Depression and Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Implantation in Black Patients at Risk for Sudden Cardiac Death.

BACKGROUND: Black patients meeting indications for implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) have lower rates of implantation compared with White patients. There is little understanding of how mental health impacts the decision-making process among Black patients considering ICDs. Our objective was to assess the association between depressive symptoms and ICD implantation among Black patients with heart failure. METHODS AND RESULTS: This is a secondary analysis of the VIVID (Videos to Address Racial Disparities in ICD Therapy via Innovative Designs) randomized trial, which enrolled self-identified Black individuals with chronic systolic heart failure. Depressive symptoms were assessed by the Patient Health Questionnaire-2 and the Mental Component Summary of the 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey. Decisional conflict was measured by an adapted Decisional Conflict Scale (DCS). ANCOVA was used to assess differences in Decisional Conflict Scale scores. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the association between depressive symptoms and ICD implantation. Among 306 participants, 60 (19.6%) reported depressed mood, and 142 (46.4%) reported anhedonia. Participants with the lowest Mental Component Summary of the 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey scores (poorer mental health and higher likelihood of depression) had greater decisional conflict regarding ICD implantation compared with those with the highest Mental Component Summary of the 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey scores (adjusted mean difference in Decisional Conflict Scale score, 3.2 [95% CI, 0.5-5.9]). By 90-day follow-up, 202 (66.0%) participants underwent ICD implantation. There was no association between either the Patient Health Questionnaire-2 score or the Mental Component Summary of the 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey score and ICD implantation. CONCLUSIONS: Depressed mood and anhedonia were prevalent among ambulatory Black patients with chronic systolic heart failure considering ICD implantation. The presence of depressive symptoms did not impact the likelihood of ICD implantation in this population.

Periprocedural Management and Multidisciplinary Care Pathways for Patients With Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association.

The rapid technological advancements in cardiac implantable electronic devices such as pacemakers, implantable cardioverter defibrillators, and loop recorders, coupled with a rise in the number of patients with these devices, necessitate an updated clinical framework for periprocedural management. The introduction of leadless pacemakers, subcutaneous and extravascular defibrillators, and novel device communication protocols underscores the imperative for clinical updates. This scientific statement provides an inclusive framework for the periprocedural management of patients with these devices, encompassing the planning phase, procedure, and subsequent care coordinated with the primary device managing clinic. Expert contributions from anesthesiologists, cardiac electrophysiologists, and cardiac nurses are consolidated to appraise current evidence, offer patient and health system management strategies, and highlight key areas for future research. The statement, pertinent to a wide range of health care professionals, underscores the importance of quality care pathways for patient safety, optimal device function, and minimization of hemodynamic disturbances or arrhythmias during procedures. Our primary objective is to deliver quality care to the expanding patient cohort with cardiac implanted electronic devices, offering direction in the era of evolving technologies and laying a foundation for sustained education and practice enhancement.

Assisting Black Patients With Decision-Making for Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Therapy: Qualitative Findings From the Videos to Reduce Racial Disparities in ICD Therapy via Innovative Designs (VIVID) Trial.

BACKGROUND: The VIVID (Videos for Addressing Racial Disparities in Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Therapy via Innovative Designs) study was a multicenter, randomized controlled trial aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of a video-based decision support tool in enhancing informed consent for implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) implantation among Black patients who met guideline criteria for primary prevention ICDs. Within the broader VIVID randomized trial, a qualitative investigation was conducted to elucidate the decisional factors among Black individuals considering ICD implantation for the primary prevention of sudden cardiac arrest. METHODS: Between October 2016 and July 2019, in-depth interviews were conducted at 2 time points from randomization, ≈7 days (time interval for the decision) and at 90 days; the time interval for determining ICD implantation. Interview findings were categorized by randomized groups, those assigned to 1 of the 2 encounter-based video decision support tools or standard care (without video). Interview participants were purposefully selected to ensure diversity across gender, age, educational background, research site, and randomization group; participants were sampled from 14 academic and community-based electrophysiology clinics in the United States. Data analysis employed applied thematic analysis techniques. RESULTS: A diverse sample of Black individuals were interviewed at 1 week (n=59; female, 37.3%) and 90 days (n=48; female, 39.6%). The primary factors influencing the decisions of Black individuals considering a primary prevention ICD implantation were (1) their clinicians' recommendations for ICD implantation; (2) their perception of their cardiac health status; and (3) a desire to prolong their lives for the sake of their families. CONCLUSIONS: These findings offer valuable insights that may guide clinicians in their communication with Black patients during shared decision-making encounters related to ICD implantation.

