Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of the ALKB Homolog Gene Family in Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.).

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is an abundant and pervasive post-transcriptional modification in eukaryotic mRNAs. AlkB homolog (ALKBH) proteins play crucial roles in RNA metabolism and translation, participating in m6A methylation modification to regulate plant development. However, no comprehensive investigations have been conducted on ALKBH in potato. Here, 11 StALKBH family genes were identified in potato and renamed according to BLASTP and phylogenetic analyses following the Arabidopsis genome. The characteristics, sequence structures, motif compositions, phylogenetics, chromosomal locations, synteny, and promoter cis-acting element predictions were analyzed, revealing distinct evolutionary relationships between potato and other species (tomato and Arabidopsis). Homologous proteins were classified into seven groups depending on similar conserved domains, which implies that they possess a potentially comparable function. Moreover, the StALKBHs were ubiquitous, and their expression was examined in the various tissues of a whole potato, in which the StALKBH genes, except for StALKBH2, were most highly expressed in the stolon and flower. Multiple hormone and stress-response elements were found to be located in the promoters of the StALKBH genes. Further qRT-PCR results suggest that they may be significantly upregulated in response to phytohormones and abiotic stress (except for cold), and the expression of most of the StALKBH genes exhibited positively modulated trends. Overall, this study is the first to report a genome-wide assessment of the ALKBH family in potato, providing valuable insights into candidate gene selection and facilitating in-depth functional analyses of ALKBH-mediated m6A methylation mechanisms in potato.

Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Novel Genes Potentially Involved in Tuberization in Potato.

The formation and development of tubers, the primary edible and economic organ of potatoes, directly affect their yield and quality. The regulatory network and mechanism of tuberization have been preliminarily revealed in recent years, but plenty of relevant genes remain to be discovered. A few candidate genes were provided due to the simplicity of sampling and result analysis of previous transcriptomes related to tuberization. We sequenced and thoroughly analyzed the transcriptomes of thirteen tissues from potato plants at the tuber proliferation phase to provide more reference information and gene resources. Among them, eight tissues were stolons and tubers at different developmental stages, which we focused on. Five critical periods of tuberization were selected to perform an analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), according to the results of the tissue correlation. Compared with the unswollen stolons (Sto), 2751, 4897, 6635, and 9700 DEGs were detected in the slightly swollen stolons (Sto1), swollen stolons (Sto2), tubers of proliferation stage 1 (Tu1), and tubers of proliferation stage 4 (Tu4). A total of 854 transcription factors and 164 hormone pathway genes were identified in the DEGs. Furthermore, three co-expression networks associated with Sto-Sto1, Sto2-Tu1, and tubers of proliferation stages two to five (Tu2-Tu5) were built using the weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). Thirty hub genes (HGs) and 30 hub transcription factors (HTFs) were screened and focalized in these networks. We found that five HGs were reported to regulate tuberization, and most of the remaining HGs and HTFs co-expressed with them. The orthologs of these HGs and HTFs were reported to regulate processes (e.g., flowering, cell division, hormone synthesis, metabolism and signal transduction, sucrose transport, and starch synthesis) that were also required for tuberization. Such results further support their potential to control tuberization. Our study provides insights and countless candidate genes of the regulatory network of tuberization, laying the foundation for further elucidating the genetic basis of tuber development.

Rapid Identification of High-Temperature Responsive Genes Using Large-Scale Yeast Functional Screening System in Potato.

As the third largest global food crop, potato plays an important role in ensuring food security. However, it is particularly sensitive to high temperatures, which seriously inhibits its growth and development, thereby reducing yield and quality and severely limiting its planting area. Therefore, rapid, and high-throughput screening for high-temperature response genes is highly significant for analyzing potato high-temperature tolerance molecular mechanisms and cultivating new high-temperature-tolerant potato varieties. We screened genes that respond to high temperature by constructing a potato cDNA yeast library. After high-temperature treatment at 39 °C, the yeast library was subjected to high-throughput sequencing, and a total of 1931 heat resistance candidate genes were screened. Through GO and KEGG analysis, we found they were mainly enriched in "photosynthesis" and "response to stimuli" pathways. Subsequently, 12 randomly selected genes were validated under high temperature, drought, and salt stress using qRT-PCR. All genes were responsive to high temperature, and most were also induced by drought and salt stress. Among them, five genes ectopically expressed in yeast enhance yeast's tolerance to high temperatures. We provide numerous candidate genes for potato response to high temperature stress, laying the foundation for subsequent analysis of the molecular mechanism of potato response to high temperature.

