Cardiovascular (MECA) Center for Health Equity study cohort consisted of 375 Black adults (age 53 ± 10, 39% male) without known CVD. CVH was determined by the AHA Life's Simple 7 (LS7) score, calculated from measured blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), fasting blood glucose and total cholesterol, and self-reported physical activity, diet, and smoking. Plasma metabolites were assessed using untargeted high-resolution metabolomics profiling. A metabolome wide association study (MWAS) identified metabolites associated with LS7 score after adjusting for age and sex. Using Mummichog software, metabolic pathways that were significantly enriched in metabolites associated with LS7 score were identified. Metabolites representative of these pathways were compared across clinical domains of LS7 score and then developed into a metabolomics risk score for prediction of CVH. We identified novel metabolomic signatures and pathways associated with CVH in a cohort of Black adults without known CVD. Representative and highly prevalent metabolites from these pathways included glutamine, glutamate, urate, tyrosine and alanine, the concentrations of which varied with BMI, fasting glucose, and blood pressure levels. When assessed in conjunction, these metabolites were independent predictors of CVH. One SD increase in the novel metabolomics risk score was associated with a 0.88 higher LS7 score, which translates to a 10.4% lower incident CVD risk. We identified novel metabolomic signatures of ideal CVH in a cohort of Black Americans, showing that a core group of metabolites central to nitrogen balance, bioenergetics, gluconeogenesis, and nucleotide synthesis were associated with CVH in this population.

Aggregate Clinical and Biomarker-Based Model Predicts Adverse Outcomes in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease.

Despite guideline-based therapy, patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) are at widely variable risk for cardiovascular events. This variability demands a more individualized risk assessment. Herein, we evaluate the prognostic value of 6 biomarkers: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, heat shock protein-70, fibrin degradation products, soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor, high-sensitivity troponin I, and B-type natriuretic peptide. We then develop a multi-biomarker-based cardiovascular event prediction model for patients with stable CAD. In total, 3,115 subjects with stable CAD who underwent cardiac catheterization at Emory (mean age 62.8 years, 17% Black, 35% female, 57% obstructive CAD, 31% diabetes mellitus) were randomized into a training cohort to identify biomarker cutoff values and a validation cohort for prediction assessment. Main outcomes included (1) all-cause death and (2) a composite of cardiovascular death and nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI) within 5 years. Elevation of each biomarker level was associated with higher event rates in the training cohort. A biomarker risk score was created using optimal cutoffs, ranging from 0 to 6 for each biomarker exceeding its cutoff. In the validation cohort, each unit increase in the biomarker risk score was independently associated with all-cause death (hazard ratio 1.62, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.45 to 1.80) and cardiovascular death/MI (hazard ratio 1.52, 95% CI 1.35 to 1.71). A biomarker risk prediction model for cardiovascular death/MI improved the c-statistic (∆ 6.4%, 95% CI 3.9 to 8.8) and net reclassification index by 31.1% (95% CI 24 to 37), compared with clinical risk factors alone. Integrating multiple biomarkers with clinical variables refines cardiovascular risk assessment in patients with CAD.

Neighborhood characteristics and arterial stiffness among Black adults - Results from the Jackson Heart Study and Morehouse-Emory Cardiovascular Center for Health Equity.

