Simultaneous Analysis of Thirteen Compounds in Yeokwisan Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Photodiode Array Detection and Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Their Antioxidant Effects.

Yeokwisan (YWS) is an herbal medicine prescription consisting of six oriental herbal medicines, developed to treat reflux esophagitis. We focused on developing an analytical method capable of simultaneously quantifying 13 compounds in YWS samples using high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detection (HPLC-PDA) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) and exploring their antioxidant effects. All compounds examined in both analytical systems were chromatographically separated on a SunFireTM C18 (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 µm) column and an Acquity UPLC BEH C18 (2.1 × 100 mm, 1.7 µm) column using gradient elution of a water-acetonitrile mobile phase. Antioxidant effects were evaluated based on radical scavenging activity (DPPH and ABTS tests) and ferrous ion chelating activity. In two analytical methods, the coefficient of determination of the regression equation was ≥0.9965, the recovery range was 81.11-108.21% (relative standard deviation (RSD) ≤ 9.33%), and the precision was RSD ≤ 11.10%. Application of the optimized analysis conditions gave quantitative analysis results for YWS samples of 0.02-100.36 mg/g. Evaluation of the antioxidant effects revealed that baicalein and baicalin exhibit significant antioxidant activity, suggesting that they play an important role in the antioxidant effects of YWS.

Analgesic, Anti-Inflammatory, and Chondroprotective Activities of Siraitia grosvenorii Residual Extract.

Inflammation is crucial to osteoarthritis (OA) pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to evaluate Siraitia grosvenorii residue extract (NHGRE) obtained by extracting S. grosvenorii fruits with water as a potential food supplement for treating arthritis based on its analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and chondroprotective effects and the remaining residue with 70% ethanol. We observed the analgesic activity of NHGRE based on the acetic acid-induced writhing response in mice, examined its anti-inflammatory efficacy against carrageenan-induced paw oedema in mice, and investigated its effect on inflammatory cytokine expression in interleukin (IL)-1ß-induced SW1353 cells. Furthermore, we determined its effects on cartilage protection in interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß)-treated SW1353 cells. NHGRE at 200 mg/kg significantly reduced the acetic acid-induced writhing response and prevented oedema formation in the carrageenan-induced paw oedema model. In IL-1ß-induced SW1353 cells, NHGRE at 400 µg/mL reduced the expression of inflammation mediators such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α (55.3%), IL-6 (35.4%), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) (36.9%) and down-regulated the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 (38.6%), MMP-3 (29.3%), and MMP-13 (44.8%). Additionally, it restored degraded collagen II levels in chondrocytes. NHGRE plays a protective role in chondrocytes by regulating Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation. Overall, NHGRE may be a useful therapeutic agent for OA by controlling pain, oedema formation, and inflammation-related mechanisms.

Ginseng root-derived exosome-like nanoparticles protect skin from UV irradiation and oxidative stress by suppressing activator protein-1 signaling and limiting the generation of reactive oxygen species.

Background: Recently, plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (PDENs) have been isolated, and active research was focusing on understanding their properties and functions. In this study, the characteristics and molecular properties of ginseng root-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (GrDENs) were examined in terms of skin protection. Methods: HPLC-MS protocols were used to analyze the ginsenoside contents in GrDENs. To investigate the beneficial effect of GrDENs on skin, HaCaT cells were pre-treated with GrDENs (0-2 × 109 particles/mL), and followed by UVB irradiation or H2O2 exposure. In addition, the antioxidant activity of GrDENs was measured using a fluorescence microscope or flow cytometry. Finally, molecular mechanisms were examined with immunoblotting analysis. Results: GrDENs contained detectable levels of ginsenosides (Re, Rg1, Rb1, Rf, Rg2 (S), Gyp17, Rd, C-Mc1, C-O, and F2). In UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells, GrDENs protected cells from death and reduced ROS production. GrDENs downregulated the mRNA expression of proapoptotic genes, including BAX, caspase-1, -3, -6, -7, and -8 and the ratio of cleaved caspase-8, -9, and -3 in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, GrDENs reduced the mRNA levels of aging-related genes (MMP2 and 3), proinflammatory genes (COX-2 and IL-6), and cellular senescence biomarker p21, possibly by suppressing activator protein-1 signaling. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the protective effects of GrDENs against skin damage caused by UV and oxidative stress, providing new insights into beneficial uses of ginseng. In particular, our results suggest GrDENs as a potential active ingredient in cosmeceuticals to promote skin health.