Construction of heat stress regulation networks based on Illumina and SMRT sequencing data in potato.

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most important tuber food crops in the world; however, the cultivated potatoes are susceptible to high temperature, by which potato production is adversely affected. Understanding the coping mechanism of potato to heat stress is essential to secure yield and expand adaptability under environmental conditions with rising temperature. However, the lack of heat-related information has significantly limited the identification and application of core genes. To gain deeper insights into heat tolerance genes, next-generation sequencing and single-molecule real-time sequencing were used to learn the transcriptional response of potato to heat stress and 13,159 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in this study. All DEGs were grouped into 12 clusters using the K-means clustering algorithm. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis revealed that they were involved in temperature signaling, phytohormone, and protein modification. Among them, there were 950 differentially expressed transcription factors (DETFs). According to the network analysis of DETFs at the sixth hour under heat stress, we found some genes that were previously reported to be associated with photoperiodic tuberization, StCO (CONSTANS), tuber formation, StBEL11 (BEL1-LIKE 11), and earliness in potato, StCDF1 (CYCLING DOF FACTOR 1) responding to temperature. Furthermore, we verified the relative expression levels using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and the results were consistent with the inferences from transcriptomes. In addition, there were 22,125 alternative splicing events and 2,048 long non-coding RNAs. The database and network established in this study will extend our understanding of potato response to heat stress. It ultimately provided valuable resources for molecular analysis of heat stress response in potato and cultivation of potato varieties with heat tolerance.

Screening of microRNAs and target genes involved in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) infection in Brassica napus L.

BACKGROUND: Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is the third largest source of vegetable oil in the world, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) is a major soil-borne fungal plant pathogen that infects more than 400 plant species, including B. napus. Sclerotinia stem rot caused an annual loss of 10 - 20% in rapeseed yield. Exploring the molecular mechanisms in response to S. sclerotiorum infection in B. napus is beneficial for breeding and cultivation of resistant varieties. To gain a better understanding of the mechanisms regarding B. napus tolerance to Sclerotinia stem rot, we employed a miRNAome sequencing approach and comprehensively investigated global miRNA expression profile among five relatively resistant lines and five susceptible lines of oilseed at 0, 24, and 48 h post-inoculation. RESULTS: In this study, a total of 40 known and 1105 novel miRNAs were differentially expressed after S. sclerotiorum infection, including miR156, miR6028, miR394, miR390, miR395, miR166, miR171, miR167, miR164, and miR172. Furthermore, 8,523 genes were predicted as targets for these differentially expressed miRNAs. These target genes were mainly associated with disease resistance (R) genes, signal transduction, transcription factors, and hormones. Constitutively expressing miR156b (OX156b) plants strengthened Arabidopsis resistance against S. sclerotiorum accompanied by smaller necrotic lesions, whereas blocking miR156 expression in Arabidopsis (MIM156) led to greater susceptibility to S. sclerotiorum disease, associated with extensive cell death of necrotic lesions. CONCLUSIONS: This study reveals the distinct difference in miRNA profiling between the relatively resistant lines and susceptible lines of B. napus in response to S. sclerotiorum. The identified differentially expressed miRNAs related to sclerotinia stem rot resistance are involved in regulating resistance to S. sclerotiorum in rapeseed by targeting genes related to R genes, signal transduction, transcription factors, and hormones. miR156 positively modulates the resistance to S. sclerotiorum infection by restricting colonization of S. sclerotiorum mycelia. This study provides a broad view of miRNA expression changes after S. sclerotiorum infection in oilseed and is the first to elucidate the function and mechanism underlying the miR156 response to S. sclerotiorum infection in oilseed rape.

Comparatively Evolution and Expression Analysis of GRF Transcription Factor Genes in Seven Plant Species.

