Silver Nanoparticles Loaded with Oleuropein Reduce Doxorubicin-Induced Testicular Damage by Regulating Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, and Apoptosis.

Doxorubicin (DOX) is the most used chemotherapeutic agent for treating solid tumors. DOX treatment may lead to testicular damage using oxidative stress, resulting in infertility. These adverse effects may be prevented by the activation of antioxidant systems. Oleuropein (OLE) is a powerful flavonoid with several ameliorative effects, including antioxidative, antiproliferative, and anti-inflammatory. It would be more efficient and applicable in treating chronic human diseases if its poor bioavailability improves with a nano-delivery system. The current study aims to assess the histopathological changes and antioxidative effects of OLE loaded with silver nanoparticles oleuropein (OLE-AgNP) on the testicular injury triggered by DOX in rats. Forty-eight male albino rats were randomly divided into six groups as follows: the control, DOX (2.5 mg/kg), OLE (50 mg/kg), AgNP (100 mg/kg), OLE + AgNP (50 mg/kg), OLE (50 mg/kg) + DOX (2.5 mg/kg), AgNP (100 mg/kg) + DOX (2.5 mg/kg), and OLE-AgNP (50 mg/kg) + DOX (2.5 mg/kg) for 11 days. Oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress markers, sperm analysis, and histopathological analyses were performed on testicular tissues taken from rats decapitated after the applications and compared between the experimental groups. The tissue MDA level was lower in the OLE and OLE+AgNP-treated groups than in the DOX-treated group. In addition, SOD and GSH levels significantly increased in both the OLE and OLE+AgNP-treated groups compared to the DOX group. Both OLE and OLE+AgNP, particularly OLE+AgNP, ameliorated DOX-induced testicular tissue injury, as evidenced by reduced injury and improved seminiferous tubules and spermatocyte area. In addition, OLE and OLE+AgNP, especially OLE+AgNP, inhibited DOX-induced testicular tissue inflammation, apoptosis, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. The findings suggest that nanotechnology and the production of OLE+AgNP can ameliorate DOX-induced testicular damage.

Distributions and expressions of Aquaporin-5 and 7 in the testes of developing male chicks.

Aquaporins (AQPs) are integral membrane proteins that act as water channels for which a total of 13 orthologs of AQP genes in birds have been reported. Tissue expression and cellular or subcellular localization of AQPs have been poorly investigated in the male reproductive system of birds. We aimed to determine the distribution and localization of AQP5 and AQP7 proteins by immunocytochemistry in testicular tissues obtained from developing chicks (14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days old). Totally 175 male chicks (Ross 308) were used in the study from which testicular tissue was removed, fixed in 10% formaldehyde solution, then embedded in paraffin blocks. Five µm sections were cut, mounted on poly-L-lysine slides, dried in an oven, then dehydrated using standard immunohistochemistry staining protocol. The sections were imaged with a Nikon Eclipse 50i trinocular light microscope. Immunohistochemical evaluation of the immune reactivity of AQP5 revealed a positive immune reaction in spermatocytes and interstitial areas of the testes in 14-day-old chicks. Testicular tissue AQP5 immune reactivity was observed in the tubule and the interstitial regions of 21-, 28-, 35- and 42-day-old chicks. AQP7 immune reactions were determined in the tubule and interstitial areas testes of developing chicks' testis tissue, with increasing positivity corresponding to older age. The expression of AQP5 and AQP7 appears to be species-specific due to differences in localization and expression in male chicks compared with studies of other mammals, which is likely to play an important role in regulating fluid and sperm volume. This research can serve as a base for future studies that will contribute to the understanding of the male genital system of AQPs.

Morphological comparison of the chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar) and Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) syrinx.

Syrinx is a voice device and shows structural and functional differences between bird species. This study aimed to investigate morphological and histological structures of the syrinx in chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar) and Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). In the present study, 12 male chukar partridges and 12 male Japanese quail were used. The syrinx tissues were photographed by digital camera and fixed in formaldehyde solution. Five syrinxes were stained with methylene blue to make the syrinx rings distinct. After anatomical examination, tissues were passed through alcohol series, cleaned in xylene, and embedded in paraffin blocks. The blocks were cut and obtained sections were stained with Crossman modified triple staining and examined under camera attached light microscope. The syrinx of chukar partridges and Japanese quail consisted of cartilaginous tracheasyngeales and bronchosyngeales in the region of bifurcatio trachea and at the level of basis cordis. The tracheal rings constituting syrinx were counted three in chukar partridge and four in Japanese quail. The bronchial rings comprising syrinx counted nine in chukar partridge and eight in Japanese quail. In the histological examination, the pesullus structure was hyaline cartilage and calcificated with increasing ages being covered by pseudostratified columnar epithelium. The results of the study suggested that chukar partridge and Japanese quail syrinxes have some morphological differences compared to the other bird species; but, anatomically and histologically similarities to many bird species.

