The impact of COVID-19 on adult burns: A statewide review of epidemiology and clinical outcomes.

INTRODUCTION: The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted the clinical presentations of burns and the provision of services. This study aims to describe and analyse patterns and trends in adult burns across New South Wales (NSW) and the Australian Capital Territory. METHODS: A NSW statewide retrospective review was conducted from 2017 to 2022 for adult patients with burns. A comparative analysis was performed for the COVID-19 group (2020-2022) and control group between 2017 and 2019. RESULTS: We found a total of 11,433 patients (7102 non-COVID vs 4331 COVID-19). The average age in the COVID-19 group was 1.4 years older than counterparts (40.6 vs 42.0, p < 0.001). The 18 - 25 and 36 - 45 age groups experienced significantly lower proportions of presentations, whereas, the 76-85 years experienced significantly higher proportions. There was a significantly higher proportion of pressure injuries (0.1% vs 0.4%, p < 0.001) and contact burns (17.2% vs 18.7%), but lower explosions (1.3% vs 0.2%) for the COVID-19 group compared to their counterparts. The mean TBSA% was 0.4% greater in the COVID-19 group compared to their counterparts (2.4 vs 2.8, p < 0.001). There were significantly more operating sessions (0.2 vs 0.3, p < 0.001). The mean length of stay was significantly greater by 0.8 days for the COVID-19 group compared to their counterparts (1.5 vs 2.3, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Epidemiological changes were not greatly different to previous years from the impact of COVID-19. The shift in elderly presentations and operative interventions reflects the holistic care of burns units working in a new landscape with an invigorated focus on telehealth and outpatient care.

Understanding Neural Factors in Burn-related Pruritus and Neuropathic Pain.

Post-burn pruritus and neuropathic pain significantly affect the quality of life of affected individuals in several domains including psychosocial well-being, sleep and general impairment in activities of daily living. Whilst neural mediators involved in itch in the non-burns setting have been well investigated, there remains a lacuna of literature examining the pathophysiological and histological changes unique to burn-related pruritus and neuropathic pain. The aim of our study was to conduct a scoping review into the neural factors that contribute to burn-related pruritus and neuropathic pain. A scoping review was conducted to provide an overview of the available evidence. The PubMed, EMBASE and Medline databases were searched for publications. Data regarding neural mediators implicated, population demographics, total body surface area (TBSA) affected and sex was extracted. In total, 11 studies were included in this review with a total of 881 patients. The most frequently investigated neurotransmitter was the Substance P (SP) neuropeptide which appeared in 36% of studies (n = 4), followed by calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in 27% of studies (n = 3). Post-burn pruritus and neuropathic pain are symptomatic experiences that are predicated upon a heterogeneous group of underlying mechanisms. What is clear from the literature, however, is that itch and pain may occur secondary to the influence of both neuropeptides, such as SP, and other neural mediators including Transient receptor protein channels. Of the articles included for review, they were characterized by small sample sizes and large differences in statistical methodology and reporting.

Fractional ablative laser therapy for the treatment of severe burn scars: A pilot study of the underlying mechanisms.

Ablative fractional resurfacing is clinically an efficient treatment for burn scar management. The aim of this pilot study was to investigate the poorly understood mechanisms underlying ablative fractional CO2 laser (AFL-CO2) therapy in relation to biomarkers S100 and 11ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11ß-HSD1). S100 stains for Langerhans cells and neuronal cells, potentially representing the pruritus experienced. 11ß-HSD1 catalyses the interconversion of cortisol and cortisone in cells, promoting tissue remodelling. Immunohistochemical analysis of S100 and 11ß-HSD1 protein expression in the dermis and epidermis of the skin was performed on normal skin, before and after AFL-CO2 therapy. Data assessing outcome parameters was collected concurrently with the skin biopsies. 13 patients were treated with AFL-CO2 therapy. Langerhans cells decreased by 39% after 2nd treatment. Neuronal cells were overexpressed before treatment in the scar tissue by 91% but levels returned to that resembling normal skin. 11ß-HSD1 expression in keratinocytes was significantly higher after laser treatment compared to before in scar tissue (p <0.01). No clear correlation was found in dermal fibroblast numbers throughout the treatment course. Whilst the role of the explored mechanisms and their association with clinical outcomes cannot conclusively be stated, this pilot study demonstrates promising trends that encourages investigation into this relationship.

