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1.
bioRxiv ; 2024 Sep 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39345393

RESUMO

Shigellosis is the second leading cause of diarrheal death in children younger than five years of age globally. At present, there is no broadly licensed vaccine against shigella infection. Previous vaccine candidates have failed at providing protection for young children in endemic settings. Improved understanding of correlates of protection against Shigella infection and severe shigellosis in young children living in endemic settings is needed. Here, we applied a functional antibody profiling approach to define Shigella-specific antibody responses in young children versus older individuals with culture-confirmed shigellosis in Bangladesh, a Shigella endemic area. We analyzed Shigella-specific antibody isotypes, FcR binding and antibody-mediated innate immune cell activation in longitudinal serum samples collected at clinical presentation and up to 1 year later. We found that higher initial Shigella O-specific polysaccharide (OSP)-specific and protein-specific IgG and FcγR binding levels correlated with less severe disease regardless of patient age, but that individuals under 5 years of age developed a less prominent class switched, FcR-binding, functional and durable antibody response against both OSP and protein Shigella antigens than older individuals. Focusing on the largest cohort, we found that functional S. flexneri 2a OSP-specific responses were significantly induced only in individuals over age 5 years, and that these responses promoted monocyte phagocytosis and activation. Our findings suggest that in a Shigella endemic region, young children with shigellosis harbor a functional antibody response that fails to maximally activate monocytes; such a response may be important in facilitating subsequent innate cell clearance of Shigella, especially via recruitment and activation of polymorphonuclear cells capable of directly killing Shigella.

2.
Heliyon ; 10(17): e37562, 2024 Sep 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39296070

RESUMO

Diarrheal diseases, especially cholera, can be a serious threat to Rohingya refugees in Cox's Bazar due to overcrowding and inadequate hygiene infrastructure. Assessing the risk, cholera surveillance network was established with the aim to identify the outbreak of diarrhea and cholera and help to take appropriate preventive measures including a vaccination campaign. The surveillance network has been ongoing for 6 years (2017-2023) in 17 health facilities. Diarrhea patients from Rohingya Myanmar nationals matched with case definition were enrolled and stool samples were tested by Rapid diagnostic test (RDT) for early cholera detection Multiple Logistic regression models were fitted to examine the associations of risk factors among cholera cases. A total of 17,252 stool samples were collected through surveillance. Among the tested samples, 588 (3.5 %) were detected positive by RDT, and 239 (1.4 %) Vibrio cholerae were isolated by microbiological culture. Between 2021 and 2023, the number of culture-confirmed cases exceeded that in the period from 2017 to 2020. In addition to V. cholerae; high positivity was identified for ETEC (11.8 %) followed by Salmonella (3.9 %) and Shigella (2.7 %). Most of the cholera cases were presented with vomiting, dehydration and loose watery and rice watery nature of stool (p value = <0.001). Major risk factors for cholera were 2-4 years age group (OR = 5.72; 95 % CI, 3.84-8.53.14; P = .001), process of water treatment (OR = 1.54; 95 % CI, 1.01-2.37; P = .046) and hand washing with soap before taking meals (OR = 0.6; 95 % CI, 0.39-0.92; P = .020. This study highlights the epidemiology of cholera among the Rohingya population and underscores the effectiveness of integrating surveillance data with early warning, alert, and response systems (EWARS) system, along with oral cholera vaccine (OCV) campaigns, in preventing major cholera outbreak.