Radioprotective role of amifostine on osteointegration of titanium implants in the tibia of rats.

BACKGROUND: Titanium is the most widely used metal for bone integration, especially for cancer patients receiving ionizing radiation. This study aimed to investigate the amifostine administration that would reduce the effects of radiation on bone healing and osseointegration in rat models. OBJECTIVES: It is aimed that the application of amifostine in rats receiving radiotherapy treatment will reduce the negative effects of ionizing radiation on the bone. METHODS: Thirty-five adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into one healthy and four experimental groups. In three consecutive days, two experimental groups of rats (AMF-RT-IMP and RT-IMP) were exposed to radiation (15 Gy/3 fractions of 5 Gy each). Then the titanium implants were inserted into the left tibia. Before the radiotherapy process, a 200 mg/kg dose of amifostine (AMF) was administered to the rats in the AMF-IMP and AMF-RT-IMP groups. Twenty-eight days after the screw implant, all rats were sacrificed, and their blood samples and tibia bones were collected for analysis. RESULTS: The results indicated an accelerated bone formation and a more rapid healing process in the screw implants in the AMF-IMP, AMF-RT-IMP, and AMF-RT groups than in the RT-IMP group. Also, bone-implant contact area measurement and inflammation decreased with amifostine treatment in the implants subjected to irradiation (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained in the present study suggested that amifostine prevents the losses of bone minerals, bone integrity, and implant position from ionizing-radiation when given before exposure.

Configuration of sacral plexuses in Hasmer and Hasak sheep breeds: a comparative macro-anatomical approach.

The aim of this study was to examine and compare the macro-anatomical structures and configurations of plexus sacralis in Hasmer and Hasak sheep breeds. For this purpose, 18 sheep (eight female Hasmer sheep, three male Hasak sheep and seven female Hasak sheep) were assessed. After induction of anesthesia, the body cavities were opened. The sheep were fixed with formaldehyde after draining of the blood. The nerves of the plexus sacralis were dissected separately and photographed. Both in Hasmer and Hasak sheep breeds, the plexus sacralis was a large anastomotic complex of nerves which gave rise to nerves distributed to pelvic cavity and pelvic limb. It was derived from the ventral branches of the six spinal segments. It was observed that this plexus was formed by the ventral rami of four (first to fourth) sacral spinal nerves as well as ventral ramus of the sixth and fifth lumbar nerves. The results of this study are believed to be improved further with the future morphometric studies and to make a contribution to future anatomical and surgical studies in this area.

A histochemical and immunohistochemical study on the gastrointestinal tract of sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus) / Estudio histoquímico e inmunohistoquímico del tracto gastrointestinal del gavilán (Accipiter nisus)

SUMMARY: In the present study, we aimed to determine the localization and distribution of entero-endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract by immunohistochemical methods and understand the structure of the glycoproteins elaborated by the epithelium the digestive tract regions by histochemical methods. The nine sparrowhawks were euthanized, and gastrointestinal tract tissues were removed and fixed in formalin. The gastrointestinal tract sections were stained with immunohistochemical and histochemical techniques to evaluate the enteroendocrine cells and histomorphometric analysis. The results showed that the numbers of somatostatin in the ventriculus, gastrin in the proventriculus, serotonin in the duodenum and jejunum immunopositivity are higher, remaining segments of the gastrointestinal tract are detected slight positivity in the glucagon, gastrin, serotonin, and somatostatin. In conclusion, some endocrine cells localization and distribution and histomorphometry, and goblet cell counts were revealed in the gastrointestinal tract of the sparrowhawks.

RESUMEN: El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la localización y distribución de células enteroendocrinas en el tracto gastrointestinal de gavilán, a través de métodos inmunohistoquímicos y comprender la estructura de las glicoproteínas elaboradas por el epitelio de las regiones del tracto digestivo. Se sacrificaron nueve gavilanes y los tejidos del tracto gastrointestinal se extrajeron y se fijaron en formalina. Las secciones del tracto gastrointestinal se tiñeron con técnicas inmunohistoquímicas e histoquímicas para evaluar las células enteroendocrinas y se realizó análisis histo-morfométrico. Los re- sultados indicaron que los números de inmunopositividad de somatostatina en el ventrículo, gastrina en el proventrículo, serotonina en el duodeno y yeyuno son más altos, en los segmentos restantes del tracto gastrointestinal, se detecta además una ligera positividad de glucagón, gastrina, serotonina y somatostatina. En conclusión en el tracto gastrointestinal de gavilán se observó cierta localización y distribución de células endocrinas e histomorfometría, y recuentos de células caliciformes.