Growth regulatory factors (GRF) are plant-specific transcription factors that play pivotal roles in growth and various abiotic stresses regulation. However, adaptive evolution of GRF gene family in land plants are still being elucidated. Here, we performed the evolutionary and expression analysis of GRF gene family from seven representative species. Extensive phylogenetic analyses and gene structure analysis revealed that the number of genes, QLQ domain and WRC domain identified in higher plants was significantly greater than those identified in lower plants. Besides, dispersed duplication and WGD/segmental duplication effectively promoted expansion of the GRF gene family. The expression patterns of GRF gene family and target genes were found in multiple floral organs and abundant in actively growing tissues. They were also found to be particularly expressed in response to various abiotic stresses, with stress-related elements in promoters, implying potential roles in floral development and abiotic stress. Our analysis in GRF gene family interaction network indicated the similar results that GRFs resist to abiotic stresses with the cooperation of other transcription factors like GIFs. This study provides insights into evolution in the GRF gene family, together with expression patterns valuable for future functional researches of plant abiotic stress biology.

Dynamic Translational Landscape Revealed by Genome-Wide Ribosome Profiling under Drought and Heat Stress in Potato.

The yield and quality of potatoes, an important staple crop, are seriously threatened by high temperature and drought stress. In order to deal with this adverse environment, plants have evolved a series of response mechanisms. However, the molecular mechanism of potato's response to environmental changes at the translational level is still unclear. In this study, we performed transcriptome- and ribosome-profiling assays with potato seedlings growing under normal, drought, and high-temperature conditions to reveal the dynamic translational landscapes for the first time. The translational efficiency was significantly affected by drought and heat stress in potato. A relatively high correlation (0.88 and 0.82 for drought and heat stress, respectively) of the fold changes of gene expression was observed between the transcriptional level and translational level globally based on the ribosome-profiling and RNA-seq data. However, only 41.58% and 27.69% of the different expressed genes were shared by transcription and translation in drought and heat stress, respectively, suggesting that the transcription or translation process can be changed independently. In total, the translational efficiency of 151 (83 and 68 for drought and heat, respectively) genes was significantly changed. In addition, sequence features, including GC content, sequence length, and normalized minimal free energy, significantly affected the translational efficiencies of genes. In addition, 28,490 upstream open reading frames (uORFs) were detected on 6463 genes, with an average of 4.4 uORFs per gene and a median length of 100 bp. These uORFs significantly affected the translational efficiency of downstream major open reading frames (mORFs). These results provide new information and directions for analyzing the molecular regulatory network of potato seedlings in response to drought and heat stress.

Construction of drought stress regulation networks in potato based on SMRT and RNA sequencing data.

BACKGROUND: Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is the fourth most important food crop in the world and plays an important role in food security. Drought stress has a significantly negative impact on potato growth and production. There are several publications involved drought stress in potato, this research contributes to enrich the knowledge. RESULTS: In this study, next-generation sequencing (NGS) and single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing technology were used to study the transcription profiles in potato in response to 20%PEG6000 simulates drought stress. The leaves of the variety "Désirée" from in vitro plantlets after drought stress at six time points from 0 to 48 hours were used to perform NGS and SMRT sequencing. According to the sequencing data, a total of 12,798 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in six time points. The real-time (RT)-PCR results are significantly correlated with the sequencing data, confirming the accuracy of the sequencing data. Gene ontology and KEGG analysis show that these DEGs participate in response to drought stress through galactose metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, plant-pathogen interaction, glutathione metabolism and other pathways. Through the analysis of alternative splicing of 66,888 transcripts, the functional pathways of these transcripts were enriched, and 51,098 transcripts were newly discovered from alternative splicing events and 47,994 transcripts were functionally annotated. Moreover, 3445 lncRNAs were predicted and enrichment analysis of corresponding target genes was also performed. Additionally, Alternative polyadenylation was analyzed by TADIS, and 26,153 poly (A) sites from 13,010 genes were detected in the Iso-Seq data. CONCLUSION: Our research greatly enhanced potato drought-induced gene annotations and provides transcriptome-wide insights into the molecular basis of potato drought resistance.

Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Profiling of Monosaccharide Transporter Genes Associated with High Harvest Index Values in Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.).

Sugars are important throughout a plant's lifecycle. Monosaccharide transporters (MST) are essential sugar transporters that have been identified in many plants, but little is known about the evolution or functions of MST genes in rapeseed (Brassica napus). In this study, we identified 175 MST genes in B. napus, 87 in Brassica oleracea, and 83 in Brassica rapa. These genes were separated into the sugar transport protein (STP), polyol transporter (PLT), vacuolar glucose transporter (VGT), tonoplast monosaccharide transporter (TMT), inositol transporter (INT), plastidic glucose transporter (pGlcT), and ERD6-like subfamilies, respectively. Phylogenetic and syntenic analysis indicated that gene redundancy and gene elimination have commonly occurred in Brassica species during polyploidization. Changes in exon-intron structures during evolution likely resulted in the differences in coding regions, expression patterns, and functions seen among BnMST genes. In total, 31 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified through RNA-seq among materials with high and low harvest index (HI) values, which were divided into two categories based on the qRT-PCR results, expressed more highly in source or sink organs. We finally identified four genes, including BnSTP5, BnSTP13, BnPLT5, and BnERD6-like14, which might be involved in monosaccharide uptake or unloading and further affect the HI of rapeseed. These findings provide fundamental information about MST genes in Brassica and reveal the importance of BnMST genes to high HI in B. napus.

Characterization of cold stress responses in different rapeseed ecotypes based on metabolomics and transcriptomics analyses.

The winter oilseed ecotype is more tolerant to low temperature than the spring ecotype. Transcriptome and metabolome analyses of leaf samples of five spring Brassica napus L. (B. napus) ecotype lines and five winter B. napus ecotype lines treated at 4 °C and 28 °C were performed. A total of 25,460 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of the spring oilseed ecotype and 28,512 DEGs of the winter oilseed ecotype were identified after cold stress; there were 41 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) in the spring and 47 in the winter oilseed ecotypes. Moreover, more than 46.2% DEGs were commonly detected in both ecotypes, and the extent of the changes were much more pronounced in the winter than spring ecotype. By contrast, only six DEMs were detected in both the spring and winter oilseed ecotypes. Eighty-one DEMs mainly belonged to primary metabolites, including amino acids, organic acids and sugars. The large number of specific genes and metabolites emphasizes the complex regulatory mechanisms involved in the cold stress response in oilseed rape. Furthermore, these data suggest that lipid, ABA, secondary metabolism, signal transduction and transcription factors may play distinct roles in the spring and winter ecotypes in response to cold stress. Differences in gene expression and metabolite levels after cold stress treatment may have contributed to the cold tolerance of the different oilseed ecotypes.

Heterologous Expression of CLIBASIA_03915/CLIBASIA_04250 by Tobacco Mosaic Virus Resulted in Phloem Necrosis in the Senescent Leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana.

Huanglongbing (HLB), also known as citrus greening, is the most notorious citrus disease worldwide. Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CaLas) is a phloem-restricted bacterium associated with HLB. Because there is no mutant library available, the pathogenesis of CaLas is obscure. In this study, we employed tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) to express two mature secretion proteins CLIBASIA_03915 (m03915) and CLIBASIA_04250 (m04250) in Nicotiana benthamiana (N. benthamiana). Phloem necrosis was observed in the senescent leaves of N. benthamiana that expressed the two low molecular weight proteins, while no phloem necrosis was observed in the plants that expressed the control, green fluorescent protein (GFP). Additionally, no phloem necrosis was observed in the senescent leaves of N. benthamiana that expressed the null mutation of m03915 and frameshifting m04250. The subcellular localizations of m03915 and m04250 were determined by fusion with GFP using confocal microscopy. The subcellular localization of m03915 was found to be as free GFP without a nuclear localization sequence (NLS). However, m04250 did have an NLS. Yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) was carried out to probe the citrus proteins interacting with m03915 and m04250. Six citrus proteins were found to interact with m03915. The identified proteins were involved in the metabolism of compounds, transcription, response to abiotic stress, ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation, etc. The prey of m04250 was involved in the processing of specific pre-mRNAs. Identification of new virulence factors of CaLas will give insight into the pathogenesis of CaLas, and therefore, it will eventually help develop the HLB-resistant citrus.