3.
Vaccine ; 42(24): 126263, 2024 Oct 24.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39217775

RESUMO

Immunity protective against shigella infection targets the bacterial O-specific polysaccharide (OSP) component of lipopolysaccharide. A multivalent shigella vaccine would ideally target the most common global Shigella species and serotypes such as Shigella flexneri 2a, S. flexneri 3a, S. flexneri 6, and S. sonnei. We previously reported development of shigella conjugate vaccines (SCVs) targeting S. flexneri 2a (SCV-Sf2a) and 3a (SCV-Sf3a) using a platform squaric acid chemistry conjugation approach and carrier protein rTTHc, a 52 kDa recombinant protein fragment of the heavy chain of tetanus toxoid. Here we report development of a SCV targeting S. flexneri 6 (SCV-Sf6) using the same platform approach. We demonstrated that SCV-Sf6 was recognized by serotype-specific monoclonal antibodies and convalescent sera of humans recovering from shigellosis in Bangladesh, suggesting correct immunological display of OSP. We vaccinated mice and found induction of serotype-specific OSP and LPS IgG and IgM responses, as well as rTTHc-specific IgG responses. Immune responses were increased when administered with aluminum phosphate adjuvant. Vaccination induced bactericidal antibody responses against S. flexneri 6, and vaccinated animals were protected against lethal challenge with virulent S. flexneri 6. Our results assist in the development of a multivalent vaccine protective against shigellosis.


Assuntos
Anticorpos Antibacterianos , Disenteria Bacilar , Imunoglobulina G , Antígenos O , Vacinas contra Shigella , Shigella flexneri , Vacinas Conjugadas , Shigella flexneri/imunologia , Animais , Vacinas contra Shigella/imunologia , Vacinas contra Shigella/administração & dosagem , Disenteria Bacilar/prevenção & controle , Disenteria Bacilar/imunologia , Camundongos , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/sangue , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/imunologia , Vacinas Conjugadas/imunologia , Vacinas Conjugadas/administração & dosagem , Humanos , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Imunoglobulina G/imunologia , Antígenos O/imunologia , Feminino , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Imunoglobulina M/imunologia , Imunoglobulina M/sangue , Sorogrupo , Lipopolissacarídeos/imunologia
4.
Lancet Microbe ; 5(10): 100889, 2024 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39116906

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Shigella is the third leading global cause of moderate or severe diarrhoea among children younger than 5 years globally, and is the leading cause in children aged 24-59 months. The mechanism of protection against Shigella infection and disease in endemic areas is uncertain. We aimed to compare the Shigella-specific antibody responses in individuals living in Shigella-endemic and non-endemic areas, and to identify correlates of protection in a Shigella-endemic location. METHODS: We applied a systems approach to retrospectively analyse serological responses to Shigella across endemic and non-endemic populations. We profiled serum samples collected from 44 individuals from the USA without previous exposure to Shigella and who were experimentally challenged with Shigella sonnei (non-endemic setting), and serum samples collected from 55 Peruvian army recruits (endemic setting). In the endemic setting, a subset of 37 samples collected from individuals infected with culture-confirmed Shigella flexneri 2a were divided into two groups: susceptible, which included individuals infected within 90 days of entering the camp (n=29); or resistant, which included individuals infected later than 90 days after entering the camp (n=8). We analysed Shigella-specific antibody isotype, subclass, and Fc receptor binding profiles across IpaB, IpaC, IpaD, and lipopolysaccharide from S flexneri 2a, 3a, and 6, and S sonnei, and O-specific polysaccharide (OSP) from S flexneri 2a and 3a and S sonnei. We also evaluated antibody-mediated complement deposition and innate immune cell activation. The main outcome of interest was the detection of antibody markers and functionality associated with protection against shigellosis in a high-burden endemic setting. FINDINGS: Adults with endemic exposure to Shigella possessed broad and functional antibody responses across polysaccharide, glycolipid, and protein antigens compared with individuals from non-endemic regions. In a setting with high Shigella burden, elevated levels of OSP-specific Fcα receptor (FcαR) binding antibodies were associated with resistance to shigellosis, whereas total OSP-specific IgA was not, suggesting a potentially unique functionality. OSP-specific FcαR binding IgA found in resistant individuals activated bactericidal neutrophil functions including phagocytosis, degranulation, and production of reactive oxygen species. Moreover, IgA depletion from resistant serum significantly reduced binding of OSP-specific antibodies to FcαR and antibody-mediated activation of neutrophils and monocytes. INTERPRETATION: Our findings suggest that OSP-specific functional IgA responses contribute to protective immunity against Shigella infection in a high-burden setting. These findings will assist in the development and evaluation of Shigella vaccines. FUNDING: US National Institutes of Health.