Discriminatory and valuing communication behaviors in cardiology encounters.

OBJECTIVE: Many have found racial differences in clinician-patient communication using validated codebooks that represent effective communication. No codebooks used for examining racial differences, however, have included patient input. In this paper, we describe creating codebook with Black patient advocates to determine if we could reliably code discriminatory/valuing communication and assess racial differences in these behaviors. METHODS: We created a codebook for discriminatory/valuing communication behaviors with the input of Black patient advocates. We used the codebook to analyze data from 101 audio recorded encounters between White cardiologists and Black and White patients. We examined the differences in the prevalence of behaviors in cardiology encounters. RESULTS: In comparison to White patients, cardiologists made fewer tailoring statements to their Black patients (68% vs. 49%, p = 0.07). Coders found 4 instances of stereotyping behaviors and only Black patients (p = 0.12). We found no significant associations between any of the other outcomes and patient race. Black patients had a lower incidence of tailoring statements (p = 0.13), lower incidence of interrupting statements (p = 0.16), and higher rushed global score (p = 0.14). CONCLUSION AND PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: We found that coders can reliably identify discriminatory/valuing behaviors in cardiology encounters. Future work should apply these codes to other datasets to assess their validity and generalizability.

Eliminating Health Disparities in Atrial Fibrillation, Heart Failure, and Dyslipidemia: A Path Toward Achieving Pharmacoequity.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Pharmacoequity refers to the goal of ensuring that all patients have access to high-quality medications, regardless of their race, ethnicity, gender, or other characteristics. The goal of this article is to review current evidence on disparities in access to cardiovascular drug therapies across sociodemographic subgroups, with a focus on heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and dyslipidemia. RECENT FINDINGS: Considerable and consistent disparities to life-prolonging heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and dyslipidemia medications exist in clinical trial representation, access to specialist care, prescription of guideline-based therapy, drug affordability, and pharmacy accessibility across racial, ethnic, gender, and other sociodemographic subgroups. Researchers, health systems, and policy makers can take steps to improve pharmacoequity by diversifying clinical trial enrollment, increasing access to inpatient and outpatient cardiology care, nudging clinicians to increase prescription of guideline-directed medical therapy, and pursuing system-level reforms to improve drug access and affordability.

Addressing racial differences in the management of atrial fibrillation: Focus on black patients.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained arrhythmia, affecting between 3 and 6 million people in the United States. It is associated with a reduced quality of life and increased risk of stroke, cognitive decline, heart failure and death. Black patients have a lower prevalence of AF than White patients but are more likely to suffer worse outcomes with the disease. It is important that stakeholders understand the disproportionate burden of disease and management gaps that exists among Black patients living with AF. Appropriate treatments, including aggressive risk factor control, early referral to cardiovascular specialists and improving healthcare access may bridge some of the gaps in management and improve outcomes.

Colchicine for the Prevention of Recurrent Arrhythmia After Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation: Results of a Single-Center, Retrospective Study.