INTRODUCTION: Poor quality neighborhood environments are independent risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) but are understudied in Black adults, who face large CVD health disparities. Arterial stiffness, a marker of early vascular aging, precedes development of hypertension and adverse CVD events but the effect of neighborhood on arterial stiffness among Black adults remains unknown. OBJECTIVE: We compared the association between neighborhood environment and arterial stiffness among Black adults in Jackson, MS and Atlanta, GA. METHODS: We studied 1582 Black adults (mean age 53 ± 10, 35% male) living in Jackson, MS from the Jackson Heart Study (JHS) and 451 Black adults (mean age 53 ± 10, 39% male) living in Atlanta, GA from the Morehouse-Emory Cardiovascular Center for Health Equity (MECA) study, without known CVD. Neighborhood problems (includes measures of aesthetic quality, walking environment, food access), social cohesion (includes activity with neighbors), and violence/safety were assessed using validated questionnaires. Arterial stiffness was measured as pulse wave velocity (PWV) using magnetic resonance imaging in JHS and as PWV and augmentation index (AIx) using applanation tonometry (SphygmoCor, Inc.) in MECA. Multivariable linear regression models were used to examine the association between neighborhood characteristics and arterial stiffness, adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS: Improved social characteristics, measured as social cohesion in JHS (ß = -0.32 [-0.63, -0.02], p = 0.04) and activity with neighbors (ß = -0.23 [-0.40, -0.05], p = 0.01) in MECA, were associated with lower PWV in both cohorts and lower AIx (ß = -1.74 [-2.92, - 0.56], p = 0.004) in MECA, after adjustment for CVD risk factors and income. Additionally, in MECA, better food access (ß = -1.18 [-2.35, - 0.01], p = 0.05) was associated with lower AIx and, in JHS, lower neighborhood problems (ß = -0.33 [-0.64, - 0.02], p = 0.04) and lower violence (ß = -0.30 [-0.61, 0.002], p = 0.05) were associated with lower PWV. CONCLUSION: Neighborhood social characteristics show an independent association with the vascular health of Black adults, findings that were reproducible in two distinct American cities.

Circulating progenitor cells and outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease.

BACKGROUND: Low quantities of circulating progenitor cells (CPCs), specifically CD34+ populations, reflect impairment of intrinsic regenerative capacity. This study investigates the relationship between subsets of CPCs and adverse outcomes. METHODS: 1366 individuals undergoing angiography for evaluation of coronary artery disease (CAD) were enrolled into the Emory Cardiovascular Biobank. Flow cytometry identified CPCs as CD45med blood mononuclear cells expressing the CD34 epitope, with further enumeration of hematopoietic CPCs as CD133+/CXCR4+ cells and endothelial CPCs as vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR2+) cells. Adjusted Cox or Fine and Gray's sub-distribution hazard regression models analyzed the relationship between CPCs and 1) all-cause death and 2) a composite of cardiovascular death and non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI). RESULTS: Over a median 3.1-year follow-up period (IQR 1.3-4.9), there were 221 (16.6%) all-cause deaths and 172 (12.9%) cardiovascular deaths/MIs. Hematopoietic CPCs were highly correlated, and the CD34+/CXCR4+ subset was the best independent predictor. Lower counts (≤median) of CD34+/CXCR4+ and CD34+/VEGFR2+ cells independently predicted all-cause mortality (HR 1.46 [95% CI 1.06-2.01], p = 0.02 and 1.59 [95% CI 1.15-2.18], p = 0.004) and cardiovascular death/MI (HR 1.50 [95% CI 1.04-2.17], p = 0.03 and 1.47 [95% CI 1.01-2.03], p = 0.04). A combination of low CD34+/CXCR4+ and CD34+/VEGFR2+ CPCs predicted all-cause death (HR 2.1, 95% CI 1.4-3.0; p = 0.0002) and cardiovascular death/MI (HR 2.0, 95% CI 1.3-3.2; p = 0.002) compared to those with both lineages above the cut-offs. CONCLUSIONS: Lower levels of hematopoietic and endothelial CPCs indicate diminished endogenous regenerative capacity and independently correlate with greater mortality and cardiovascular risk in patients with CAD.