Assuntos
Anticorpos Antibacterianos , Disenteria Bacilar , Doenças Endêmicas , Shigella sonnei , Humanos , Disenteria Bacilar/imunologia , Disenteria Bacilar/epidemiologia , Disenteria Bacilar/prevenção & controle , Disenteria Bacilar/microbiologia , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/sangue , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/imunologia , Masculino , Shigella sonnei/imunologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Adulto , Adulto Jovem , Feminino , Peru/epidemiologia , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Shigella flexneri/imunologia , Adolescente
6.
PLoS Negl Trop Dis ; 18(6): e0012273, 2024 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38913735

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi (Salmonella Typhi) causes severe and occasionally life-threatening disease, transmitted through contaminated food and water. Humans are the only reservoir, inadequate water, sanitation, and hygiene infrastructure increases risk of typhoid. High-quality data to assess spatial and temporal relationships in disease dynamics are scarce. METHODS: We analyzed data from a prospective cohort conducted in an urban slum area of Dhaka City, Bangladesh. Passive surveillance at study centers identified typhoid cases by microbiological culture. Each incident case (index case) was matched to two randomly selected index controls, and we measured typhoid incidence in the population residing in a geographically defined region surrounding each case and control. Spatial clustering was evaluated by comparing the typhoid incidence in residents of geometric rings of increasing radii surrounding the index cases and controls over 28 days. Temporal clustering was evaluated by separately measuring incidence in the first and second 14-day periods following selection. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were calculated using Poisson regression models. RESULTS: We evaluated 141 typhoid index cases. The overall typhoid incidence was 0.44 per 100,000 person-days (PDs) (95% CI: 0.40, 0.49). In the 28 days following selection, the highest typhoid incidence (1.2 per 100,000 PDs [95% CI: 0.8, 1.6]) was in the innermost cluster surrounding index cases. The IRR in this innermost cluster was 4.9 (95% CI: 2.4, 10.3) relative to the innermost control clusters. Neither typhoid incidence rates nor relative IRR between index case and control populations showed substantive differences in the first and second 14-day periods after selection. CONCLUSION: In the absence of routine immunization programs, geographic clustering of typhoid cases suggests a higher intensity of typhoid risk in the population immediately surrounding identified cases. Further studies are needed to understand spatial and temporal trends and to evaluate the effectiveness of targeted vaccination in disrupting typhoid transmission.


Assuntos
Áreas de Pobreza , Salmonella typhi , Febre Tifoide , Febre Tifoide/epidemiologia , Febre Tifoide/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Bangladesh/epidemiologia , Masculino , Feminino , Incidência , Adolescente , Criança , Adulto , Pré-Escolar , Adulto Jovem , Estudos Prospectivos , Vacinas Tíficas-Paratíficas/administração & dosagem , Análise Espaço-Temporal , Lactente , Análise por Conglomerados , Vacinação , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , População Urbana , Estudos de Casos e Controles
9.
Epidemiol Infect ; 152: e52, 2024 Mar 18.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38497497

RESUMO

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a major cause of acute jaundice in South Asia. Gaps in our understanding of transmission are driven by non-specific symptoms and scarcity of diagnostics, impeding rational control strategies. In this context, serological data can provide important proxy measures of infection. We enrolled a population-representative serological cohort of 2,337 individuals in Sitakunda, Bangladesh. We estimated the annual risks of HEV infection and seroreversion both using serostatus changes between paired serum samples collected 9 months apart, and by fitting catalytic models to the age-stratified cross-sectional seroprevalence. At baseline, 15% (95 CI: 14-17%) of people were seropositive, with seroprevalence highest in the relatively urban south. During the study, 27 individuals seroreverted (annual seroreversion risk: 15%, 95 CI: 10-21%), and 38 seroconverted (annual infection risk: 3%, 95CI: 2-5%). Relying on cross-sectional seroprevalence data alone, and ignoring seroreversion, underestimated the annual infection risk five-fold (0.6%, 95 CrI: 0.5-0.6%). When we accounted for the observed seroreversion in a reversible catalytic model, infection risk was more consistent with measured seroincidence. Our results quantify HEV infection risk in Sitakunda and highlight the importance of accounting for seroreversion when estimating infection incidence from cross-sectional seroprevalence data.