BACKGROUND: There is evidence to suggest that colchicine reduces the risk of recurrent atrial fibrillation (AF) after catheter ablation; however, the tolerability and safety of colchicine in routine practice is unknown. METHODS: Patients undergoing catheter ablation for AF who received colchicine after ablation were matched 1:1 to patients who did not by age, sex, and renal function. Recurrent AF was compared between groups categorically at 12 months and via propensity weighted Cox proportional hazards models with and without a 3-month blanking period. RESULTS: Overall, 180 patients (n = 90 colchicine and n = 90 matched controls) were followed for a median (Q1, Q3) of 10.3 (7.0, 12.0) months. Mean age was 65.3 ± 9.1 years, 33.9% were women, mean CHA2DS2-VASc score was 2.9 ± 1.5, and 51.1% had persistent AF. Most patients (70%) received colchicine 0.6 mg daily for a median of 30 days. In the colchicine group, 55 patients (61.1%) were receiving at least one known interacting medication with colchicine. After ablation, one patient required colchicine dose reduction and four patients required discontinuation. After adjusting for covariate imbalance using propensity weighting, no significant association between colchicine use and AF recurrence was identified (adjusted hazard ratio 0.94, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.48-1.85; p = 0.853). No significant association was found between colchicine use and all-cause hospitalizations (adjusted odds ratio 0.74, 95% CI 0.28-1.96; p = 0.548). CONCLUSION: Despite the frequent presence of drug-drug interactions, a 30-day course of colchicine is well-tolerated after AF ablation; however, we did not observe any association between colchicine and lower rates of AF recurrence or hospitalization.

Association of leadless pacing with ventricular and valvular function.

BACKGROUND: Traditional transvenous pacemakers are associated with worsening tricuspid valve function due to lead-related leaflet impingement, as well as ventricular dysfunction related to electromechanical dyssynchrony from chronic right ventricular (RV) pacing. The association of leadless pacing with ventricular and valvular function has not been well established. We aimed to assess the association of leadless pacemaker placement with changes in valvular regurgitation and ventricular function. METHODS AND RESULTS: Echocardiographic features before and after leadless pacemaker implant were analyzed in consecutive patients who received a leadless pacemaker with pre- and postprocedure echocardiography at Duke University Hospital between November 2014 and November 2019. Valvular regurgitation was graded ordinally from 0 (none) to 3 (severe). Among 54 patients, the mean age was mean age was 70.1 ± 14.3 years, 24 (44%) were women, and the most frequent primary pacing indication was complete heart block in 24 (44%). The median RV pacing burden was 45.4 (interquartile range [IQR] 3.5-97.0). On echocardiogram performed 8.9 months (IQR 4.5-14.5) after implant, there was no change in the average severity of tricuspid regurgitation (mean change 0.07 ± 1.15, p = .64) from pre-procedure echocardiogram. We observed a decrease in the average left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (52.3 ± 9.3 to 47.9 ± 12.1, p = .0019) and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) (1.8 ± 0.6 to 1.6 ± 0.4, p = .0437). Thirteen patients (24%) had absolute drop in LVEF of ≥10%. CONCLUSION: We did not observe short term worsening valvular function in patients with leadless pacemakers. However, consistent with the pathophysiologic impact of RV pacing, leadless pacing was associated with a reduction in biventricular function.

Racial differences in setting of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator placement in older adults with heart failure and association with disparate post-implant outcomes.

Background: Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) placement in heart failure (HF) patients during or early after (≤90 days) unplanned cardiovascular hospitalizations has been associated with poor outcomes. Racial and ethnic differences in this "peri-hospitalization" ICD placement have not been well described. Methods: Using a 20% random sample of Medicare beneficiaries, we identified older (≥66 years) patients with HF who underwent ICD placement for primary prevention from 2008 to 2018. We investigated racial and ethnic differences in frequency of peri-hospitalization ICD placement using modified Poisson regression. We utilized Kaplan-Meier analyses and Cox regression to investigate the association of peri-hospitalization ICD placement with differences in all-cause mortality and hospitalization (HF, cardiovascular and all-cause) within and between race and ethnicity groups for up to 5-year follow-up. Results: Among the 61,710 beneficiaries receiving ICDs (35% female, 82% White, 10% Black, 6% Hispanic), 44% were implanted peri-hospitalization. Black [adjusted rate ratio (RR) 95% Confidence Interval (95% CI): 1.16 (1.12, 1.20)] and Hispanic [RR (95% CI): 1.10 (1.06, 1.14)] beneficiaries were more likely than White beneficiaries to have ICD placement peri-hospitalization. Peri-hospitalization ICD placement was associated with an at least 1.5× increased risk of death, 1.5× increased risk of re-hospitalization and 1.7× increased risk of HF hospitalization during 3-year follow-up in fully adjusted models. Although beneficiaries with peri-hospitalization placement had the highest mortality and readmission rates 1- and 3-year post-implant (log-rank p < 0.0001), the magnitude of the associated risk did not differ significantly by race and ethnicity (p = NS for interaction). Conclusions: ICD implantation occurring during the peri-hospitalization period was associated with worse prognosis and occurred at higher rates among Black and Hispanic compared to White Medicare beneficiaries with HF during the period under study. The risk associated with peri-hospitalization ICD placement did not differ by race and ethnicity. Future paradigms aimed at enhancing real-world effectiveness of ICD therapy and addressing disparate outcomes should consider timing and setting of ICD placement in HFrEF patients who otherwise meet guideline eligibility.