Skin 11ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 enzyme expression regulates burn wound healing and can be targeted to modify scar characteristics.

Background: Excessive scarring and fibrosis are the most severe and common complications of burn injury. Prolonged exposure to high levels of glucocorticoids detrimentally impacts on skin, leading to skin thinning and impaired wound healing. Skin can generate active glucocorticoids locally through expression and activity of the 11ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 enzyme (11ß-HSD1). We hypothesised that burn injury would induce 11ß-HSD1 expression and local glucocorticoid metabolism, which would have important impacts on wound healing, fibrosis and scarring. We additionally proposed that pharmacological manipulation of this system could improve aspects of post-burn scarring. Methods: Skin 11ß-HSD1 expression in burns patients and mice was examined. The impacts of 11ß-HSD1 mediating glucocorticoid metabolism on burn wound healing, scar formation and scar elasticity and quality were additionally examined using a murine 11ß-HSD1 genetic knockout model. Slow-release scaffolds containing therapeutic agents, including active and inactive glucocorticoids, were developed and pre-clinically tested in mice with burn injury. Results: We demonstrate that 11ß-HSD1 expression levels increased substantially in both human and mouse skin after burn injury. 11ß-HSD1 knockout mice experienced faster wound healing than wild type mice but the healed wounds manifested significantly more collagen deposition, tensile strength and stiffness, features characteristic of excessive scarring. Application of slow-release prednisone, an inactive glucocorticoid, slowed the initial rate of wound closure but significantly reduced post-burn scarring via reductions in inflammation, myofibroblast generation, collagen production and scar stiffness. Conclusions: Skin 11ß-HSD1 expression is a key regulator of wound healing and scarring after burn injury. Application of an inactive glucocorticoid capable of activation by local 11ß-HSD1 in skin slows the initial rate of wound closure but significantlyimproves scar characteristics post burn injury.

The importance of biomechanics and the kinetic chains of human movement in the development and treatment of burn scars - A narrative review with illustrative cases.

BACKGROUND: Burn scars are a major clinical sequelae of severe burn wound healing. To effectively establish a successful treatment plan and achieve durable results, understanding the pathophysiology of scar development is of utmost importance. METHODS: A narrative review of the principles of the kinematic chain of movement and the hypothesised effect on burn scar development based on properties of burn scars was performed. An examination of the literature supporting these concepts is presented in conjunction with illustrative cases, with a particular focus on the effect of combination treatments that include ablative fractional resurfacing with surgical contracture releases. DISCUSSION: Ablative fractional resurfacing combined with the surgical release of contractures are an effective treatment modality for burn scar reconstruction. This treatment approach seems particularly effective because it is one of the only approaches where the principles of functional kinematics can be addressed when tailoring a reconstructive approach to an individual burn patient. The presented cases illustrate the importance of recognising and including the principles of functional kinematic chains in any reconstructive treatment approach for burn scars. Further, epifascial contracture bands are cord like structures which can be found underneath the subcutaneous fat of scar contractures which follow the principles of functional kinematics. Contractures can be more efficiently released if these structures are divided as well. CONCLUSION: Ablative fractional resurfacing combined with local tissue re-arrangements is a promising approach to address the underlying forces leading to hypertrophic burn scarring. To achieve an optimal outcome, it is essential to recognise and address the origin of the pathology when treating burn scars. Ablative fractional laser resurfacing allows a different scar approach as it is not limited to one surgical site and thus enables for effective treatment at the cause of the pathology.

Alginate Dressings Continuously for 14 Days on Uncontaminated, Superficial, Partial Thickness Burns.

