RESUMO
Aging represents a complex biological progression affecting the entire body, marked by a gradual decline in tissue function, rendering organs more susceptible to stress and diseases. The human heart holds significant importance in this context, as its aging process poses life-threatening risks. It entails macroscopic morphological shifts and biochemical changes that collectively contribute to diminished cardiac function. Among the numerous pivotal factors in aging, mitochondria play a critical role, intersecting with various molecular pathways and housing several aging-related agents. In this comprehensive review, we provide an updated overview of the functional role of mitochondria in cardiac aging.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Poro de Transição de Permeabilidade Mitocondrial , Humanos , COVID-19/metabolismo , Poro de Transição de Permeabilidade Mitocondrial/metabolismo , SARS-CoV-2 , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Células Endoteliais/metabolismo , Células Endoteliais/virologia , Células Endoteliais/patologia , Células Endoteliais da Veia Umbilical Humana/metabolismo , Proteínas de Transporte da Membrana Mitocondrial/metabolismoAssuntos
Inflamação , Receptor 3 Toll-Like , Tromboembolia Venosa , Humanos , Tromboembolia Venosa/genética , Tromboembolia Venosa/imunologia , Tromboembolia Venosa/sangue , Receptor 3 Toll-Like/genética , Receptor 3 Toll-Like/metabolismo , Inflamação/metabolismo , Inflamação/genética , Células Endoteliais/metabolismo , Células Endoteliais/imunologia , Células Endoteliais/patologia , Endotélio Vascular/metabolismo , Endotélio Vascular/fisiopatologia , AnimaisRESUMO
The Golgi compartment performs a number of crucial roles in the cell. However, the exact molecular mechanisms underlying these actions are not fully defined. Pathogenic mutations in genes encoding Golgi proteins may serve as an important source for expanding our knowledge. For instance, mutations in the gene encoding Transmembrane protein 165 (TMEM165) were discovered as a cause of a new type of congenital disorder of glycosylation (CDG). Comprehensive studies of TMEM165 in different model systems, including mammals, yeast, and fish uncovered the new realm of Mn2+ homeostasis regulation. TMEM165 was shown to act as a Ca2+/Mn2+:H+ antiporter in the medial- and trans-Golgi network, pumping the metal ions into the Golgi lumen and protons outside. Disruption of TMEM165 antiporter activity results in defects in N- and O-glycosylation of proteins and glycosylation of lipids. Impaired glycosylation of TMEM165-CDG arises from a lack of Mn2+ within the Golgi. Nevertheless, Mn2+ insufficiency in the Golgi is compensated by the activity of the ATPase SERCA2. TMEM165 turnover has also been found to be regulated by Mn2+ cytosolic concentration. Besides causing CDG, recent investigations have demonstrated the functional involvement of TMEM165 in several other pathologies including cancer and mental health disorders. This systematic review summarizes the available information on TMEM165 molecular structure, cellular function, and its roles in health and disease.
Assuntos
Fibroblastos , Insuficiência Cardíaca , MicroRNAs , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligases , Humanos , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Fibroblastos/patologia , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligases/metabolismo , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligases/genética , Idoso , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , MicroRNAs/genética , Masculino , Insuficiência Cardíaca/metabolismo , Insuficiência Cardíaca/fisiopatologia , Insuficiência Cardíaca/genética , Insuficiência Cardíaca/patologia , Feminino , Idoso Fragilizado , Células Cultivadas , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Volume Sistólico , Fatores Etários , Fragilidade/metabolismo , Fragilidade/genética , Função Ventricular Esquerda , Transdução de SinaisAssuntos
Montagem e Desmontagem da Cromatina , Dieta Cetogênica , Mitocôndrias Cardíacas , Isquemia Miocárdica , Coativador 1-alfa do Receptor gama Ativado por Proliferador de Peroxissomo , Animais , Coativador 1-alfa do Receptor gama Ativado por Proliferador de Peroxissomo/metabolismo , Coativador 1-alfa do Receptor gama Ativado por Proliferador de Peroxissomo/genética , Isquemia Miocárdica/metabolismo , Isquemia Miocárdica/genética , Isquemia Miocárdica/fisiopatologia , Mitocôndrias Cardíacas/metabolismo , Mitocôndrias Cardíacas/patologia , Transcrição Gênica , Camundongos , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Masculino , HumanosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Prediabetes has garnered increasing attention due to its association with cardiovascular conditions, especially hypertension, which heightens the risk of prefrailty and frailty among older individuals. METHODS: We screened elders with prefrail hypertension from March 2021 to January 2023. We assessed the correlation linking cognitive dysfunction (Montreal Cognitive Assessment score), insulin resistance (triglyceride-to-glucose index), and physical impairment (5-meter gait speed). Then, we measured the risk of developing frailty after a 1-year follow-up period, adjusting the outcome using multivariable Cox regression analysis. We also investigated the impact of administering 500 mg of metformin once daily to a subset of frail subjects for an additional 6 months. RESULTS: We assessed the relationship between the triglyceride-to-glucose index and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment score, observing a significant correlation (r, 0.880; P<0.0001). Similarly, we analyzed the association between the triglyceride-to-glucose index and 5-meter gait speed, uncovering a significant link between insulin resistance and physical impairment (r, 0.809; P<0.0001). Prediabetes was found to significantly (P<0.0001) elevate the risk of frailty development compared with individuals without prediabetes by the end of the 1-year follow-up, a finding confirmed via multivariable analysis with Cox regression. Furthermore, among the subgroup of subjects who developed frailty, those who received metformin exhibited a significant decrease in frailty levels (P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Insulin resistance and prediabetes play substantial roles in the development of cognitive and physical impairments, highlighting their importance in managing hypertension, even before the onset of frank diabetes. Metformin, a well-established drug for the treatment of diabetes, has shown favorable effects in mitigating frailty.