County-Level Social Vulnerability is Associated With In-Hospital Death and Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19: An Analysis of the American Heart Association COVID-19 Cardiovascular Disease Registry.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately affected low-income and racial/ethnic minority populations in the United States. However, it is unknown whether hospitalized patients with COVID-19 from socially vulnerable communities experience higher rates of death and/or major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs). Thus, we evaluated the association between county-level social vulnerability and in-hospital mortality and MACE in a national cohort of hospitalized COVID-19 patients. METHODS: Our study population included patients with COVID-19 in the American Heart Association COVID-19 Cardiovascular Disease Registry across 107 US hospitals between January 14, 2020 to November 30, 2020. The Social Vulnerability Index (SVI), a composite measure of community vulnerability developed by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, was used to classify the county-level social vulnerability of patients' place of residence. We fit a hierarchical logistic regression model with hospital-level random intercepts to evaluate the association of SVI with in-hospital mortality and MACE. RESULTS: Among 16 939 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in the registry, 5065 (29.9%) resided in the most vulnerable communities (highest national quartile of SVI). Compared with those in the lowest quartile of SVI, patients in the highest quartile were younger (age 60.2 versus 62.3 years) and more likely to be Black adults (36.7% versus 12.2%) and Medicaid-insured (31.1% versus 23.0%). After adjustment for demographics (age, sex, race/ethnicity) and insurance status, the highest quartile of SVI (compared with the lowest) was associated with higher likelihood of in-hospital mortality (OR, 1.25 [1.03-1.53]; P=0.03) and MACE (OR, 1.26 [95% CI, 1.05-1.50]; P=0.01). These findings were not attenuated after accounting for clinical comorbidities and acuity of illness on admission. CONCLUSIONS: Patients hospitalized with COVID-19 residing in more socially vulnerable communities experienced higher rates of in-hospital mortality and MACE, independent of race, ethnicity, and several clinical factors. Clinical and health system strategies are needed to improve health outcomes for socially vulnerable patients.

Association of physical activity with arterial stiffness among Black adults.

Arterial stiffness is a precursor for the development of hypertension and premature cardiovascular disease (CVD). Physical activity has been associated with lower arterial stiffness among largely White populations, but the types of activity required and whether these findings apply to Black adults remain unknown. We examined whether physical activity levels were associated with arterial stiffness among Black adults in two independent cohorts. In the Morehouse-Emory Cardiovascular (MECA) Center for Health Equity, 378 Black adults (age 52.8 ± 10.3, 39.7% male) without known CVD living in Atlanta, GA were recruited. Arterial stiffness was measured as pulse wave velocity (PWV). Total and domain-specific physical activity were assessed by self-report. Multiple linear regression models were used to investigate differences across physical activity levels after adjusting for age, sex, CVD risk factors, and socioeconomic status. Findings were validated in an independent cohort of Black adults (n = 55, age 50.4 ± 9.2, 23.6% male). After adjustment for covariates, lower arterial stiffness was associated with higher self-reported levels of sport/exercise (6.92 ± 1.13 vs 7.75 ± 1.14, p < 0.001, highest vs lowest quartile) and home/life activities (7.34 ± 1.24 vs 7.73 ± 1.07, p = 0.04, highest vs lowest quartile), but not work, active living, or the overall physical activity scores. These findings were replicated in the independent cohort where higher levels of sport/exercise remained associated with lower arterial stiffness (6.66 ± 0.57 vs 8.21 ± 0.66, p < 0.001, highest vs lowest quartile). Higher levels of sport/exercise and home/life-related physical activities (in comparison to occupational physical activity) are associated with lower arterial stiffness in Black adults.

Usefulness of Restless Legs Symptoms to Predict Adverse Cardiovascular Outcomes in Men With Coronary Artery Disease.

The relationship between restless legs syndrome (RLS) and cardiovascular disease remains enigmatic in the general population, and its prognostic value in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) is unknown. In this study, the frequency of RLS-like symptoms was assessed using a validated instrument in 3,266 patients undergoing cardiac catheterization (mean age 64 years, 62% male, 23% Black, and 74% with obstructive CAD). Patients were followed for primary end points of cardiovascular death or incident myocardial infarction. Fine and Gray hazard models explored the association between RLS and incident events after adjustment for demographic and clinical risk factors. In the total cohort, 29% of patients reported mild (rare or sometimes) symptoms, and 15% of patients had moderate/severe (often to almost always) symptoms of RLS. Female sex (odds ratio [OR] 2.11, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.68 to 2.57), body mass index (OR 1.12 per 5 kg/m2, 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.22), diabetes (OR 1.43, 95%,1.15 to 1.79), and ß-blocker use (OR 1.35, 95% CI, 1.07 to 1.72) were independently associated with moderate/severe symptoms of RLS compared with no symptoms. Over a 5-year follow-up period, 991 patients suffered an adverse event. Compared with those with no symptoms, patients with moderate/severe RLS had significantly higher risk of the primary end point (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.33, 95%),CI 1.01 to 1.76) after adjustment for demographic and clinical risk factors. The association was more significant in men than women, HR 1.98, 95% CI, 1.41 to 2.78 versus HR 0.99 (,95% CI, 0.64 to 1.52, p interaction= 0.013. In conclusion, among men with CAD, moderate-to-severe symptoms of RLS are associated with significantly higher risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes, independent of traditional risk factors.