Calcium alginate dressings are commonly used on split-thickness skin donor sites, where they are typically removed after 14 days. Alginates have been used previously on superficial, partial thickness burns, but changed every 3 to 5 days. In this study, alginates were applied to superficial, partial thickness burns on adults within 36 hours of injury, then left intact for up to 14 days. Wound healing (≥95% wound epithelialization) and pain were measured. Twenty-one burns were reviewed on ten patients. Per the initial protocol, six patients were reviewed every 3 to 5 days, with removal of only secondary dressings, until days 13 to 14, when the alginate dressings were removed. One patient was reviewed every 3 to 5 days until day 10, when a clinic nurse removed the alginate dressing. Restrictions on movement during the COVID pandemic necessitated a protocol change, with only one review at approximately day 14 for removal of alginate and secondary dressings; three patients were reviewed in this manner. Burns on all patients were 100% epithelialized at the time of final review and there were no complications, such as scarring, infection, or need for grafting. Following initial debridement and dressings, patients reported minimal pain. Dressing costs appeared to be significantly decreased. This protocol may be particularly useful for patients managed in rural and remote locations, with telemedicine support if required.

Management of foot burns with an emphasis on high-risk groups.

BACKGROUND: Burns injuries are dynamic and evolve over time. Burn injuries to the feet present with seasonal variation, affecting clinical outcomes for certain high-risk groups. Although they affect a very small percentage of the body, burn injuries to the feet can affect mobility, morbidity and rehabilitation, particularly in patients with diabetes. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this article is to provide an understanding of seasonal variation in foot burns for high-risk groups and how to manage them appropriately. This article provides a comprehensive analysis on epidemiology, pathology and management, with the aim of providing guidance for general practitioners (GPs). DISCUSSION: The management of foot burns is multidisciplinary, involving GPs, allied health specialists, nurses, medical and surgical specialties. The epidemiological variations of these injuries have shown differences in clinical outcomes among high-risk groups such as the elderly and people with diabetes. Education and prevention are crucial in reducing the rate of injury in the rising number of patients in high-risk groups.

Treatment of Partial Thickness Burns: A Prospective, Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Four Routinely Used Burns Dressings in an Ambulatory Care Setting.

This prospective, randomized controlled trial study compared the effects of four dressings for adult partial thickness burns, focusing on re-epithelialization time and cost effectiveness. Adults with partial thickness burns meeting inclusion criteria were randomized to either Biobrane™, Acticoat™, Mepilex® Ag, or Aquacel® Ag. Primary endpoint for analysis was >95% re-epithelialization. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were calculated based on dressing costs. Dominance probabilities between treatment arms were calculated from bootstrap resampling trial data. One hunderd thirty-one partial thickness burn wounds in 119 patients were randomized. Adjusting for sex, age, smoking status, burn mechanism, TBSA, and first aid adequacy, Mepilex® Ag had a reduced time to re-epithelialization compared to Biobrane™ (IRR: 1.26; 95% CI: 1.07-1.48, P < .01). Economic analysis showed that there was a 99%, 71%, and 53% probability that Mepilex® Ag dominated (cheaper and more effective) Biobrane™, Acticoat™, and Aquacel® Ag, respectively. Mepilex® Ag achieved faster re-epithelialization and better cost effectiveness. Patient satisfaction and comfort seems better with Biobrane™ although not reflected within the end outcome of the healed wound. It is the patients' (after extensive education) and clinicians' choice, level of experience, and availability of products in praxis that will guide the decision as to which the product is used individually on which patient.

Effectiveness and safety of ablative fractional CO2 laser for the treatment of burn scars: A case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Burn scars are a major clinical challenge. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness and safety of one treatment with the ablative fractional CO2 laser (AFL-CO2) compared to standard burn scar treatment. METHOD: From December 2014 to October 2018 patients were prospectively recruited and treatment effects analyzed by assessing various outcome parameters from the date of first consultation and after treatment. A case control study was conducted looking at the impact of one AFL-CO2 treatment compared to a cohort subjected to conventional conservative treatment. Adverse effects were noted at follow up. RESULTS: 187 patients were included, with 167 in the AFL-CO2, and 20 in the control cohort. Baseline demographics and scar characteristics showed no significant differences. Ultrasound measured scar thickness as well as the Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS) revealed a significant reduction in the treatment cohort, but no significant improvement in the control group. The POSAS-O was significantly improved in both cohorts. Subjective parameters (POSAS-P, DN4-Pain, and modified D4Pruritus scores) decreased significantly in the AFL-CO2 cohort but remained unchanged in the control group. The BSHS-B quality of life score increased significantly in the AFL-CO2 group, but worsened at the follow up of the untreated patients. Sub-domain analyses found the biggest differences in Affect, Body Image, Heat Sensitivity, Treatment and Work. Complications occurred in 5 patients (2.9%). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that AFL-CO2 is an effective and safe treatment modality for burn scars improving thickness, symptoms and quality of life of burn survivors when compared to conventional scar treatment.