Incidence and Prevalence of Atrial Fibrillation in Latinos: What's New Since the Study in Latinos (SOL)?

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To assess contemporary epidemiological trends in AF incidence and prevalence in the LatinX population after the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos. RECENT FINDINGS: Atrial fibrillation (AF) remains the most abnormal heart rhythm condition globally and disproportionately impacts morbidity and mortality of communities that have been historically disadvantaged. The incidence and prevalence of AF is lower in the LatinX population compared to White individuals despite a higher burden of classic risk factors associated with AF. Since the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos study on AF, recent data continues to demonstrate a similar lower burden of AF in the LatinX population compared to White individuals. However, the rates of incident AF may be accelerating faster in the LatinX population compared to their White counterparts. Furthermore, studies have found environmental and genetic risk factors that are associated with the development of AF within LatinX individuals, which may help explain the rising development of AF among the LatinX community. Recent research continues to show that LatinX populations are less likely to be treated with stroke reduction and rhythm control strategies and have a disproportionately higher burden of poor outcomes associated with AF compared to White patients. Our review illuminates that further inclusion of LatinX individuals in AF randomized control trials and observational studies is imperative to understand the incidence and prevalence of AF in the LatinX community and improve overall morbidity and mortality.

Racial/ethnic and sex differences in safety outcomes and atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter-related acute healthcare utilization after catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation.

Background: Catheter ablation is recommended for the treatment of symptomatic atrial fibrillation (AF) refractory to medical therapy. Objective: The study sought to examine racial/ethnic and sex differences in complications and AF/atrial flutter (AFL)-related acute healthcare utilization following catheter ablation for AF. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis using data from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Medicare Standard Analytical Files (October 1, 2014, to September 30, 2019) among patients ≥65 years of age with AF who underwent catheter ablation for rhythm control. The risk of any complication within 30 days and AF/AFL-related acute healthcare utilization within 1 year of ablation by race, ethnicity, and sex were assessed using multivariable Cox regression modeling. Results: We identified 95,394 patients for analysis of postablation complications and 68,408 patients for analysis of AF/AFL-related acute healthcare utilization. Both cohorts were ∼95% White and 52% male. Female patients had a slightly elevated risk of complications compared with male patients (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.07, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03-1.12). Black (aHR 0.78, 95% CI 0.77-1.00) and Asian (aHR 0.67, 95% CI 0.50-0.89) patients had lower utilization compared with White patients. Specifically, Asian men (aHR 0.58, 95% CI 0.38-0.91) had lower utilization compared with White men. Conclusion: Differences in safety and healthcare utilization after catheter ablation for AF were observed by race/ethnicity and sex groups. Underrepresented racial and ethnic groups with AF had a lower risk of AF/AFL-related acute healthcare utilization postablation.

Epidemiology and Outcomes Associated with PR Prolongation.