Securinega suffruticosa extract alleviates atopy-like lesions in NC/Nga mice via inhibition of the JAK1-STAT1/3 pathway.

Securinega suffruticosa (SS) has well-known antioxidant, anti-vascular inflammation, and anti-bone resorption effects; however, the effects of SS in atopic dermatitis (AD) remain unknown. We examined the effects of SS on AD via application of Dermatophagoides farinae extract (DfE) to the ears and skin of NC/Nga mice. As a result of SS administration, DfE-induced AD mice had reduced ear thickness, epidermal thickness, scratching behavior, and transepidermal water loss. The serum levels of immunoglobulin E and thymic interstitial lymphopoietin (TSLP) were reduced by SS application. SS decreased mast cell and eosinophil recruitment to skin lesions. Phosphorylation of signal transducer and activation of transcription (STAT)1, STAT3, and Janus kinase 1 were reduced in the skin tissue of SS-administered mice, and downregulated filaggrin was restored. SS reduced the levels of interleukin-6, regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted chemokine, and TSLP in interferon-γ/tumor necrosis factor-α-induced keratinocytes. The main components of SS were rutin and geraniin. These study results indicated that SS extract attenuated AD and has potential as a therapeutic natural product candidate for AD.

Siraitia grosvenorii Extract Attenuates Airway Inflammation in a Mouse Model of Respiratory Disease Induced by Particulate Matter 10 Plus Diesel Exhaust Particles.

Exposure to particulate matter (PM) causes considerable breathing-related health risks. Siraitia grosvenorii fruit is a traditional remedial plant used in Korea and China to treat respiratory diseases. Our recently published study showed that S. grosvenorii extract (SGE) ameliorated airway inflammation in lipopolysaccharide- and cigarette-smoke-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in mice. Thus, we aimed to assess the inhibitory effects of SGE on airway inflammation in mice exposed to a fine dust mixture of PM10 (PM diameter < 10 mm) and diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) known as PM10D. The mice (BALB/c) were treated with PM10D via intranasal injection three times over a period of 12 days, and SGE 70% ethanolic extract (50 or 100 mg/kg) was orally administered daily for 12 days. SGE attenuated neutrophil accumulation and the number of immune B and T cells from the lung tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of the PM10D-exposed mice. SGE reduced the secretion of cytokines and chemokines, including interleukin (IL)-1α, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-17, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand (CXCL)1, and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2 in the BALF. Airway inflammation, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and collagen fibrosis in the lung after PM10D exposure were investigated via histopathological analysis, and SGE treatment ameliorated these symptoms. SGE decreased the mRNA expression of mucin 5AC (MUC5AC), CXCL1, TNF-α, MIP-2, and transient receptor potential ion channels in the lung tissues. Furthermore, SGE ameliorated the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling by PM10D in the lungs. We conclude that SGE attenuated PM10D-induced neutrophilic airway inflammation by inhibiting MAPK/NF-κB activation. These results show that SGE may be a candidate for the treatment of inflammatory respiratory diseases.

Photoprotective Effects of Processed Ginseng Leaf Administration against UVB-Induced Skin Damage in Hairless Mice.

Although ginseng leaves contain a larger amount of ginsenosides than the roots, studies on the protective effect of oral administration of ginseng leaves against photoaging are lacking. Processed ginseng leaves (PGL) prepared by acid reaction to increase effective ginsenoside content showed higher levels of Rg3 (29.35 mg/g) and Rk1 (35.16 mg/g) than ginseng leaves (Rg3 (2.14 mg/g) and Rk1 (ND)), and ginsenosides Rg3 and Rk1 were evaluated as active ingredients that protected human keratinocytes against UVB-induced cell damage by increasing cell proliferation and decreasing matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and 9 secretion. Herein, the effect of oral PGL administration (50, 100, or 200 mg/kg, daily) against photoaging in HR-1 hairless mice was assessed by measuring wrinkle depth, epidermal thickness, and trans-epidermal water loss for 16 weeks. The PGL treatment group showed reduced skin wrinkles, inhibited MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression, and decreased IL-6 and cyclooxygenase-2 levels. These data suggest that oral PGL administration inhibits photoaging by inhibiting the expression of MMPs, which degrade collagen, and inhibiting cytokines, which induce inflammatory responses. These results reveal that ginseng leaves processed by acid reaction may serve as potential functional materials with anti-photoaging activities.