Neighborhood characteristics and ideal cardiovascular health among Black adults: results from the Morehouse-Emory Cardiovascular (MECA) Center for Health Equity.

PURPOSE: Neighborhood environment is increasingly recognized as an important determinant of cardiovascular health (CVH) among Black adults. Most research to date has focused on negative aspects of the neighborhood environment, with little attention being paid to the specific positive features, in particular the social environment, that promote cardiovascular resilience among Black adults.We examined whether better neighborhood physical and social characteristics are associated with ideal CVH among Black adults, as measured by Life's Simple 7 (LS7) scores. METHODS: We recruited 392 Black adults (age 53 ± 10 years, 39% men) without known CV disease living in Atlanta, GA. Seven neighborhood domains were assessed via questionnaire: asthetic quality, walking environment, safety, food access, social cohesion, activity with neighbors, and violence. CVH was determined by LS7 scores calculated from measured blood pressure; glucose; cholesterol; body mass index (BMI); and self-reported exercise, diet, and smoking, and categorized into poor (0-8), intermediate (9-10), and ideal (11-14). Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine the association between neighborhood characteristics and the odds of intermediate/ideal CVH categories compared with poor CVH after adjustment for age, gender, household income, education, marital status, and employment status. RESULTS: Better scores in the neighborhood domains of social cohesion and activity with neighbors were significantly associated with higher adjusted odds of ideal LS7 scores (OR 2.02, 95% CI [1.36-3.01] and 1.71 [1.20-2.45] per 1 standard deviation [SD] increase in respective scores). These associations were stronger for both social cohesion (OR 2.61, 95% CI [1.48-4.61] vs. 1.40 [0.82-2.40]) and activity with neighbors (OR 1.82, 95% CI [1.15-2.86] vs. 1.53 [0.84-2.78]) in Black women than men. Specifically, better scores in social cohesion were associated with higher odds of ideal CVH in exercise (OR 1.73 [1.16-2.59]), diet (OR 1.90 [1.11-3.26]), and BMI (OR 1.52 [1.09-2.09]); better scores in activity with neighbors were also similarly associated with higher odds of ideal CVH in exercise (OR 1.48 [1.00-2.19]), diet (OR 2.15 [1.23-3.77]), and BMI (OR 1.45 [1.07-1.98]; per 1 SD in respective scores). CONCLUSIONS: More desirable neighborhood characteristics, particularly social cohesion and activity with neighbors, were associated with better CVH among Black adults.

Association Between Early Trauma and Ideal Cardiovascular Health Among Black Americans: Results From the Morehouse-Emory Cardiovascular (MECA) Center for Health Equity.