Ablative fractional resurfacing for burn scar management affects the number and type of elective surgical reconstructive procedures, hospital admission patterns as well as length of stay.

BACKGROUND: Reconstructive surgery remains the main approach to address burn scar contractures. Ablative fractional resurfacing is an increasingly popular tool for severe burn scar management, but its effect on overall burns reconstructive case-mix, operating time and patterns of hospital admission have not been reported. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of hospital administrative data from September 2013 to June 2017 was performed evaluating these effects of ablative fractional CO2 laser (CO2-AFL). RESULTS: The total number of acute burn patients treated at CRGH increased substantially over this timeframe, resulting in 412 elective procedures including 82 before and 330 after introducing CO2-AFL. The proportion of traditional non-laser reconstructive procedures dropped considerably to 23.9% in about 2.5 years following CO2-AFL introduction. This change in approach had a profound effect on LOS with average LOS being 1.96days for non-laser and 0.36days for CO2-AFL-procedures (p<0.001). Anaesthetic times also decreased significantly, with median durations at 90min pre-laser and 64min post-laser introduction (p<0.001), and median anaesthetic times at 87min (non-AFL) and 57min (AFL procedures) (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: AFL profoundly affects elective reconstructive burn case mix with a replacement of conventional reconstructive operations in favour of AFL-procedures. This results in reductions of average LOS and anaesthetic times. Consequently, increased use of AFL in burn scar management could potentially reduce overall costs associated with burn scar reconstruction.

Ablative fractional resurfacing with laser-facilitated steroid delivery for burn scar management: Does the depth of laser penetration matter?

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether the depth of ablative fractional CO2 laser (CO2 -AFL) penetration of pathological burn scars influences clinical outcomes. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: All patients presenting to the Concord Repatriation General Hospital (CRGH) Scar Clinic received ultrasound measurement at the thickest point of their burn scars. Subsequently, the effect of various CO2 -AFL settings (energy which correlates to penetration depths) on different outcome parameters was analysed. Patients were divided into five groups depending on minimal scar penetration depth. RESULTS: Seventy-eight patients (158 scars) had complete data allowing for analysis. Median scar thickness was 3,400 µm and median laser scar penetration depth was 900 µm. Scar penetration categories were as follows: 0-25% (n = 40), 25-50% (n = 67), 50-75% (n = 31), 75-100% (n = 8), >100% (n = 3) of scar thickness. The median reduction in maximum scar thickness was 800 µm following one treatment (P < 0.001). However, this effect depended on scar penetration depth, whereby scars that were penetrated ≥75% showed no significant improvement in scar thickness and those penetrated >100% indicated a tendency to become worse. Other assessed outcome parameters included: the Vancouver Scar Scale, the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale, a neuropathic pain score (DN4 Pain Questionnaire), and a pruritus score (modified D4 Pruritus Score). All these factors showed significant improvement in the categories up to 75% scar penetration depth. CONCLUSIONS: CO2 -AFL scar penetration depth significantly influences subjective and objective pathologic burn scar modulation. The penetration depth of 51-75% achieves the greatest reduction in scar thickness. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Ablative Fractional Resurfacing in Acute Care Management of Facial Burns: A New Approach to Minimize the Need for Acute Surgical Reconstruction.