Assuntos
Fragilidade , Hipertensão , Hipoglicemiantes , Metformina , Estado Pré-Diabético , Humanos , Metformina/uso terapêutico , Masculino , Estado Pré-Diabético/tratamento farmacológico , Idoso , Feminino , Fragilidade/epidemiologia , Hipertensão/tratamento farmacológico , Hipertensão/epidemiologia , Hipoglicemiantes/uso terapêutico , Resistência à Insulina , Idoso Fragilizado , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Disfunção Cognitiva/epidemiologia , Disfunção Cognitiva/prevenção & controle , Disfunção Cognitiva/etiologia , Glicemia/efeitos dos fármacos , Glicemia/metabolismoRESUMO
Emerging evidence indicates that the relationship between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and diabetes is 2-fold: 1) it is known that the presence of diabetes and other metabolic alterations poses a considerably high risk to develop a severe COVID-19; 2) patients who survived a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection have an increased risk of developing new-onset diabetes. However, the mechanisms underlying this association are mostly unknown, and there are no reliable biomarkers to predict the development of new-onset diabetes. In the present study, we demonstrate that a specific microRNA (miR-34a) contained in circulating extracellular vesicles released by endothelial cells reliably predicts the risk of developing new-onset diabetes in COVID-19. This association was independent of age, sex, body mass index (BMI), hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking status, and D-dimer. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: We demonstrate for the first time that a specific microRNA (miR-34a) contained in circulating extracellular vesicles released by endothelial cells is able to reliably predict the risk of developing diabetes after having contracted coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This association was independent of age, sex, body mass index (BMI), hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking status, and D-dimer. Our findings are also relevant when considering the emerging importance of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19, with systemic manifestations observed even months after viral negativization (long COVID).
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Diabetes Mellitus , Dislipidemias , Hipertensão , MicroRNAs , Humanos , COVID-19/complicações , Síndrome de COVID-19 Pós-Aguda , SARS-CoV-2 , Células Endoteliais , Progressão da DoençaRESUMO
Ischemic cardiac disease is a major cause of mortality worldwide. However, the exact molecular processes underlying this disorder are not fully known. This study includes a comprehensive and coordinated set of in vivo and in vitro experiments using human cardiac specimens from patients with postischemic heart failure (HF) and healthy control subjects, a murine model of HF, and cellular systems. These approaches identified for the first time a specific pattern of maladaptive chromatin remodeling, namely a double methylation of histone 3 at lysine 27 and a single methylation at lysine 36 (H3_K27me2K36me1) consistently induced by ischemic injury in all these settings: human HF; murine HF; and in vitro models. Mechanistically, this work demonstrates that this histone modification mediates the ischemia-induced transcriptional repression of PPARG coactivator 1α (PGC1α), master regulator of mitochondrial function and biogenesis. Intriguingly, both the augmented H3_K27me2K36me1 and the mitochondrial dysfunction ensued by PGC1α down-regulation were significantly attenuated by the treatment with ß-hydroxybutyrate, the most abundant ketone body in humans, revealing a novel pathway coupling metabolism to gene expression. Taken together, these findings establish maladaptive chromatin remodeling as a key mechanism in postischemic heart injury, functionally modulated by ketone bodies.
RESUMO
Taurine, a naturally occurring sulfur-containing amino acid, has attracted significant attention in recent years due to its potential health benefits. Found in various foods and often used in energy drinks and supplements, taurine has been studied extensively to understand its impact on human physiology. Determining its exact functional roles represents a complex and multifaceted topic. We provide an overview of the scientific literature and present an analysis of the effects of taurine on various aspects of human health, focusing on aging and cardiovascular pathophysiology, but also including athletic performance, metabolic regulation, and neurological function. Additionally, our report summarizes the current recommendations for taurine intake and addresses potential safety concerns. Evidence from both human and animal studies indicates that taurine may have beneficial cardiovascular effects, including blood pressure regulation, improved cardiac fitness, and enhanced vascular health. Its mechanisms of action and antioxidant properties make it also an intriguing candidate for potential anti-aging strategies.