Assuntos
Vírus da Hepatite E , Hepatite E , Humanos , Bangladesh/epidemiologia , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Estudos Transversais , Anticorpos Anti-Hepatite
10.
Nat Med ; 30(3): 888-895, 2024 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38378884

RESUMO

Our understanding of cholera transmission and burden largely relies on clinic-based surveillance, which can obscure trends, bias burden estimates and limit the impact of targeted cholera-prevention measures. Serological surveillance provides a complementary approach to monitoring infections, although the link between serologically derived infections and medically attended disease incidence-shaped by immunological, behavioral and clinical factors-remains poorly understood. We unravel this cascade in a cholera-endemic Bangladeshi community by integrating clinic-based surveillance, healthcare-seeking and longitudinal serological data through statistical modeling. Combining the serological trajectories with a reconstructed incidence timeline of symptomatic cholera, we estimated an annual Vibrio cholerae O1 infection incidence rate of 535 per 1,000 population (95% credible interval 514-556), with incidence increasing by age group. Clinic-based surveillance alone underestimated the number of infections and reported cases were not consistently correlated with infection timing. Of the infections, 4 in 3,280 resulted in symptoms, only 1 of which was reported through the surveillance system. These results impart insights into cholera transmission dynamics and burden in the epicenter of the seventh cholera pandemic, where >50% of our study population had an annual V. cholerae O1 infection, and emphasize the potential for a biased view of disease burden and infection risk when depending solely on clinical surveillance data.


Assuntos
Cólera , Vibrio cholerae , Humanos , Cólera/epidemiologia , Incidência
11.
Public Health Pract (Oxf) ; 7: 100478, 2024 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38405230

RESUMO

Introduction: An upsurge of diarrheal cases occurred in Dhaka, Bangladesh, with approximately 30% of the cases being identified as cholera in 2022. To combat this situation, a reactive Oral Cholera Vaccination campaign was organized in five highly cholera-affected areas of Dhaka city. The paper is a descriptive tale of experience gathering, organization and implementation of reactive oral cholera vaccination campaign. Study design: This is a descriptive report of a reactive oral cholera vaccination campaign. Methods: Population density maps were generated using GIS technology before launching the campaign. The target population comprised individuals aged over one year, excluding pregnant women, totaling 2,374,976 people residing in above mentioned areas. The campaign utilized Euvichol-Plus, an OCV with adherence to the necessary cold chain requirements. Total 700 teams, each consisting of six members, were deployed across the five zones. The campaign was conducted in two rounds, where first round took place in June-July 2022, followed by second round in August 2022. During the campaign, data on adverse events following immunization (AEFI) was collected. Expert teams from various government and non-government organizations monitored regularly and ensured the campaign's success. Results: The first round achieved a coverage rate of 99%, whereas in the second round, 86.3% of individuals among the first dose recipients. During the campaigns, a total of 57 AEFIs were reported. Conclusions: This campaign serves as a model for a multispectral approach in combating cholera epidemics, highlighting the collaborative efforts of policymakers, health authorities, local communities, and health partners.