BACKGROUND: Early trauma (general, emotional, physical, and sexual abuse before age 18 years) has been associated with both cardiovascular disease risk and lifestyle-related risk factors for cardiovascular disease, including smoking, obesity, and physical inactivity. Despite higher prevalence, the association between early trauma and cardiovascular health (CVH) has been understudied in Black Americans, especially those from low-income backgrounds, who may be doubly vulnerable. Therefore, we investigated the association between early trauma and CVH, particularly among low-income Black Americans. METHODS: We recruited 457 Black adults (age 53±10, 38% male) without known cardiovascular disease from the Atlanta, GA, metropolitan area using personalized, community-based recruitment methods. The Early Trauma Inventory was administered to assess overall early traumatic life experiences which include physical, sexual, emotional abuse, and general trauma. Our primary outcome was the American Heart Association Life's Simple 7, which is a set of 7 CVH metrics, including 4 lifestyle-related factors (smoking, body mass index, physical activity, and diet) and three physiologically measured health factors (blood pressure, total blood cholesterol, and blood glucose). We used linear regression models adjusting for age, sex, socioeconomic status, and depression to test the association between early trauma and CVH and tested the early trauma by household income (<$50 000) interaction. RESULTS: Higher levels of early trauma were associated with lower Life's Simple 7 scores (ß, -0.05 [95% CI, -0.09 to -0.01], P=0.02, per 1 unit increase in the Early Trauma Inventory score) among lower, but not higher, income Black participants (P value for interaction=0.04). Subtypes of early trauma linked to Life's Simple 7 were general trauma, emotional abuse, and sexual abuse. Exploratory analyses demonstrated that early trauma was only associated with the body mass index and smoking components of Life's Simple 7. CONCLUSIONS: Early trauma, including general trauma, emotional abuse, and sexual abuse, may be associated with worse CVH among low-, but not higher-income Black adults.

Temporal trends in the association of social vulnerability and race/ethnicity with county-level COVID-19 incidence and outcomes in the USA: an ecological analysis.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic adversely affected the socially vulnerable and minority communities in the USA initially, but the temporal trends during the year-long pandemic remain unknown. OBJECTIVE: We examined the temporal association of county-level Social Vulnerability Index (SVI), a percentile-based measure of social vulnerability to disasters, its subcomponents and race/ethnic composition with COVID-19 incidence and mortality in the USA in the year starting in March 2020. METHODS: Counties (n=3091) with ≥50 COVID-19 cases by 6 March 2021 were included in the study. Associations between SVI (and its subcomponents) and county-level racial composition with incidence and death per capita were assessed by fitting a negative-binomial mixed-effects model. This model was also used to examine potential time-varying associations between weekly number of cases/deaths and SVI or racial composition. Data were adjusted for percentage of population aged ≥65 years, state-level testing rate, comorbidities using the average Hierarchical Condition Category score, and environmental factors including average fine particulate matter of diameter ≥2.5 µm, temperature and precipitation. RESULTS: Higher SVI, indicative of greater social vulnerability, was independently associated with higher COVID-19 incidence (adjusted incidence rate ratio per 10 percentile increase: 1.02, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.03, p<0.001) and death per capita (1.04, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.05, p<0.001). SVI became an independent predictor of incidence starting from March 2020, but this association became weak or insignificant by the winter, a period that coincided with a sharp increase in infection rates and mortality, and when counties with higher proportion of white residents were disproportionately represented ('third wave'). By spring of 2021, SVI was again a predictor of COVID-19 outcomes. Counties with greater proportion of black residents also observed similar temporal trends in COVID-19-related adverse outcomes. Counties with greater proportion of Hispanic residents had worse outcomes throughout the duration of the analysis. CONCLUSION: Except for the winter 'third wave', when majority of the white communities had the highest incidence of cases, counties with greater social vulnerability and proportionately higher minority populations experienced worse COVID-19 outcomes.