Joint RNA-Seq and miRNA Profiling Analyses to Reveal Molecular Mechanisms in Regulating Thickness of Pod Canopy in Brassica napus.

Oilseed rape (Brassica napus) is the second largest oilseed crop worldwide. As an architecture component of B. napus, thickness of pod canopy (TPC) plays an important role in yield formation, especially under high-density cultivation conditions. However, the mechanisms underlying the regulation of TPC remain unclear. RNA and microRNA (miRNA) profiling of two groups of B. napus lines with significantly different TPC at the bolting with a tiny bud stage revealed differential expressions of numerous genes involved in nitrogen-related pathways. Expression of several nitrogen-related response genes, including ASP5, ASP2, ASN3, ATCYSC1, PAL2, APT2, CRTISO, and COX15, was dramatically changed in the thick TPC lines compared to those in the thin TPC lines. Differentially expressed miRNAs also included many involved in nitrogen-related pathways. Expression of most target genes was negatively associated with corresponding miRNAs, such as miR159, miR6029, and miR827. In addition, 12 (including miR319, miR845, and miR158) differentially expressed miRNAs between two plant tissues sampled (stem apex and flower bud) were identified, implying that they might have roles in determining overall plant architecture. These results suggest that nitrogen signaling may play a pivotal role in regulating TPC in B. napus.

Genome-wide exploration and characterization of miR172/euAP2 genes in Brassica napus L. for likely role in flower organ development.

BACKGROUND: APETALA2-like genes encode plant-specific transcription factors, some of which possess one microRNA172 (miR172) binding site. The miR172 and its target euAP2 genes are involved in the process of phase transformation and flower organ development in many plants. However, the roles of miR172 and its target AP2 genes remain largely unknown in Brassica napus (B. napus). RESULTS: In this study, 19 euAP2 and four miR172 genes were identified in the B. napus genome. A sequence analysis suggested that 17 euAP2 genes were targeted by Bna-miR172 in the 3' coding region. EuAP2s were classified into five major groups in B.napus. This classification was consistent with the exon-intron structure and motif organization. An analysis of the nonsynonymous and synonymous substitution rates revealed that the euAP2 genes had gone through purifying selection. Whole genome duplication (WGD) or segmental duplication events played a major role in the expansion of the euAP2 gene family. A cis-regulatory element (CRE) analysis suggested that the euAP2s were involved in the response to light, hormones, stress, and developmental processes including circadian control, endosperm and meristem expression. Expression analysis of the miR172-targeted euAP2s in nine different tissues showed diverse spatiotemporal expression patterns. Most euAP2 genes were highly expressed in the floral organs, suggesting their specific functions in flower development. BnaAP2-1, BnaAP2-5 and BnaTOE1-2 had higher expression levels in late-flowering material than early-flowering material based on RNA-seq and qRT-PCR, indicating that they may act as floral suppressors. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, analyses of the evolution, structure, tissue specificity and expression of the euAP2 genes were peformed in B.napus. Based on the RNA-seq and experimental data, euAP2 may be involved in flower development. Three euAP2 genes (BnaAP2-1, BnaAP2-5 and BnaTOE1-2) might be regarded as floral suppressors. The results of this study provide insights for further functional characterization of the miR172 /euAP2 module in B.napus.

Genome-wide identification and characterization of Gretchen Hagen3 (GH3) family genes in Brassica napus.

