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To review morphometry, morphology, branching patterns and anomalies of middle cerebral artery (MCA). The databases of PubMed, Google Scholar and Scopus were searched with different keywords. The review comprised of 45 studies. Meta-analysis was done for dimensions of MCA, shapes, patterns and MCA anomalies. Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used for assessment of literature. Statistical analysis was done using R software using meta package. Thirteen research were combined to determine the proportion of MCA length and pooled proportion was 16.53 cm (15.33 to 17.72 cm); I2=98%; P-value<0.01. Nine studies were combined to determine proportion of MCA diameter and pooled proportion was 2.85 cm (2.52 to 3.17 cm); I2=100%; P-value<0.05. M1 segment mean length is more on left side as compared to right side. Mean length in males (16.57±1.40 cm) is more than females (15.9±1.32 cm). Mean diameter of M1 segment is similar on both sides. Mean diameter in males (3.20±0.09 cm) is higher than females (3.14±0.18 cm). Different branching patterns observed were single trunk, early bifurcation, bifurcation, trifurcation, quadrifurcation and multiple trunks. The most typical MCA branching pattern is bifurcation. The shapes of MCA like straight shaped, U shaped, C shaped, inverted U shaped and S-shaped of M1 segment have been described. Straight MCA is the most common shape. The MCA measurements and branching pattern will assist surgeons in limiting errors in the treatment of cerebral aneurysms and infarcts and providing the best possible result for the patients. An understanding of MCA shape will aid surgeons and physicians in effective endovascular recanalization.
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Background: Health care workers (HCWs) are prone to stress and insomnia because of pandemic situations. Assessment of the actual burden of this stress and insomnia is essential to form preventive strategies. The study's objective was to find out the pooled prevalence of stress and insomnia among HCWs in India during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Material and Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the prevalence of stress and insomnia among HCWs during the COVID-19 pandemic in India. Cross-sectional studies conducted in India regarding stress and insomnia among HCWs were searched from PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Google Scholar. These studies were published after the declaration of the COVID-19 pandemic till August 31, 2021. Articles were searched independently by both authors. Data were extracted in an Excel sheet and analyzed using the 'Meta' package of the 'R' software version 4.1.0. Result: A total of 23 and 16 studies were included in the final pooled analysis of stress and insomnia, respectively, following preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis guidelines. A random-effects model was used to determine the pooled prevalence of stress and insomnia. This study is registered in Prospero. The registration number is CRD42021253917. The total numbers of HCWs from India included were 8125 and 4974, respectively, for finding out the pooled prevalence of stress and insomnia. The pooled prevalence of stress and insomnia among HCWs is 43% [95% confidence interval (CI) 30-56%] and 35% (95% CI 28-44%), respectively. Two out of five and one in three Indian HCWs have stress and insomnia, respectively, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusion: Human resource development should be prioritized to decrease the workload among HCWs. The findings from this study will be useful in preparing policy guidelines on mental health screening of HCWs during the pandemic.
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Iodine deficiency is the most prevalent micronutrient deficiency in India and is one of the most important causes of preventable brain damage. Iodine deficiency disorders affect an individual's ability to work efficiently, which directly impacts the overall development and economic productivity of any nation. Global experiences have shown that salt fortification is the most effective way to control and reduce the burden of IDD in the community. Thirty-six years have passed since the declaration of universal salt iodization (USI) implementation in India by the Central Council of Health in 1983. However, iodine deficiency still remains a public health problem in the whole country.
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Dengue is one of the neglected tropical diseases caused by flavivirus. Live-attenuated tetravalent vaccine is launched for the age group of 9-45 years. It is given in three doses schedule. Eleven studies were included in meta-analysis by following PRISMA guidelines. Healthy persons in the age group of 2-45 years were included in these studies. Statistical analysis was done by "R" software. Pooled relative risk among vaccinated versus control group was calculated using random-effect model. Pooled dengue vaccine efficacy was calculated from relative risk. Heterogeneity and publication bias were assessed using Baujat and funnel plot, respectively. Adverse effects following immunization were reviewed. Pooled vaccine efficacy is 58% (95% confidence interval 46%-67%). I 2 statistics is 81.4%.
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BACKGROUND: COVID-19 is caused by SARS-CoV-2. The first case of COVID-19 was detected in Wuhan city of China in December 2019. Geographic information system (GIS) mapping is important for the surveillance of infectious diseases. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of the study are to map spatially total cases and case fatality rate of COVID-19 and to build a linear regression model for mortality based on socio-demographic variables. METHOLOGY: We plotted the epidemiological data of COVID-19 of Indian states as on 11th May 2021 using the Q-GIS software. We used socio-demographic variables as the predictors of COVID-19 mortality and developed a linear regression model. RESULTS: Adjusted R-squared in linear regression model based on socio-demographic variables for COVID-19 deaths is 0.82. CONCLUSIONS: There are spatial variations in COVID-19 cases and deaths.