Percutaneous retrieval of umbilical vein catheter fragment in an infant two months after embolization.

Akin A, Bilici M, Demir F, Yilmazer MM, Ipek MS, Kara H. Percutaneous retrieval of umbilical vein catheter fragment in an infant two months after embolization. Turk J Pediatr 2018; 60: 191-193. Umbilical vein catheterization is frequently preferred and a safe route of venous access especially in newborns. However, some cases with breaking and embolization of those catheters have been rarely reported. Herein we present a two-and-a-half-month-old infant being catheterized within first postnatal week and diagnosed to have embolization of the catheter fragment to conjunction of hepatic vein and right atrium. Percutaneous withdrawal of broken catheter was achieved despite several months after the embolization took place. We suggest that transcatheter removal of catheter fragment embolizations may be safe even in late diagnosis cases.

Structural and spectroscopic characterization of a new luminescent NiII complex: bis{2,4-dichloro-6-[(2-hydroxypropyl)iminomethyl]phenolato-κ3O,N,O'}nickel(II).

The design and preparation of transition-metal complexes with Schiff base ligands are of interest due to their potential applications in the fields of molecular magnetism, nonlinear optics, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), sensing and photoluminescence. Luminescent metal complexes have been suggested as potential phosphors in electroluminescent devices. A new luminescent nickel(II) complex, [Ni(C10H10Cl2NO2)2], has been synthesized and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and elemental analysis, UV-Vis, FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and photoluminescence spectroscopies, and LC-MS/MS. Molecules of the complex in the crystals lie on special positions, on crystallographic binary rotation axes. The NiII atoms are six-coordinated by two phenolate O, two imine N and two hydroxy O atoms from two tridentate Schiff base 2,4-dichloro-6-[(2-hydroxypropyl)iminomethyl]phenolate ligands, forming an elongated octahedral geometry. Furthermore, the complex exhibits a strong green luminescence emission in the solid state at room temperature, as can be seen from the (CIE) chromaticity diagram, and hence the complex may be a promising green OLED (organic light-emitting diode) in the development of electroluminescent materials for flat-panel-display applications.

Crystal structure and photoluminescence properties of a new monomeric copper(II) complex: bis(3-{[(3-hydroxypropyl)imino]methyl}-4-nitrophenolato-κ3O,N,O')copper(II).

Copper(II)-Schiff base complexes have attracted extensive interest due to their structural, electronic, magnetic and luminescence properties. The title novel monomeric CuII complex, [Cu(C10H11N2O4)2], has been synthesized by the reaction of 3-{[(3-hydroxypropyl)imino]methyl}-4-nitrophenol (H2L) and copper(II) acetate monohydrate in methanol, and was characterized by elemental analysis, UV and IR spectroscopies, single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and a photoluminescence study. The CuII atom is located on a centre of inversion and is coordinated by two imine N atoms, two phenoxy O atoms in a mutual trans disposition and two hydroxy O atoms in axial positions, forming an elongated octahedral geometry. In the crystal, intermolecular O-H...O hydrogen bonds link the molecules to form a one-dimensional chain structure and π-π contacts also connect the molecules to form a three-dimensional structure. The solid-state photoluminescence properties of the complex and free H2L have been investigated at room temperature in the visible region. When the complex and H2L are excited under UV light at 349 nm, the complex displays a strong green emission at 520 nm and H2L displays a blue emission at 480 nm.

Crystal structure and photoluminescence properties of a new Cd(II) coordination polymer catena-poly[bis[4-bromo-2-({[2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl]imino}methyl)phenolato-κ(3)N,N',O]di-µ3-chlorido-di-µ2-chlorido-bis(methanol-κO)tricadmium(II)].

Schiff base-metal complexes have been used widely as catalysts for many organic reactions, such as ring-opening polymerization and oxidation. In view of the importance of Cd(II) coordination polymers and in an effort to enlarge the library of such complexes, the title novel polymeric Cd(II) tridentate Schiff base complex, [Cd3(C13H16BrN2O)2Cl4(CH4O)2]n, has been synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, UV and IR spectroscopies, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The complex crystallizes in the triclinic P-1 space group with two symmetry-independent Cd(II) atoms, one of which lies on an inversion centre, and analysis of the crystal structure shows that both Cd(II) atoms are six-coordinated; the environment around one Cd(II) atom can be described as distorted octahedral, while that around the second Cd(II) atom is octahedral. The Cd(II) atoms are linked by chloride ligands to form a one-dimensional coordination polymer. The nonbonding intermolecular Cd...Cd distances are 3.7009 (4) and 4.3563 (5) Å. Furthermore, the photoluminescence properties of the complex have been investigated and it displays a strong red emission in the solid state at room temperature.