The hormone auxin is involved in many biological processes throughout a plant's lifecycle. However, genes in the GH3 (Gretchen Hagen3) family, one of the three major auxin-responsive gene families, have not yet been identified in oilseed rape (Brassica napus). In this study, we identified 63 BnaGH3 genes in oilseed rape using homology searches. We analyzed the chromosome locations, gene structures, and phylogenetic relationships of the BnaGH3 genes, as well as the cis-elements in their promoters. Most BnaGH3 genes are located on chromosomes A03, A09, C02, C03, and C09, each with 4-7 members. In addition, we analyzed the expression patterns of BnaGH3 genes in seven tissues by transcriptome sequencing and quantitative RT-PCR analysis of plants under exogenous IAA treatment. The BnaGH3 genes showed different expression patterns in various tissues. BnaA.GH3.2-1 and BnaC.GH3.2-1 were expressed in the seed and seed coat during development and in response to IAA treatment. These results shed light on the possible roles of the GH3 gene family in oilseed rape.

Genome-Wide Identification of the LAC Gene Family and Its Expression Analysis Under Stress in Brassica napus.

Lignin is an important biological polymer in plants that is necessary for plant secondary cell wall ontogenesis. The laccase (LAC) gene family catalyzes lignification and has been suggested to play a vital role in the plant kingdom. In this study, we identified 45 LAC genes from the Brassica napus genome (BnLACs), 25 LAC genes from the Brassica rapa genome (BrLACs) and 8 LAC genes from the Brassica oleracea genome (BoLACs). These LAC genes could be divided into five groups in a cladogram and members in same group had similar structures and conserved motifs. All BnLACs contained hormone- and stress- related elements determined by cis-element analysis. The expression of BnLACs was relatively higher in the root, seed coat and stem than in other tissues. Furthermore, BnLAC4 and its predicted downstream genes showed earlier expression in the silique pericarps of short silique lines than long silique lines. Three miRNAs (miR397a, miR397b and miR6034) target 11 BnLACs were also predicted. The expression changes of BnLACs under series of stresses were further investigated by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The study will give a deeper understanding of the LAC gene family evolution and functions in B. napus.

Whole-genome resequencing reveals Brassica napus origin and genetic loci involved in its improvement.

Brassica napus (2n = 4x = 38, AACC) is an important allopolyploid crop derived from interspecific crosses between Brassica rapa (2n = 2x = 20, AA) and Brassica oleracea (2n = 2x = 18, CC). However, no truly wild B. napus populations are known; its origin and improvement processes remain unclear. Here, we resequence 588 B. napus accessions. We uncover that the A subgenome may evolve from the ancestor of European turnip and the C subgenome may evolve from the common ancestor of kohlrabi, cauliflower, broccoli, and Chinese kale. Additionally, winter oilseed may be the original form of B. napus. Subgenome-specific selection of defense-response genes has contributed to environmental adaptation after formation of the species, whereas asymmetrical subgenomic selection has led to ecotype change. By integrating genome-wide association studies, selection signals, and transcriptome analyses, we identify genes associated with improved stress tolerance, oil content, seed quality, and ecotype improvement. They are candidates for further functional characterization and genetic improvement of B. napus.

Joint QTL mapping and transcriptome sequencing analysis reveal candidate flowering time genes in Brassica napus L.

BACKGROUND: Optimum flowering time is a key agronomic trait in Brassica napus. To investigate the genetic architecture and genetic regulation of flowering time in this important crop, we conducted quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis of flowering time in a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population, including lines with extreme differences in flowering time, in six environments, along with RNA-Seq analysis. RESULTS: We detected 27 QTLs distributed on eight chromosomes among six environments, including one major QTL on chromosome C02 that explained 11-25% of the phenotypic variation and was stably detected in all six environments. RNA-Seq analysis revealed 105 flowering time-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that play roles in the circadian clock/photoperiod, autonomous pathway, and hormone and vernalization pathways. We focused on DEGs related to the regulation of flowering time, especially DEGs in QTL regions. CONCLUSIONS: We identified 45 flowering time-related genes in these QTL regions, eight of which are DEGs, including key flowering time genes PSEUDO RESPONSE REGULATOR 7 (PRR7) and FY (located in a major QTL region on C02). These findings provide insights into the genetic architecture of flowering time in B. napus.

Screening of candidate gene responses to cadmium stress by RNA sequencing in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.).