Siraitia grosvenorii Residual Extract Inhibits Inflammation in RAW264.7 Macrophages and Attenuates Osteoarthritis Progression in a Rat Model.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease characterised by cartilage degeneration and chondrocyte inflammation. We investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of the Siraitia grosvenorii residual extract (SGRE) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages in vitro and its anti-osteoarthritic effects in a monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced OA rat model. SGRE dose-dependently decreased nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, SGRE reduced the pro-inflammatory mediator (cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), inducible NO synthase (iNOS), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)) and pro-inflammatory cytokine (interleukin-(IL)-1ß, IL-6, and tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α)) levels. SGRE suppressed nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway activation in RAW264.7 macrophages, thus reducing inflammation. Rats were orally administered SGRE (150 or 200 mg/kg) or the positive control drug JOINS (20 mg/kg) 3 days before MIA injection, and once daily for 21 days thereafter. SGRE elevated the hind paw weight-bearing distribution, thus relieving pain. It also reduced inflammation by inhibiting inflammatory mediator (iNOS, COX-2, 5-LOX, PGE2, and LTB4) and cytokine (IL-1ß, IL-6, and TNF-α) expression, downregulating cartilage-degrading enzymes, such as MMP-1, -2, -9, and -13. SGRE significantly reduced the SOX9 and extracellular matrix component (ACAN and COL2A1) levels. Therefore, SGRE is a potential therapeutic active agent against inflammation and OA.

Protective Effects of Glycine soja Leaf and Stem Extract against Chondrocyte Inflammation and Osteoarthritis.

Wild soybean, also known as Glycine soja Sieb. et Zucc. (GS), has long been known for its various health benefits. Although various pharmacological effects of G. soja have been studied, the effects of GS leaf and stem (GSLS) on osteoarthritis (OA) have not been evaluated. Here, we examined the anti-inflammatory effects of GSLS in interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß)-stimulated SW1353 human chondrocytes. GSLS inhibited the expression of inflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases and ameliorated the degradation of collagen type II in IL-1ß-stimulated chondrocytes. Furthermore, GSLS played a protective role in chondrocytes by inhibiting the activation of NF-κB. In addition, our in vivo study demonstrated that GSLS ameliorated pain and reversed cartilage degeneration in joints by inhibiting inflammatory responses in a monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced OA rat model. GSLS remarkably reduced the MIA-induced OA symptoms, such as joint pain, and decreased the serum levels of proinflammatory mediators, cytokines, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Our findings show that GSLS exerts anti-osteoarthritic effects and reduces pain and cartilage degeneration by downregulating inflammation, suggesting that it is a useful therapeutic candidate for OA.

The Preventive Effect of Specific Collagen Peptides against Dexamethasone-Induced Muscle Atrophy in Mice.

Muscle atrophy, also known as muscle wasting, is the thinning of muscle mass due to muscle disuse, aging, or diseases such as cancer or neurological problems. Muscle atrophy is closely related to the quality of life and has high morbidity and mortality. However, therapeutic options for muscle atrophy are limited, so studies to develop therapeutic agents for muscle loss are always required. For this study, we investigated how orally administered specific collagen peptides (CP) affect muscle atrophy and elucidated its molecular mechanism using an in vivo model. We treated mice with dexamethasone (DEX) to induce a muscular atrophy phenotype and then administered CP (0.25 and 0.5 g/kg) for four weeks. In a microcomputed tomography analysis, CP (0.5 g/kg) intake significantly increased the volume of calf muscles in mice with DEX-induced muscle atrophy. In addition, the administration of CP (0.25 and 0.5 g/kg) restored the weight of the gluteus maximus and the fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) of the pectoralis major and calf muscles, which were reduced by DEX. CP significantly inhibited the mRNA expression of myostatin and the phosphorylation of Smad2, but it did not affect TGF-ß, BDNF, or FNDC5 gene expression. In addition, AKT/mTOR, a central pathway for muscle protein synthesis and related to myostatin signaling, was enhanced in the groups that were administered CP. Finally, CP decreased serum albumin levels and increased TNF-α gene expression. Collectively, our in vivo results demonstrate that CP can alleviate muscle wasting through a multitude of mechanisms. Therefore, we propose CP as a supplement or treatment to prevent muscle atrophy.

Potent Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Activity of Constituents of Agastache rugosa (Fisch. and C.A.Mey.) Kuntze.