Current evidence suggests awaiting for scars to fully mature before engaging surgical reconstruction unless acute indications to prevent secondary damage, such as microstomia and eyelid ectropion are apparent. To evaluate the efficacy of ablative fractional CO2 laser intervention early in the acute treatment of panfacial burn injury. A 39-year-old Asian male with 60% TBSA flame burns including panfacial involvement was developing microstomia and upper and lower eyelid ectropion early proceeding epithelialization. At 6-weeks postinjury, ablative fractional CO2 laser treatment was commenced while still in the intensive care unit, and subsequently delivered at regular intervals. Nonsurgical scar contracture management was provided concurrently as per site specific standard protocols. Measurements and photographic data relative to deficits in eye and mouth competence were obtained at rest, as well as maximal opening at baseline and routinely until scar stabilization was reached. The outcomes were subsequently compared with facial burn patient historical data within our facility. No significant difference was identified in the functional ROM for mouth and eye regions; treatment duration was, however, shorter and aesthetic outcomes were considered superior to their surgical reconstruction counterparts in the historical cohort. This case report reveals that early ablative fractional CO2 resurfacing treatment, coalesced with nonsurgical scar management is an efficacious interventional approach to abate contractures to the face, accelerates and enhances scar maturation processes and may alleviate the need for surgical scar reconstructions. Moreover, optimal aesthetic outcomes may be achieved compared with traditional reconstructive methods.

Dysphagia in older persons following severe burns: Burn location is irrelevant to risk of dysphagia and its complications in patients over 75 years.

BACKGROUND: Management of burns in older persons is complex with evidence indicating advanced age is associated with elevated risk for morbidity and mortality. Dysphagia and its sequelae may further increase this risk. AIMS: (1) Determine the prevalence, and (2) identify risk factors for dysphagia in patients admitted with severe burn injury over 75 years. METHODS: All patients >75 years admitted to Concord Repatriation General Hospital with severe burn injury over a 4-year period (2013-2017) were assessed for dysphagia on presentation and continually monitored throughout their admission. Burn injury, demographic and nutritional data were captured and analysed for association with and predictive value for dysphagia. RESULTS: Sixty-six patients (35 male; 31 female) aged 75-96 years (median 82 years) were recruited. Dysphagia was identified in 46.97% during their hospital admission. Dysphagia was significantly associated with burn size, pre-existing cognitive impairment, mechanical ventilation, duration of enteral feeding, hospital length of stay, in-hospital complications and mortality. No association was identified between burn location, burn mechanism, surgery and dysphagia. Burn size and Malnutrition Screening Tool score were found to be independent predictors for dysphagia. CONCLUSIONS: Dysphagia prevalence is high in older persons with burns and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, regardless of burn location.

Burn injury: Challenges and advances in burn wound healing, infection, pain and scarring.

Severe burn injuries are the most traumatic and physically debilitating injuries affecting nearly every organ system and leading to significant morbidity and mortality. Early burn wound excision and skin grafting are common clinical practices that have significantly improved the outcomes for severe burn injured patients by reducing mortality rate and days of hospital stay. However, slow wound healing, infection, pain, and hypertrophic scarring continue to remain a major challenge in burn research and management. In the present article, we review and discuss issues in the current treatment of burn injuries; the advances and novel strategies developed in the past decade that have improved burn management; and also, pioneer ideas and studies in burn research which aims to enhance burn wound care with a focus on burn wound infection, pain management, treatments for scarring and skin tissue engineering.

Laser Modulation of Hypertrophic Scars: Technique and Practice.

In this review, the authors discuss the use of laser photothermolysis and laser resurfacing in the management of hypertrophic burn scars. They provide details regarding preoperative selection, intraoperative decision making, and postoperative care.

Ablative fractional CO2 laser for burn scar reconstruction: An extensive subjective and objective short-term outcome analysis of a prospective treatment cohort.