Assuntos
Coração , Taurina , Animais , Humanos , Taurina/farmacologia , Taurina/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Suplementos Nutricionais , EnvelhecimentoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Sodium Glucose co-Transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors (also known as 'gliflozins') represent a cornerstone to treat diabetes mellitus. Moreover, recent randomized clinical trials have demonstrated important cardioprotective effects of gliflozins, independent of the presence of diabetes. Herein, we summarize the recent therapeutic progress in the cardiovascular field obtained with SGLT2 inhibitors. AREA COVERED: We critically examine the rationale and results of recent clinical studies examining the effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on cardiovascular outcomes, along with a brief overview of the main ongoing trials that have been designed in order to answer the many pending questions in the field of gliflozins and cardiovascular disease. EXPERT OPINION: The favorable results of several clinical trials have broadened the therapeutic scenario for SGLT2 inhibitors, opening, at the same time, new challenges. Additionally, recent preclinical findings have evidenced off-target effects of SGLT2 inhibitors.
RESUMO
SGLT2 (sodium-glucose cotransporter 2) enables glucose and sodium reabsorption in the kidney. SGLT2-inhibitors (also known as gliflozins, which include canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, empagliflozin, and ertugliflozin) act by increasing glycosuria, thereby reducing glycemia. These drugs are critical to reach and keep glycemic control, a crucial feature, especially in patients with comorbidities, like frail individuals. Several studies evaluated the effects of SGLT2-inhibitors in different settings beyond diabetes, revealing that they are actually pleiotropic drugs. We recently evidenced the favorable effects of SGLT2-inhibition on physical and cognitive impairment in frail older adults with diabetes and hypertension. In the present overview, we summarize the latest clinical and preclinical studies exploring the main effects of SGLT2-inhibitors on kidney and heart, emphasizing their potential beneficial actions in frailty.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Fragilidade , Inibidores do Transportador 2 de Sódio-Glicose , Humanos , Idoso , Inibidores do Transportador 2 de Sódio-Glicose/uso terapêutico , Inibidores do Transportador 2 de Sódio-Glicose/farmacologia , Hipoglicemiantes/farmacologia , Transportador 2 de Glucose-Sódio/farmacologia , Relevância Clínica , Rim , Glucose , Compostos Benzidrílicos/farmacologia , Compostos Benzidrílicos/uso terapêutico , SódioRESUMO
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are derived from the inner cell mass (ICM) of the blastocyst. ESCs have two distinctive properties: ability to proliferate indefinitely, a feature referred as "self-renewal", and to differentiate into different cell types, a peculiar characteristic known as "pluripotency". Self-renewal and pluripotency of ESCs are finely orchestrated by precise external and internal networks including epigenetic modifications, transcription factors, signaling pathways, and histone modifications. In this systematic review, we examine the main molecular mechanisms that sustain self-renewal and pluripotency in both murine and human ESCs. Moreover, we discuss the latest literature on human naïve pluripotency.
Assuntos
Células-Tronco Embrionárias , Células-Tronco Embrionárias Humanas , Humanos , Animais , Camundongos , Células-Tronco Embrionárias Humanas/metabolismo , Blastocisto , Transdução de Sinais , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Diferenciação CelularRESUMO
L-Arginine (L-Arg), is a semi-essential amino acid involved in the formation of nitric oxide. The functional relevance of L-Arg in diabetes mellitus has been evaluated both in animal models and in human subjects. In the literature there are several lines of evidence indicating that L-Arg has beneficial effects in diabetes and numerous studies advocate its administration to attenuate glucose intolerance in diabetic patients. Here we present a comprehensive overview of the main studies exploring the effects of L-Arg in diabetes, including preclinical and clinical reports on this topic.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus , Intolerância à Glucose , Animais , Humanos , Arginina/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus/diagnóstico , Diabetes Mellitus/tratamento farmacológico , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Cardiac fibrosis represents a key element in the pathophysiology of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), a condition highly prevalent amongst geriatric patients, especially if diabetic. The microRNA 181c (miR-181c) has been shown to be associated with the response to exercise training in HFpEF patients and has been also linked to diabetic cardiovascular complications. However, the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. OBJECTIVE: To measure circulating miR-181c in elderly patients with HFpEF and diabetes mellitus (DM) and identify gene targets pathophysiologically relevant in HFpEF. METHODS: We quantified circulating miR-181c in frail older adults with a confirmed diagnosis of HFpEF and DM, and, as control, we enrolled age-matched subjects without HFpEF and without DM. We validated in human cardiac fibroblasts the molecular mechanisms linking miR-181c to a pro-fibrotic response. RESULTS: 51 frail patients were included :34 patients with DM and HFpEF and 17 age-matched controls. We observed that miR-181c was significantly upregulated (p < 0.0001) in HFpEF patients vs controls. We confirmed in vitro that miR-181c is targeting PRKN and SMAD7. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate that miR-181c levels are significantly increased in frail elderly adults with DM and HFpEF and that miR-181c targets PRKN and SMAD7 in human cardiac fibroblasts.