12.
Open Forum Infect Dis ; 11(1): ofad701, 2024 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38274552

RESUMO

Background: Oral cholera vaccine (OCV) and incremental improvements in household water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) within cholera-endemic areas can reduce cholera risk. However, we lack empiric evaluation of their combined impact. Methods: We evaluated a cluster-randomized, placebo-controlled trial of OCV (Shanchol) in Kolkata, India. The study population included 108 777 individuals, and 106 879 nonpregnant individuals >1 year of age were eligible to receive 2 doses of OCV or placebo. We measured cholera risk in all household members assigned to OCV vs placebo and in all members of households with "Better" vs "Not Better" WASH, where WASH was classified according to validated criteria. Protection was measured by Cox proportional hazard models. Results: Residence in an OCV household was associated with protective effectiveness (PE) of 54% (95% CI, 42%-64%; P < .001) and was similar regardless of Better (PE, 57%; 95% CI, 26%-75%; P = .002) or Not Better (PE, 53%; 95% CI, 40%-64%; P < .001) household WASH. Better WASH household residence was associated with PE of 30% (95% CI, 5%-48%; P = .023) and was similar in OCV (PE, 24%; 95% CI, -26% to 54%; P = .293) and placebo (PE, 29%; 95% CI, -3% to 51%; P = .069) households. When assessed conjointly, residence in OCV households with Better WASH was associated with the greatest PE against cholera at 69% (95% CI, 49%-81%; P < .001). Conclusions: These findings suggest that the combination of a vaccine policy and improved WASH reduces cholera risk more than either would alone, although the magnitude of either intervention was not affected by the other. Future randomized trials investigating OCV and WASH interventions separately and together are recommended to further understand the interaction between OCV and WASH.

13.
Am J Trop Med Hyg ; 110(1): 159-164, 2024 01 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38081051

RESUMO

Diarrheal diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide and a significant contributor to antimicrobial resistance. In the absence of laboratory diagnostics to establish diarrhea etiology, electronic clinical decision support tools can help physicians make informed treatment decisions for children with diarrhea. In Bangladesh, we assessed the feasibility and acceptability of an electronic Diarrhea Etiology Prediction algorithm (DEP tool) embedded into a rehydration calculator, which was designed to help physicians manage children with diarrhea, including decisions on antibiotic use. A team of Bangladeshi anthropologists conducted in-depth interviews with physicians (N = 13) in three public hospitals in Bangladesh about their experience using the tool in the context of a pilot trial. Physicians expressed positive opinions of the DEP tool. Participants perceived the tool to be simple and easy to use, with structured guidance on collecting and entering clinical data from patients. Significant strengths of the tool were as follows: standardization of protocol, efficiency of clinical decision-making, and improved clinical practice. Participants also noted barriers that might restrict the widespread impact of the tool, including physicians' reluctance to use an electronic tool for clinical decision-making, increasing work in overburdened healthcare settings, unavailability of a smartphone, and patients' preferences for antibiotics. We conclude that an electronic clinical decision support tool is a promising method for improving diarrheal management and antibiotic stewardship. Future directions include developing and implementing such a tool for informal healthcare physicians in low-resource settings, where families may first seek care for pediatric diarrhea.


Assuntos
Smartphone , Telemedicina , Humanos , Criança , Bangladesh , Diarreia/diagnóstico , Diarreia/tratamento farmacológico , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico
14.
Open Forum Infect Dis ; 10(11): ofad535, 2023 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38023545

RESUMO

Background: Global cholera control efforts rely heavily on effective water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) interventions in cholera-endemic settings. Methods: Using data from a large, randomized controlled trial of oral cholera vaccine conducted in Kolkata, India, we evaluated whether natural variations in WASH in an urban slum setting were predictive of cholera risk. From the control population (n = 55 086), baseline WASH data from a randomly selected "training subpopulation" (n = 27 634) were analyzed with recursive partitioning to develop a dichotomous ("better" vs "not better") composite household WASH variable from several WASH features collected at baseline, and this composite variable was then evaluated in a mutually exclusive "validation population" (n = 27 452). We then evaluated whether residents of better WASH households in the entire population (n = 55 086) experienced lower cholera risk using Cox regression models. Better WASH was defined by a combination of 4 dichotomized WASH characteristics including safe source of water for daily use, safe source of drinking water, private or shared flush toilet use, and always handwashing with soap after defecation. Results: Residence in better WASH households was associated with a 30% reduction in risk of cholera over a 5-year period (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.70 [95% confidence interval, .49-.99]; P = .048). We also found that the impact of better WASH households on reducing cholera risk was greatest in young children (0-4 years) and this effect progressively declined with age. Conclusions: The evidence suggests that modest improvements in WASH facilities and behaviors significantly modify cholera risk and may be an important component of cholera prevention and elimination strategies in endemic settings. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT00289224.