Substituent effects on hydrogen bonding of aromatic amide-carboxylate.

N-(p-benzoyl)-anthranilic acid (BAA) derivatives have been synthesized with different substituents (X: Br, Cl, OCH3, CH3), and their crystal structures have been analyzed in order to understand the variations in their molecular geometries with respect to the substituents by using (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, IR and X-ray single-crystal diffraction. The carboxylic acid group forms classic OH⋯O hydrogen bonded dimers in a centrosymmetric R2(2)(8) ring motifs for BAA-Br and BAA-Cl. However, no carboxylic acid group forms classic OH⋯O hydrogen bonded dimers in BAA-OCH3 and BAA-CH3. The asymmetric unit consists of two crystallographically independent molecules in BAA-OCH3. DFT computations show that the interaction energies between monomer and dimer are in the range of 0.5-3.8kcal/mol with the B3LYP/6-31+G*, B3LYP/6-31++G*, B3LYP/6-31++G**, and B3LYP/AUG-cc-pVDZ levels of theory. The presence of different hydrogen bond patterns is also governed by the substrate. For monomeric compounds studied herein, theoretical calculations lead to two low-energy conformers; trans (a) and cis (b). Former one is more stable than latter by about 4kcal/mol.

Mn(II) complexes of different nuclearity: synthesis, characterization and catecholase-like activity.

Two "end-off" compartmental ligands, 2-formyl-4-chloro-6-N-ethylmorpholine-iminomethyl-phenol (HL1) and 2-formyl-4-methyl-6-N-ethylpyrrolidine-iminomethyl-phenol (HL2) have been designed and three complexes of Mn(ii), one mono-, one di- and a polynuclear, namely Mn(L1)(SCN)2(H2O)] (), [Mn2(L1)(OAc)2](BPh4)] (), and [Mn2(L2)(OAc)2(dca)]n () have been synthesized and structurally characterized. Variable temperature magnetic studies of and have been performed and data analyses reveal that Mn centers are antiferromagnetic coupled with J = -9.15 cm(-1) and J = -46.89, respectively. Catecholase activity of all the complexes has been investigated using 3,5-di-tert-butyl catechol (3,5-DTBC). All are highly active and the activity order on the basis of the kcat value is > > . In order to unveil whether the metal centered redox participation or the radical pathway is responsible for the catecholase-like activity of the complexes, detailed EPR and cyclic voltammetric (CV) studies have been performed. In addition to the six-line EPR spectrum characteristic to Mn(ii), an additional peak at g ∼ 2 is observed when the EPR study is done with the mixture of 3,5-DTBC and the catalyst, suggesting the formation of an organic radical, most likely ligand centered. The CV experiment with the mixture of 3,5-DTBC and the catalyst reveals ligand centered reduction rather than reduction of Mn(ii) to Mn(i). It is thus inferred that complexes show catecholase-like activity due to radical generation.

Two new heterodinuclear Schiff base complexes: synthesis, crystal structure and thermal studies.

Two new heterodinuclear Schiff base complexes, [Hg(L)NiCl2(DMF)2] 1, and [Zn(L)NiCl2(DMF)2] 2, where H2L = N,N'-bis(salicylidene)-1,3-diaminopropane and DMF = dimethylformamide have been synthesized and characterized using elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction. Structural studies on 1 and 2 reveal the presence of a heterodinuclear [Ni(II)Hg(II)] unit and [Zn(II)Ni(II)] in which the central metal ions are connected to each other by two phenolate oxygen bridges. For complex 1 the Ni(II) ion adopts an elongated octahedral geometry (NiN2O4) while the Hg(II) ion assumes a distorted tetrahedral arrangement (HgO2Cl2) whereas for complex 2 the Zn(II) ion adopts an elongated octahedral geometry (ZnN2O4) while the Ni(II) ion assumes a distorted tetrahedral arrangement (NiO2Cl2). There are intermolecular C-H···Cl-M interactions among the dinuclear complexes which are interconnected for 1 and 2. These intermolecular interactions result in the formation of a three dimensional structure for 1 and one dimensional zig-zag chains for 2.