PR prolongation is defined primarily as delayed conduction through the AV node, but can also signify delayed electrical impulse propagation through any part of the conduction system. The prevalence of PR prolongation ranges from 1% to 5% in patients younger than 50 years, with increasing prevalence, after the sixth decade of life and in patients with organic heart disease. Contemporary studies have documented increased risk of atrial arrhythmias, heart failure, and mortality in patients with PR prolongation. Future studies are needed to more accurately risk stratify elderly patients with PR prolongation who may be at increased risk of adverse outcomes.

Effect of a Coaching Intervention to Improve Cardiologist Communication: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Communication between cardiologists and patients can significantly affect patient comprehension, adherence, and satisfaction. To our knowledge, a coaching intervention to improve cardiologist communication has not been tested. Objective: To evaluate the effect of a communication coaching intervention to teach evidence-based communication skills to cardiologists. Design, Setting, and Participants: This 2-arm randomized clinical trial was performed at outpatient cardiology clinics at an academic medical center and affiliated community clinics, and from February 2019 through March 2020 recruited 40 cardiologists and audio recorded 161 patients in the preintervention phase and 240 in the postintervention phase. Data analysis was performed from March 2022 to January 2023. Interventions: Half of the cardiologists were randomized to receive a coaching intervention that involved three 1:1 sessions, 2 of which included feedback on their audio-recorded encounters. Communication coaches taught 5 skills derived from motivational interviewing: (1) sitting down and making eye contact with all in the room, (2) open-ended questions, (3) reflective statements, (4) empathic statements, and (5) "What questions do you have?" Main Outcomes and Measures: Coders unaware of study arm coded these behaviors in the preintervention and postintervention audio-recorded encounters (objective communication). Patients completed a survey after the visit to report perceptions of communication quality (subjective communication). Results: Analysis included 40 cardiologists (mean [SD] age, 47 [9] years; 7 female and 33 male) and 240 patients in the postintervention phase (mean [SD] age, 58 [15] years; 122 female, 118 male). When controlling for preintervention behaviors, cardiologists in the intervention vs control arm were more likely to make empathic statements (intervention: 52 of 117 [44%] vs control: 31 of 113 [27%]; P = .05); to ask, "What questions do you have?" (26 of 117 [22%] vs 6 of 113 [5%]; P = .002); and to respond with empathy when patients expressed negative emotions (mean ratio of empathic responses to empathic opportunities, 0.50 vs 0.20; P = .004). These effects did not vary based on patient or cardiologist race or sex. We found no arm differences for open-ended questions or reflective statements and were unable to assess differences in patient ratings due to ceiling effects. Conclusions and Relevance: In this randomized clinical trial, a communication coaching intervention improved 2 key communication behaviors: expressing empathy and eliciting questions. Empathic communication is a harder-level skill that may improve the patient experience and information comprehension. Future work should explore how best to assess the effect of communication coaching on patient perceptions of care and clinical outcomes and determine its effectiveness in larger, more diverse samples of cardiologists. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03464110.

Facilitating Shared Decision Making Among Black Patients at Risk for Sudden Cardiac Arrest : A Randomized Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND: Racial disparities in implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) implantation are multifactorial and are partly explained by higher refusal rates. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of a video decision support tool for Black patients eligible for an ICD. DESIGN: Multicenter, randomized clinical trial conducted between September 2016 and April 2020. (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02819973). SETTING: Fourteen academic and community-based electrophysiology clinics in the United States. PARTICIPANTS: Black adults with heart failure who were eligible for a primary prevention ICD. INTERVENTION: An encounter-based video decision support tool or usual care. MEASUREMENTS: The primary outcome was the decision regarding ICD implantation. Additional outcomes included patient knowledge, decisional conflict, ICD implantation within 90 days, the effect of racial concordance on outcomes, and the time patients spent with clinicians. RESULTS: Of the 330 randomly assigned patients, 311 contributed data for the primary outcome. Among those randomly assigned to the video group, assent to ICD implantation was 58.6% compared with 59.4% in the usual care group (difference, -0.8 percentage point [95% CI, -13.2 to 11.1 percentage points]). Compared with usual care, participants in the video group had a higher mean knowledge score (difference, 0.7 [CI, 0.2 to 1.1]) and a similar decisional conflict score (difference, -2.6 [CI, -5.7 to 0.4]). The ICD implantation rate within 90 days was 65.7%, with no differences by intervention. Participants randomly assigned to the video group spent less time with their clinician than those in the usual care group (mean, 22.1 vs. 27.0 minutes; difference, -4.9 minutes [CI, -9.4 to -0.3 minutes]). Racial concordance between video and study participants did not affect study outcomes. LIMITATION: The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services implemented a requirement for shared decision making for ICD implantation during the study. CONCLUSION: A video-based decision support tool increased patient knowledge but did not increase assent to ICD implantation. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute.