Ecological Analysis of the Temporal Trends in the Association of Social Vulnerability and Race/Ethnicity with County-Level COVID-19 Incidence and Outcomes in the United States.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic adversely affected the socially vulnerable and minority communities in the U.S. initially, but the temporal trends during the year-long pandemic remain unknown. Objective: We examined the temporal association between the county-level Social Vulnerability Index (SVI), a percentile-based measure of social vulnerability to disasters, its subcomponents and race/ethnic composition with COVID-19 incidence and mortality in the U.S. in the year starting in March 2020. Methods: Counties (n=3091) with ≥ 50 COVID-19 cases by March 6th, 2021 were included in the study. Associations between SVI (and its subcomponents) and county level racial composition with the incidence and death per capita were assessed by fitting a negative-binomial mixed-effects model. This model was also used to examine potential time varying associations between weekly number of cases/deaths and SVI or racial composition. Data was adjusted for percentage of population aged ≥65 years, state level testing rate, comorbidities using the average Hierarchical Condition Category (HCC) score, and environmental factors including average fine particulate matter (PM2.5), temperature and precipitation. Results: Higher SVI, indicative of greater social vulnerability, was independently associated with higher COVID-19 incidence (adjusted incidence rate ratio [IRR] per-10 percentile increase:1.02, (95% CI 1.02, 1.03, p<0.001), and death per capita (1.04, (95% CI 1.04, 1.05, p<0.001). SVI became an independent predictor of incidence starting from March 2020, but this association became weak or insignificant by the winter, a period that coincided with a sharp increase in infection rates and mortality, and when counties with higher proportion of White residents were disproportionately represented ("third wave"). By Spring of 2021, SVI was again a predictor of COVID-19 outcomes. Counties with greater proportion of Black residents also observed similar temporal trends COVID-19-related adverse outcomes. Counties with greater proportion of Hispanic residents had worse outcomes throughout the duration of the analysis. Conclusion: Except for the winter "third wave" when majority White communities had the highest incidence of cases, counties with greater social vulnerability and proportionately higher minority populations, experienced worse COVID-19 outcomes.

Vascular Regenerative Capacity and the Obesity Paradox in Coronary Artery Disease.

[Figure: see text].

Individual Psychosocial Resilience, Neighborhood Context, and Cardiovascular Health in Black Adults: A Multilevel Investigation From the Morehouse-Emory Cardiovascular Center for Health Equity Study.

BACKGROUND: Despite well-documented cardiovascular disparities between racial groups, within-race determinants of cardiovascular health among Black adults remain understudied. Factors promoting cardiovascular resilience among Black adults in particular warrant further investigation. Our objective was to examine whether individual psychosocial resilience and neighborhood-level cardiovascular resilience were associated with better cardiovascular health in Black adults, measured utilizing Life's Simple 7 (LS7) scores. METHODS: We assessed LS7 scores in 389 Black adults (mean age, 53±10 years; 39% men) living in Atlanta, Georgia. A composite score of individual psychosocial resilience was created by assessing environmental mastery, purpose in life, optimism, resilient coping, and depressive symptoms. Neighborhood-level cardiovascular resilience was separately determined by the census tract-level rates of cardiovascular mortality/morbidity events. Generalized linear mixed regression models were used to examine the association between individual psychosocial resilience, neighborhood cardiovascular resilience, and LS7 scores. RESULTS: Higher individual psychosocial resilience was significantly associated with higher LS7 (ß=0.38 [0.16-0.59] per 1 SD) after adjustment for sociodemographic factors. Similarly, higher neighborhood-level cardiovascular resilience was significantly associated with higher LS7 (ß=0.23 [0.02-0.45] per 1 SD). When jointly examined, high individual psychosocial resilience (>median) was independently associated with higher LS7 (ß=0.73 [0.31-1.17]), whereas living in high-resilience neighborhoods (>median) was not. The largest difference in LS7 score was between those with high and low psychosocial resilience living in low-resilience neighborhoods (8.38 [7.90-8.86] versus 7.42 [7.04-7.79]). CONCLUSIONS: Individual psychosocial resilience in Black adults is associated with better cardiovascular health.

Circulating Progenitor Cells in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease and Renal Insufficiency.

Patients with coronary artery disease and renal insufficiency (RI) (estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 ml/min/1.73 m2) are at an increased risk of cardiovascular events. The contribution of regenerative capacity, measured as circulating progenitor cell (CPC) counts, to this increased risk is unclear. CPCs were enumerated as cluster of differentiation (CD) 45med+ mononuclear cells expressing CD34+, CD133+, CXCR4+ (chemokine [C-X-C motif] receptor 4), and VEGF2R+ (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2) epitopes in 1,281 subjects with coronary artery disease (35% with RI). Patients with RI and low (median) were at a similar risk as those without RI.

Impact of Social Vulnerability on COVID-19 Incidence and Outcomes in the United States.