15.
JMIR Public Health Surveill ; 9: e41207, 2023 Nov 20.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37983081

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Typhoid fever, or enteric fever, is a highly fatal infectious disease that affects over 9 million people worldwide each year, resulting in more than 110,000 deaths. Reduction in the burden of typhoid in low-income countries is crucial for public health and requires the implementation of feasible water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) interventions, especially in densely populated urban slums. OBJECTIVE: In this study, conducted in Mirpur, Bangladesh, we aimed to assess the association between household WASH status and typhoid risk in a training subpopulation of a large prospective cohort (n=98,087), and to evaluate the performance of a machine learning algorithm in creating a composite WASH variable. Further, we investigated the protection associated with living in households with improved WASH facilities and in clusters with increasing prevalence of such facilities during a 2-year follow-up period. METHODS: We used a machine learning algorithm to create a dichotomous composite variable ("Better" and "Not Better") based on 3 WASH variables: private toilet facility, safe drinking water source, and presence of water filter. The algorithm was trained using data from the training subpopulation and then validated in a distinct subpopulation (n=65,286) to assess its sensitivity and specificity. Cox regression models were used to evaluate the protective effect of living in "Better" WASH households and in clusters with increasing levels of "Better" WASH prevalence. RESULTS: We found that residence in households with improved WASH facilities was associated with a 38% reduction in typhoid risk (adjusted hazard ratio=0.62, 95% CI 0.49-0.78; P<.001). This reduction was particularly pronounced in individuals younger than 10 years at the first census participation, with an adjusted hazard ratio of 0.49 (95% CI 0.36-0.66; P<.001). Furthermore, we observed an inverse relationship between the prevalence of "Better" WASH facilities in clusters and the incidence of typhoid, although this association was not statistically significant in the multivariable model. Specifically, the adjusted hazard of typhoid decreased by 0.996 (95% CI 0.986-1.006) for each percent increase in the prevalence of "Better" WASH in the cluster (P=.39). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate that existing variations in household WASH are associated with differences in the risk of typhoid in densely populated urban slums. This suggests that attainable improvements in WASH facilities can contribute to enhanced typhoid control, especially in settings where major infrastructural improvements are challenging. These findings underscore the importance of implementing and promoting comprehensive WASH interventions in low-income countries as a means to reduce the burden of typhoid and improve public health outcomes in vulnerable populations.


Assuntos
Febre Tifoide , Água , Humanos , Saneamento , Febre Tifoide/epidemiologia , Febre Tifoide/prevenção & controle , Bangladesh/epidemiologia , Estudos Prospectivos , Áreas de Pobreza , Higiene
16.
Am J Trop Med Hyg ; 109(3): 575-583, 2023 09 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37580033

RESUMO

Despite focusing on cholera burden, epidemiologic studies in Bangladesh tend to be limited in geographic scope. National-level cholera surveillance data can help inform cholera control strategies and assess the effectiveness of preventive measures. Hospital-based sentinel surveillance among patients with suspected diarrhea in different sites across Bangladesh has been conducted since 2014. We selected an age-stratified sample of 20 suspected cholera cases each week from each sentinel site, tested stool for the presence of Vibrio cholerae O1/O139 by culture, and characterized antibiotic susceptibility in a subset of culture-positive isolates. We estimated the odds of being culture positive among suspected cholera cases according to different potential risk factors. From May 4, 2014 through November 30, 2021, we enrolled 51,414 suspected cases from our sentinel surveillance sites. We confirmed V. cholerae O1 in 5.2% of suspected cases through microbiological culture. The highest proportion of confirmed cholera cases was from Chittagong (9.7%) and the lowest was from Rangpur Division (0.9%). Age, number of purges, duration of diarrhea, occupation, and season were the most relevant factors in distinguishing cholera-positive suspected cases from cholera-negative suspected cases. Nationwide surveillance data show that cholera is circulating in Bangladesh and the southern region is more affected than the northern region. Antimicrobial resistance patterns indicate that multidrug resistance (resistance to three or more classes of antibiotics) of V. cholerae O1 could be a major threat in the future. Alignment of these results with Bangladesh's cholera-control program will be the foundation for future research into the efficacy of cholera-control initiatives.