Call to action: Understanding the differences in the use of SGLT-2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists.

Cardiovascular disease remains one of the most prominent global health problems and has been demonstrated to disproportionally affect certain communities. Despite an increasing collective effort to improve health inequalities, a multitude of disparities continue to affect cardiovascular outcomes. Among the most prominent disparities within cardiovascular disease prevention are with the use and distribution of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists. Several landmark trials have demonstrated the efficacy of these novel agents, not only in cardiovascular disease prevention among those with diabetes, but also in heart failure and chronic kidney disease. However, the use of these agents remains limited by disparities in certain racial/ethnic, sex, and socioeconomic groups. This review works to highlight and understand these differences on the use and prescribing patterns of pivotal agents in cardiovascular disease prevention, SGLT-2 inhibitors and GLP-1 agonists. Our aim is to enrich understanding and to inspire efforts to end disparities in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality due to race, sex and income inequality.

Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Utilization: A Contemporary Review.

Purpose of review: Sudden cardiac arrest is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Despite having a disproportionate burden of sudden cardiac death (SCD), rates of primary and secondary prevention of SCD with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) therapy are lower among eligible racially minoritized patients. This review highlights the racial and ethnic disparities in ICD utilization, associated barriers to ICD care, and proposed interventions to improve equitable ICD uptake. Recent findings: Racially minoritized populations are disproportionately eligible for ICD therapy but are less likely to see cardiac specialists, be counseled on ICD therapy, and ultimately undergo ICD implantation, fueling disparate outcomes. Racial disparities in ICD utilization are multifactorial, with contributions at the patient, provider, health system, and structural/societal level. Summary: Racial and ethnic disparities have been demonstrated in preventing SCD with ICD use. Proposed strategies to mitigate these disparities must prioritize care delivery and access to care for racially minoritized patients, increase the diversification of clinical and implementation trial participants and the healthcare workforce, and center reparative justice frameworks to rectify a long history of racial injustice.

Characteristics Associated with Burnout among Cardiologists in an Academic Medical Setting: Baseline Survey Results from a Communication Coaching RCT.

OBJECTIVES: Clinician burnout poses risks not just to clinicians but also to patients and the health system. Cardiologists might be especially prone to burnout due to performing high-risk procedures, having to discuss serious news, and treating diseases that incur significant morbidity and mortality. Few have attempted to examine which cardiologists might be at higher risk of burnout. Knowing at-risk cardiologists can help frame resilience interventions. METHODS: We enrolled 41 cardiologists across five ambulatory cardiology clinics into a randomized controlled trial where we assessed the Maslach Burnout Inventory at baseline. We used bivariate analyses to assess associations between cardiologist demographics and burnout. RESULTS: Cardiologists reported low burnout for depersonalization and personal accomplishment and moderate levels for emotional exhaustion. Female cardiologists reported emotional exhaustion scores in the "low" range (M = 12.3; SD = 10.06), compared to male cardiologists whose score was in the "moderate" range 19.6 (SD = 9.59; p = 0.113). Cardiologists who had greater than 15 years in practice reported higher mean scores of emotional exhaustion, indicating moderate burnout (M = 20.0, SD = 10.63), compared to those with less than 15 years in practice (M = 16.6, SD = 9.10; p = 0.271). CONCLUSIONS: In this sample, unlike prior studies, male cardiologists reported more burnout. Consistent with prior work, mid-level cardiologists might be at highest risk of emotional exhaustion.