Cadmium (Cd) stress is one of the most serious threats to agriculture in the world. Oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) is an important oil crop; however, Cd can easily accumulate in rapeseed and thus harm human health through the food chain. In the first experiment, our purpose was to measure the Cd accumulation in mature B. napus plants and its influences on fatty acid composition. The results showed that most Cd was accumulated in the root, and the seed fatty acid content was considerably different at different Cd toxicity levels. In the second experiment, 7-day-old B. napus seedlings stressed by Cd (1 mM) for 0 h (CK-0h), 24 h (T-24h), or 72 h (T-72h) were submitted to physiological and biological analyses, RNA-Seq and qRT-PCR. In total, 5469 and 6769 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the comparisons of "CK-0h vs T-24h" and "CK-0h vs T-72h", respectively. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses showed that the photosynthetic and glutathione (GSH) pathways were significantly enriched in response to Cd stress. Key factors in the response to Cd stress included BnPCS1, BnGSTU12, BnGSTU5, and BnHMAs. The transcription factors BnWRKY11 (BnaA03g51590D), BnWRKY28 (BnaA03g43640D), BnWRKY33 (BnaA03g17820D), and BnWRKY75 (BnaA03g04160D) were upregulated after Cd exposure. The present study revealed that upregulation of the genes encoding GST and PCS under Cd stress promoted the formation of low-molecular weight complexes (PC-Cd), and upregulation of heavy metal ATPase genes induced PC-Cd transfer to vacuoles. These findings may provide the basis for the molecular mechanism of the response of B. napus to Cd.

Integrated mRNA, sRNA, and degradome sequencing reveal oilseed rape complex responses to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) infection.

Sclerotinia stem rot (SSR), caused by the fungal pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is a devastating disease resulting in yield losses and decreases in seed quality in oilseed rape (Brassica napus) worldwide. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the response of oilseed rape to S. sclerotiorum infection at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels are poorly understood. Here, we used an integrated omics approach (transcriptome, sRNAome, and degradome sequencing) on the Illumina platform to compare the RNA expression and post-transcriptional profiles of oilseed rape plants inoculated or not with S. sclerotiorum. In total, 7,065 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) compared with the mock-inoculated control at 48 hours post inoculation were identified. These DEGs were associated with protein kinases, signal transduction, transcription factors, hormones, pathogenesis-related proteins, secondary metabolism, and transport. In the sRNA-Seq analysis, 77 known and 176 novel miRNAs were identified; however, only 10 known and 41 novel miRNAs were differentially expressed between the samples inoculated or not with S. sclerotiorum. Degradome sequencing predicted 80 cleavage sites with 64 miRNAs. Integrated mRNA, sRNA and degradome sequencing analysis reveal oilseed rape complex responses to S. sclerotiorum infection. This study provides a global view of miRNA and mRNA expression profiles in oilseed rape following S. sclerotiorum infection.

Combined QTL mapping, physiological and transcriptomic analyses to identify candidate genes involved in Brassica napus seed aging.

Seed aging is an inevitable problem in the germplasm conservation of oil crops. Thus, clarifying the genetic mechanism of seed aging is important for rapeseed breeding. In this study, Brassica napus seeds were exposed to an artificial aging environment (40 °C and 90% relative humidity). Using a population of 172 recombinant inbred lines, 13 QTLs were detected on 8 chromosomes, which explained ~ 9.05% of the total phenotypic variation. The QTLs q2015AGIA-C08 and q2016AGI-C08-2 identified in the two environments were considered the same QTL. After artificial aging, lower germination index, increased relative electrical conductivity, malondialdehyde and proline content, and reduced soluble sugar, protein content and antioxidant enzyme activities were detected. Furthermore, seeds of extreme lines that were either left untreated (R0 and S0) or subjected to 15 days of artificial aging (R15 and S15) were used for transcriptome sequencing. In total, 2843, 1084, 429 and 1055 differentially expressed genes were identified in R15 vs. R0, S15 vs. S0, R0 vs. S0 and R15 vs. S15, respectively. Through integrated QTL mapping and RNA-sequencing analyses, seven genes, such as BnaA03g37460D, encoding heat shock transcription factor C1, and BnaA03g40360D, encoding phosphofructokinase 4, were screened as candidate genes involved in seed aging. Further researches on these candidate genes could broaden our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of seed aging.