The aerial parts of Agastache rugosa are used as a food material and traditional medicine in Asia. A 50% ethanol extract exhibited potent xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory activity (IC50 = 32.4 µg/mL). To investigate the major components responsible for this effect, seven known compounds were identified from A. rugosa; among these, salvianolic acid B (2) was isolated from this plant for the first time. Moreover, acacetin (7) exhibited the most potent inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 0.58 µM, lower than that of allopurinol (IC50 = 4.2 µM), which is commonly used as a XO inhibitor. Comparative activity screening revealed that the C6-bonded monosaccharides (3) or sugars substituted with acetyl or malonyl groups (4-6) are critical for XO inhibition when converted to aglycone (7). The most potent inhibitor (7) in the A. rugosa extract (ARE) exhibited mixed-type inhibition kinetics and reversible inhibition toward XO. Furthermore, the hydrolysis of ARE almost converted to an inhibitor (7), which displayed the highest efficacy; UPLC-qTof MS revealed an increased content, up to five times more compared with that before treatment. This study will contribute to the enhancement in the industrial value of ARE hydrolysates as a functional ingredient and natural drug toward the management of hyperuricemia and treatment of gout.

Siraitia grosvenorii Extract Attenuates Airway Inflammation in a Murine Model of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Induced by Cigarette Smoke and Lipopolysaccharide.

We studied the activities of Siraitia grosvenorii extracts (SGE) on airway inflammation in a mouse model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) stimulated by cigarette smoke extract (CSE) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), as well as in LPS-treated human bronchial epithelial cell line (BEAS-2B). SGE improved the viability of LPS-incubated BEAS-2B cells and inhibited the expression and production of inflammatory cytokines. SGE also attenuated the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling activated by LPS stimulation in BEAS-2B cells. In mice stimulated by CSE and LPS, we observed the infiltration of immune cells into the airway after COPD induction. SGE reduced the number of activated T cells, B cells, and neutrophils in bronchoalveolar fluid (BALF), lung tissue, mesenteric lymph node, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells, as well as inhibited infiltration into organs and mucus production. The secretion of cytokines in BALF and the expression level of pro-inflammatory cytokines, mucin 5AC, Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1, and Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 in lung tissue were alleviated by SGE. In addition, to investigate the activity of SGE on expectoration, we evaluated phenol red secretions in the trachea of mice. SGE administration showed the effect of improving expectoration through an increase in phenol red secretion. Consequently, SGE attenuates the airway inflammatory response in CSE/LPS-stimulated COPD. These findings indicate that SGE may be a potential herbal candidate for the therapy of COPD.

Connarus semidecandrus Jack Exerts Anti-Alopecia Effects by Targeting 5α-Reductase Activity and an Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway.

There is a growing demand for hair loss treatments with minimal side effects and recurrence potential. Connarus semidecandrus Jack has been used as a folk medicine for fever in tropical regions, but its anti-alopecia effects remain unclear. In this study, the anti-androgenic alopecia effect of an ethanol extract of Connarus semidecandrus Jack (Cs-EE) was demonstrated in a testosterone-induced androgenic alopecia (AGA) model, in terms of the hair-skin ratio, hair type frequency, and hair thickness. The area of restored hair growth and thickened hair population after Cs-EE treatment showed the hair-growth-promoting effect of Cs-EE. Histological data support the possibility that Cs-EE could reduce hair loss and upregulate hair proliferation in mouse skin by shifting hair follicles from the catagen phase to the anagen phase. Western blotting indicated that Cs-EE reduced the expression of the androgenic receptor. Cs-EE treatment also inhibited programmed cell death by upregulating Bcl-2 expression at the mRNA and protein levels. The anti-alopecia effect of Cs-EE was confirmed by in vitro experiments showing that Cs-EE had suppressive effects on 5-α reductase activity and lymph node carcinoma of the prostate proliferation, and a proliferative effect on human hair-follicle dermal papilla (HDP) cells. Apoptotic pathways in HDP cells were downregulated by Cs-EE treatment. Thus, Cs-EE could be a potential treatment for AGA.

Synergistic Impacts of Alpinia oxyphylla Seed Extract and Allopurinol against Experimental Hyperuricemia.