Synthesis and characterization of monomeric Mn (IV) and pseudo-tetrameric Mn (III) complexes: magnetic properties of Mn (III) complex.

Two novel monomer Mn (IV) [Mn(3,5-ClL1)2]⋅(CH3OH), (1), [3,5-ClL1H2=N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3,5-dichlorosalicylaldimine] (1) and hydrogen-bonded pseudo-tetramer Mn (III) [Mn(5-BrL2)(H2O)2]2⋅[Mn(5-BrL2)(H2O)]2⋅2⋅(ClO4), (2), [5-BrL2H2=N,N'-bis(5-bromosalicylidenato)-1,2-diamino-2-methylpropane)] (2) Schiff base complexes have been synthesized and their crystal structures have been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. A variable temperature magnetic susceptibility measurement study has been performed for complex (2) and the result indicates there is a very weak antiferromagnetic interaction (J=-0.40±0.016cm(-1)) between the two manganese (III) centers.

Synthesis, characterization and anti-proliferative activity of Cd(II) complexes with NNN type pyrazole-based ligand and pseudohalide ligands as coligand.

Cd(II) complexes of tridentate nitrogen donor ligand, 2,6-bis(3,4,5-trimethylpyrazolyl)pyridine (btmpp), Cd(btmpp)X2 (X:Cl, ONO or N(CN)2) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental and spectral (FT-IR, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, UV-Vis) analyses, differential thermal analysis and single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. The molecular structure of reported complex 1, revealed distorted square-pyramidal geometry around Cadmium. Complexes 1-3 and corresponding ligand were tested for cytotoxic activity against the human carcinoma cell lines HEP3B (hepatocellular carcinoma), PC3 (prostate adenocarcinoma), MCF7 (breast adenocarcinoma) and Saos2 (osteosarcoma). The results show that, complexes are more cytotoxic than the free ligand and complex 2 is the most cytotoxic complex for PC3.

Two tridentate Schiff base ligands and their mononuclear cobalt (III) complexes: Synthesis, characterization, antibacterial and antifungal activities.

Two Schiff base ligands (HL1, HL2) and their Co(III) complexes, [Co(HL1)(L1)] (1) and [Co(HL2)(L2)] (2) [where HL1=2-((E)-(2-hydroxyethylimino)methyl)-4-chlorophenol and HL2=2-((E)-(2-hydroxyethylimino)methyl)-4-bromophenol] were synthesized and characterized using spectroscopic methods. The crystal structures of 1 and 2 have been re-determined by single crystal diffraction at 100K. The ligands and their Co(III) complexes were screened for antibacterial and antifungal activities by the disc diffusion, microdilution broth and single spore culture techniques. The antimicrobial activity of the Co(III) complexes and the free ligands exhibit antimicrobial properties and the Co(III) complexes show enhanced inhibitory activity compared with their parent ligand.

A new hydrogen-bonded pseudo-dimer Mn(III) Schiff base complex. The synthesis, X-ray structure and spectroscopic studies.

A new hydrogen-bonded pseudo-dimer, [Mn(III)L1(CH(3)CH(2)OH)](2)(ClO(4)) (1) (L1 = N,N'-bis(2-hydroxy-1-naphthalidenato)-1,2-diaminopropane) has been synthesized and characterized by UV-vis, IR, elemental analysis and crystal structure analysis. The single crystal X-ray diffraction reveals that the structure affords an elongated octahedral MnN(2)O(4) coordination environment, geometry with the four donor atoms of the tetradentate Schiff base in the equatorial plane and with two ethanol molecule in axial positions with Mn-O = 2.265(2) and 2.266(2) Å.

Synthesis, molecular structure, spectroscopic studies and second-order nonlinear optical behaviour of N,N'-(2-hydroxy-propane-1,3-diyl)-bis(5-nitrosalicylaldiminato-N,O)-copper(II).

N,N'-(2-Hydroxy-propane-1,3-diyl)-bis(5-nitrosalicylaldiminato-N,O)-copper(II) has been synthesized. The crystal structure has been determined by X-ray diffraction analysis, and linear optical characterization has been determined by UV-vis spectroscopy. It was found that the molecule under investigation has solvatochromic behaviour in the UV region, implying non-zero microscopic first hyperpolarizability. To reveal the microscopic nonlinear optical (NLO) properties, the static first hyperpolarizabilities (beta) and the electric dipole moments (mu) were evaluated by using the ab initio finite field (FF) method. According to the results of the FF calculations, the synthesized compound exhibits non-zero beta values, and it might have microscopic NLO behaviour.