Assuntos
Cólera , Vibrio cholerae O1 , Humanos , Lactente , Cólera/epidemiologia , Cólera/microbiologia , Vigilância de Evento Sentinela , Bangladesh/epidemiologia , Surtos de Doenças , Diarreia/epidemiologia , Diarreia/microbiologia
17.
mSphere ; 8(5): e0025523, 2023 10 24.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37646517

RESUMO

Cholera caused by Vibrio cholerae O139 emerged in the early 1990s and spread rapidly to 11 Asian countries before receding for unclear reasons. Protection against cholera is serogroup-specific, which is defined by the O-specific polysaccharide (OSP) component of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). V. cholerae O139 also expresses the OSP-capsule. We, therefore, assessed antibody responses targeting V. cholerae O139 OSP, LPS, capsule, and vibriocidal responses in patients in Bangladesh with cholera caused by V. cholerae O139. We compared these responses to those of age-gender-blood group-matched recipients of the bivalent oral cholera vaccine (OCV O1/O139). We found prominent OSP, LPS, and vibriocidal responses in patients, with a high correlation between these responses. OSP responses primarily targeted the terminal tetrasaccharide of OSP. Vaccinees developed OSP, LPS, and vibriocidal antibody responses, but of significantly lower magnitude and responder frequency (RF) than matched patients. We separately analyzed responses in pediatric vaccinees born after V. cholerae O139 had receded in Bangladesh. We found that OSP responses were boosted in children who had previously received a single dose of bivalent OCV 3 yr previously but not in vaccinated immunologically naïve children. Our results suggest that OSP-specific responses occur during cholera caused by V. cholerae O139 despite the presence of capsules, that vaccination with bivalent OCV is poorly immunogenic in the short term in immunologically naïve individuals, but that OSP-specific immune responses can be primed by previous exposure, although whether such responses can protect against O139 cholera is uncertain. IMPORTANCE Cholera is a severe dehydrating illness in humans caused by Vibrio cholerae serogroups O1 or O139. Protection against cholera is serogroup-specific, which is defined by the O-specific polysaccharide (OSP) of V. cholerae LPS. Yet, little is known about immunity to O139 OSP. In this study, we assessed immune responses targeting OSP in patients from an endemic region with cholera caused by V. cholerae O139. We compared these responses to those of the age-gender-blood group-matched recipients of the bivalent oral cholera vaccine. Our results suggest that OSP-specific responses occur during cholera caused by V. cholerae O139 and that the OSP responses primarily target the terminal tetrasaccharide of OSP. Our results further suggest that vaccination with the bivalent vaccine is poorly immunogenic in the short term for inducing O139-specific OSP responses in immunologically naïve individuals, but OSP-specific immune responses can be primed by previous exposure or vaccination.


Assuntos
Antígenos de Grupos Sanguíneos , Vacinas contra Cólera , Cólera , Vibrio cholerae O139 , Vibrio cholerae O1 , Humanos , Criança , Cólera/prevenção & controle , Antígenos O , Lipopolissacarídeos , Bangladesh/epidemiologia , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados , Anticorpos Antibacterianos , Imunoglobulina A , Imunoglobulina M , Vacinação
18.
Open Forum Infect Dis ; 10(7): ofad295, 2023 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37404954

RESUMO

Background: Antibiotics are commonly overused for diarrheal illness in many low- and middle-income countries, partly due to a lack of diagnostics to identify viral cases, in which antibiotics are not beneficial. This study aimed to develop clinical prediction models to predict risk of viral-only diarrhea across all ages, using routinely collected demographic and clinical variables. Methods: We used a derivation dataset from 10 hospitals across Bangladesh and a separate validation dataset from the icddr,b Dhaka Hospital. The primary outcome was viral-only etiology determined by stool quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Multivariable logistic regression models were fit and externally validated; discrimination was quantified using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and calibration assessed using calibration plots. Results: Viral-only diarrhea was common in all age groups (<1 year, 41.4%; 18-55 years, 17.7%). A forward stepwise model had AUC of 0.82 (95% confidence interval [CI], .80-.84) while a simplified model with age, abdominal pain, and bloody stool had AUC of 0.81 (95% CI, .78-.82). In external validation, the models performed adequately although less robustly (AUC, 0.72 [95% CI, .70-.74]). Conclusions: Prediction models consisting of 3 routinely collected variables can accurately predict viral-only diarrhea in patients of all ages in Bangladesh and may help support efforts to reduce inappropriate antibiotic use.