In traditional medicine, Alpinia oxyphylla Miquel seed has been used to treat gout and hyperuricemia-related symptoms by enhancing kidney functions. Allopurinol is the most commonly used drug to treat hyperuricemia; however, the drug has many adverse effects. Combining allopurinol with another compound could reduce the need for high doses and result in improved safety. We investigated the possible synergistic effects of Alpinia oxyphylla seed extract (AE) and allopurinol in decreasing urate concentrations in rats with potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia. This study evaluated the effects of allopurinol combined with AE on levels of serum urate, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine in a hyperuricemic rat model. The effects of allopurinol plus AE on xanthine oxidase (XOD) activity and urate uptake were measured. The concomitant administration of allopurinol and AE normalized serum urate and reduced BUN and creatinine. The attenuation of hyperuricemia-induced impaired kidney function was related to downregulation of renal urate transporter 1 and upregulation of renal organic anion transporter 1, with inhibition of serum and hepatic XOD activities. The antihyperuricemic effects of allopurinol were enhanced when combined with AE. These results suggested that the combined use of allopurinol and AE may have clinical efficacy in treating hyperuricemia.

Duchesnea indica Extract Ameliorates LPS-Induced Septic Shock in Mice.

Objective: Duchesnea indica has been reported for its anti-inflammatory properties. However, its efficacy in sepsis has yet to be reported. In this study, we studied the ability of Duchesnea indica extract (DIE) to rescue mice from septic shock and sepsis. Methods: In vitro studies included the measurement of secreted nitric oxide, cell viability, gene and protein expression via real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot, and confocal microscopy in RAW 264.7 cells. In vivo studies include a model of septic shock and sepsis in BALB/c mice induced by a lethal and sub-lethal dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Results: DIE suppressed the expression of proinflammatory cytokines induced by LPS and prevented the translocation of NFκB into the nucleus of RAW 264.7 cells. It also prevented reactive oxygen species damage induced by LPS in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages. Models of sepsis and septic shock were established in BALB/c mice and DIE-rescued mice from septic shock. DIE also reversed the increase in tumor necrosis factor-α and nitrite levels in the serum of mice induced with sepsis. DIE also prevented the translocation of NFκB from the cytosol into the nucleus in murine lungs. Histopathological damage induced by sepsis was reversed in the testis, liver, and lungs of mice. Conclusion: In conclusion, DIE is a suitable candidate for development as a therapeutic agent for sepsis.

Antioxidant Capacity of Potentilla paradoxa Nutt. and Its Beneficial Effects Related to Anti-Aging in HaCaT and B16F10 Cells.

Skin aging is a natural process influenced by intrinsic and extrinsic factors, and many skin anti-aging strategies have been developed. Plants from the genus Potentilla has been used in Europe and Asia to treat various diseases. Potentilla paradoxa Nutt. has been used as a traditional medicinal herb in China and has recently been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects. Despite the biological and pharmacological potential of Potentilla paradoxa Nutt., its skin anti-aging effects remain unclear. Therefore, this study evaluated the free radical scavenging, moisturizing, anti-melanogenic, and wound-healing effects of an ethanol extract of Potentilla paradoxa Nutt. (Pp-EE). Pp-EE was found to contain phenolics and flavonoids and exhibits in vitro antioxidant activities. α-Linolenic acid was found to be a major component of Pp-EE on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Pp-EE promoted the expression of hyaluronic acid (HA) synthesis-related enzymes and suppressed the expression of HA degradation-related enzymes in keratinocytes, so it may increase skin hydration. Pp-EE also showed inhibitory effects on the production and secretion of melanin in melanocytes. In a scratch assay, Pp-EE improved skin wound healing. Taken together, Pp-EE has several effects that may delay skin aging, suggesting its potential benefits as a natural ingredient in cosmetic or pharmaceutical products.

Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Effects of Schisandra chinensis Leaf Extracts and Monosodium Iodoacetate-Induced Osteoarthritis in Rats and Acetic Acid-Induced Writhing in Mice.

In this study, we aimed to determine the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of Schisandra chinensis leaf extracts (SCLE) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, an acetic acid-induced mouse model of writhing, and a monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced rat model of osteoarthritis (OA). In LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, a 100 µg/mL dose of SCLE significantly reduced the production of nitric oxide (NO), interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Acetic acid-induced writhing responses in mice that quantitatively determine pain were significantly inhibited by SCLE treatment. In addition, SCLE significantly decreased the MIA-induced elevation in OA symptoms, the expression levels of pro-inflammatory mediators/cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases, and cartilage damage in the serum and joint tissues. Our data demonstrated that SCLE exerts anti-osteoarthritic effects by regulating inflammation and pain and can be a useful therapeutic candidate against OA.