BACKGROUND: The introduction of ablative fractional CO2 lasers (CO2-AFL) for burn scar management shows promising results. Whilst recent studies have focused on objective scar outcomes following CO2-AFL treatment, to date no data on patient subjective factors such as quality of life are available. METHODS: A prospective study was initiated to analyze the safety and efficacy of the CO2-AFL. Various objective and subjective outcome parameters were prospectively collected from the date of first consultation and follow-up following treatment. Objective factors include the Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS), the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale (POSAS), and ultrasound measurements of the thickness of the scar. Subjective parameters included the assessment of neuropathic pain and pruritus, as well as the evaluation of improvement of quality of life following CO2-AFL with the Burns Specific Health Scale (BSHS-B). For treatment effect analysis, patients were stratified according to scar maturation status (> or <2 years after injury). RESULTS: 47 patients with 118 burn scars completed at least one treatment cycle. At a median of 55 days (IQR 32-74) after CO2-AFL treatment all analyzed objective parameters decreased significantly: intra-patient normalized scar thickness decreased from a median of 2.4mm to 1.9mm (p<0.001) with a concomitant VSS-drop from a median of 7 to 6 (p<0.001). The overall POSAS patient scale decreased from a median of 9 to 5 (p<0.001) with similar effects documented in POSAS observer scales. Both pain and pruritus showed significant reduction. Quality of life increased significantly by 15 points (median 120 to 135; p<0.001). All of the identified changes following CO2-AFL were equally significant irrespective of scar maturation status. CONCLUSION: Our preliminary results confirm significant improvement in thickness, texture, colour, and symptoms following treatment with CO2-AFL. Foremost, quality of life of patients with both immature and mature scars (up to 23 years after injury) improved significantly after just one treatment session. To our knowledge, this is the first study to document such holistic treatment effects in burn patients treated by CO2-AFL.

Microbiological findings in burn patients treated in a general versus a designated intensive care unit: Effect on length of stay.

BACKGROUND: Infection is one of the most common causes of mortality and morbidity in burn patients. The incidence and frequency of microbiological micro-organisms are known to vary across different models of intensive care units. To date, no study has attempted to describe the different findings in burn patients treated in an open, general intensive care unit (GICU) versus a dedicated burns intensive care unit (BICU). Only limited data is available on the effect of these microbiological micro-organisms on patients' length of stay. AIM: To characterize and compare the microbiological flora and antibiotic resistance patterns encountered in two different models of burn intensive care and to determine the effect of specific microbiological types on length of intensive care unit (ICU) and overall stay. METHODS: A retrospective case-control study of 209 burn patients treated in two highly specialized, Western burn referral centres between September 2009 and March 2014. RESULTS: 9710 culture results were analysed, of which 2590 (26.7%) yielded positive results (1537 in the GICU and 1050 in the BICU). Gram-positive cultures were more frequently found in the GICU, whereas Gram-negative and yeast cultures were more prevalent in the BICU. The most frequently encountered micro-organisms in both units were similar and included Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) and Candida albicans. Significantly more resistant bacteria were detected in the BICU. Testing positive across all types of microbiological isolates, as well as for both Gram-positive and -negative bacteria significantly prolonged patient length of stay. This effect was even more pronounced if the micro-organisms were resistant to antimicrobial therapy. CONCLUSION: There are notable differences in the microbiological isolate and antibiotic resistance patterns between burn patients treated in a GICU compared to a designated BICU. In both units, testing positive for resistant microbiological micro-organisms is significantly associated with longer hospital stay.

Risk factors for, and the effect of MRSA colonization on the clinical outcomes of severely burnt patients.

BACKGROUND: MRSA is an on-going problem for burn patients. AIM: To analyze risk factors for, and the effect of MRSA colonization on burn patients' outcome. METHODS: During 21 months burn patients' details and MRSA isolates were analyzed, and a case-control study performed. RESULTS: Of 357 burn patients, 57 (16%) tested positive for MRSA. Compared to the MRSA negative group, MRSA positive patients had a higher median total burn surface area (15%[IQR 5-17%] vs. 5%[IQR 2-8%]; p<0.001), more admissions to ICU (54% vs. 26%; p<0.001), longer ICU length of stay (4.3 vs. 1.0 days; p<0.001), required more operations (1.6 vs. 0.8; p<0.001), and had longer total hospital length of stay (25.5 vs. 8.0 days; p<0.001). MRSA positivity was a significant independent predictor of increased length of stay (6.0 days, 95%CI 2.39-9.6 days; p=0.001) in a multivariable regression model correcting for patients TBSA and co-morbidities. Cardiac comorbidities (OR 5.14, 95%CI 1.76-15.62; p<0.001) and a longer exposure to the hospital environment (OR 1.05, 95%CI 1.02-1.09, p=0.005) increased the likelihood for MRSA positivity. CONCLUSION: The negative impact of MRSA positivity on burn patients outcome indicates the need for improved screening procedures for early identification and further efforts toward MRSA infection control to prevent cross-infection as this may significantly impair patients' outcome.