19.
Vaccine ; 41(34): 4967-4977, 2023 07 31.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37400283

RESUMO

There is a need for vaccines effective against shigella infection in young children in resource-limited areas. Protective immunity against shigella infection targets the O-specific polysaccharide (OSP) component of lipopolysaccharide. Inducing immune responses to polysaccharides in young children can be problematic, but high level and durable responses can be induced by presenting polysaccharides conjugated to carrier proteins. An effective shigella vaccine will need to be multivalent, targeting the most common global species and serotypes such as Shigella flexneri 2a, S. flexneri 3a, S. flexneri 6, and S. sonnei. Here we report the development of shigella conjugate vaccines (SCV) targeting S. flexneri 2a (SCV-Sf2a) and 3a (SCV-Sf3a) using squaric acid chemistry to result in single point sun-burst type display of OSP from carrier protein rTTHc, a 52 kDa recombinant protein fragment of the heavy chain of tetanus toxoid. We confirmed structure and demonstrated that these conjugates were recognized by serotype-specific monoclonal antibodies and convalescent sera of humans recovering from shigellosis in Bangladesh, suggesting correct immunological display of OSP. We vaccinated mice and found induction of serotype-specific OSP and LPS IgG responses, as well as rTTHc-specific IgG responses. Vaccination induced serotype-specific bactericidal antibody responses against S. flexneri, and vaccinated animals were protected against keratoconjunctivitis (Sereny test) and intraperitoneal challenge with virulent S. flexneri 2a and 3a, respectively. Our results support further development of this platform conjugation technology in the development of shigella conjugate vaccines for use in resource-limited settings.


Assuntos
Disenteria Bacilar , Vacinas contra Shigella , Shigella , Humanos , Criança , Animais , Camundongos , Pré-Escolar , Shigella flexneri , Vacinas Conjugadas , Disenteria Bacilar/prevenção & controle , Lipopolissacarídeos , Antígenos O , Anticorpos Antibacterianos , Imunoglobulina G
20.
J Clin Lab Anal ; 37(13-14): e24948, 2023 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37496432

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Acute febrile illness (AFI) is a prevalent disease in developing countries that is difficult to diagnose due to the diversity of infectious organisms and the poor quality of clinical diagnosis. TaqMan array card (TAC) can detect up to 35 AFI-associated organisms in 1.5 h, addressing diagnostic demands. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the role of TAC in determining the causative organisms in hospitalized AFI patients. METHODS: The study had a cross-sectional design and enrolled 120 admitted patients with persistent fever for three or more days from the medicine ward of Chittagong Medical College Hospital (CMCH) and Bangladesh Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases Hospital (BITID). Blood samples were collected and then subjected to automated BacT/Alert blood culture, microbial culture, TAC assay, and typhoid/paratyphoid test. RESULTS: The total number of study participants was 120, among them 48 (40%) samples showed a positive result in TAC card, 29 (24.16%) were TP positive and nine (7.51%) were culture positive. The number of organisms detected by the TAC card was 13 bacteria, three viruses, one protozoan, and one fungus. The sensitivity and specificity of the TAC assay for different bacterial pathogen compared to blood culture was 44.44%, and 90.99%, respectively. In contrast, the TP test had a sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 80%, respectively, compared to the blood culture test. CONCLUSION: TAC can be a handful tool for detecting multiple organisms in AFI with high specificity which can facilitate early diagnosis of different pathogens contributing to AFI.


Assuntos
Bactérias , Febre Tifoide , Humanos , Estudos Transversais , Bangladesh/epidemiologia , Febre/diagnóstico , Febre Tifoide/diagnóstico
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