Importance Prior pandemics have disparately affected socially vulnerable communities. Whether regional variations in social vulnerability to disasters influence COVID-19 outcomes and incidence in the U.S. is unknown. Objective To examine the association of Social Vulnerability Index (SVI), a percentile-based measure of county-level social vulnerability to disasters, and its sub-components (socioeconomic status, household composition, minority status, and housing type/transportation accessibility) with the case fatality rate (CFR) and incidence of COVID-19. Design Ecological study of counties with at least 50 confirmed COVID-19 cases as of April 4th, 2020. Generalized linear mixed-effects models with state-level clustering were applied to estimate county-level associations of overall SVI and its sub-component scores with COVID-19 CFR (deaths/100 cases) and incidence (cases/1000 population), adjusting for population percentage aged >65 years, and for comorbidities using the average Hierarchical Condition Category (HCC) score. Counties with high SVI (≥median) and high CFR (≥median) were identified. Setting Population-based study of U.S. county-level data. Participants U.S. counties with at least 50 confirmed COVID-19 cases. Main outcomes and measures COVID-19 CFR and incidence. Results Data from 433 counties including 283,256 cases and 6,644 deaths were analyzed. Median SVI was 0.46 [Range: 0.01-1.00], and median CFR and incidence were 1.9% [Range: 0-13.3] and 1.2 per 1000 people [Range: 0.6-38.8], respectively. Higher SVI, indicative of greater social vulnerability, was associated with higher CFR (RR: 1.19 [1.05, 1.34], p=0.005, per-1 unit increase), an association that strengthened after adjustment for age>65 years and comorbidities (RR: 1.63 [1.38, 1.91], p<0.001), and was further confirmed in a sensitivity analysis limited to six states with the highest testing levels. Although the association between overall SVI and COVID-19 incidence was not significant, the SVI sub-components of socioeconomic status and minority status were both predictors of higher incidence and CFR. A combination of high SVI (≥0.46) and high adjusted CFR (≥2.3%) was observed in 28.9% of counties. Conclusions and Relevance Social vulnerability is associated with higher COVID-19 case fatality. High social vulnerability and CFR coexist in more than 1 in 4 U.S. counties. These counties should be targeted by public policy interventions to help alleviate the pandemic burden on the most vulnerable population.

Cardiovascular Risk and Resilience Among Black Adults: Rationale and Design of the MECA Study.

Background Cardiovascular disease incidence, prevalence, morbidity, and mortality have declined in the past several decades; however, disparities persist among subsets of the population. Notably, blacks have not experienced the same improvements on the whole as whites. Furthermore, frequent reports of relatively poorer health statistics among the black population have led to a broad assumption that black race reliably predicts relatively poorer health outcomes. However, substantial intraethnic and intraracial heterogeneity exists; moreover, individuals with similar risk factors and environmental exposures are often known to experience vastly different cardiovascular health outcomes. Thus, some individuals have good outcomes even in the presence of cardiovascular risk factors, a concept known as resilience. Methods and Results The MECA (Morehouse-Emory Center for Health Equity) Study was designed to investigate the multilevel exposures that contribute to "resilience" in the face of risk for poor cardiovascular health among blacks in the greater Atlanta, GA, metropolitan area. We used census tract data to determine "at-risk" and "resilient" neighborhoods with high or low prevalence of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, based on cardiovascular death, hospitalization, and emergency department visits for blacks. More than 1400 individuals from these census tracts assented to demographic, health, and psychosocial questionnaires administered through telephone surveys. Afterwards, ≈500 individuals were recruited to enroll in a clinical study, where risk biomarkers, such as oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers, endothelial progenitor cells, metabolomic and microRNA profiles, and subclinical vascular dysfunction were measured. In addition, comprehensive behavioral questionnaires were collected and ideal cardiovascular health metrics were assessed using the American Heart Association's Life Simple 7 measure. Last, 150 individuals with low Life Simple 7 were recruited and randomized to a behavioral mobile health (eHealth) plus health coach or eHealth only intervention and followed up for improvement. Conclusions The MECA Study is investigating socioenvironmental and individual behavioral measures that promote resilience to cardiovascular disease in blacks by assessing biological, functional, and molecular mechanisms. REGISTRATION URL: https://www.clini​caltr​ials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT03308812.