Combined Phyllostachys pubescens and Scutellaria baicalensis Prevent High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity via Upregulating Thermogenesis and Energy Expenditure by UCP1 in Male C57BL/6J Mice.

This study examined the anti-obesity effects of a Phyllostachys pubescens (leaf) and Scutellaria baicalensis root mixture (BS21), and its underlying mechanisms of action, in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. Mice were fed a HFD with BS21 (100, 200, or 400 mg/kg) for 9 weeks. BS21 reduced body weight, white adipose tissue (WAT) and liver weights, liver lipid accumulation, and adipocyte size. Additionally, BS21 reduced serum concentrations of non-esterified fatty acid, triglyceride, glucose, lactate dehydrogenase, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol, leptin, and insulin growth factor 1, but elevated the adiponectin concentrations. Furthermore, BS21 suppressed the mRNA levels of lipogenesis-related proteins, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ, SREBP-1c, C/EBP-α, fatty acid synthase, and leptin, but increased the mRNA gene expression of lipolysis-related proteins, such as PPAR-α, uncoupling protein (UCP) 2, adiponectin, and CPT1b, in WAT. In addition, BS21 increased the cold-stimulated adaptive thermogenesis and UCP1 protein expression with AMPK activation in adipose tissue. Furthermore, BS21 increased the WAT and mRNA expression of energy metabolism-related proteins SIRT1, PGC-1α, and FNDC5/irisin in the quadriceps femoris muscle. These results suggest that BS21 exerts anti-obesity and antihyperlipidemic activities in HFD-induced obese mice by increasing the thermogenesis and energy expenditure, and regulating lipid metabolism. Therefore, BS21 could be useful for preventing and treating obesity and its related metabolic diseases.

Inhibitory effects of modified gamgil-tang in a particulate matter-induced lung injury mouse model.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The modified gamgil-tang (GGX) is a mixture of four herbal medicine including Platycodi Radix, Glycyrrhizae Radix, Lonicerae Flos and Mori Radicis Cortex which has been traditionally used to treat lung and airway diseases to relieve symptoms like sore throat, cough, and sputum in Korea. Its major component chlorogenic acid had been reported to have antioxidant, antibacterial, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and anti-microbial activity. AIM OF THE STUDY: To identify the inhibitory effect of GGX in a particulate matter (PM) induced lung injury mouse model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated NO production, the release of TNF-α and IFN-γ in PM-induced MH-S cells, and the number of neutrophils, immune cell subtypes, and the secretion of TNF-α, IL-17, CXCL-1, MIP-2 in the PM-stimulated mouse model to assess the inhibitory effect of GGX against PM. In addition, as exposure to PM increases respiratory symptoms, typically cough and sputum, we attempted to evaluate the antitussive and expectorant activities of GGX. RESULTS: Our study provided evidence that GGX has inhibitory effects in PM-induced lung injury by inhibiting the increase in neutrophil and inflammatory mediators, deactivating T cells, and ameliorating lung tissue damage. Notably, GGX reduced PM-induced neutrophilic inflammation by attenuating the number of neutrophils and regulating the secretion of neutrophil-related cytokines and chemokines, such as TNF-α, IL-17, MIP2, and CXCL-1. In addition, GGX demonstrated an antitussive activity by significantly reducing citric acid-induced cough frequency and delaying the latent period and expectorant activities by the increased phenol red secretion compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS: GGX is expected to be an effective herbal remedy to prevent PM-induced respiratory disease.

Chloroform Fraction of Prasiola japonica Ethanolic Extract Alleviates UPM 1648a-Induced Lung Injury by Suppressing NF-κB Signaling

Prasiola japonica is an edible alga, and the ethanol extract of P. japonica (Pj-EE) possesses various biological activities. Interestingly, in a recent study, we observed the potent anti-inflammatory activity of the chloroform fraction of Pj-EE (Pj-EE-CF). Thus, to extend the application of Pj-EE-CF, we further studied its effects on lung injury. To establish an experimental model of lung injury, we nasally administered urban particulate matter UPM 1648a (50 mg/kg) to mice. In addition, BEAS-2B cells were treated with 300 µg/mL of UPM 1648a for in vitro analysis. Intranasal administration of UPM 1648a increased lung injury score, macrophage infiltration, and upregulation of the inflammatory enzyme inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in lung tissues. On the other hand, oral administration of Pj-EE-CF (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) alleviated these pathological features as assessed by lung wet/dry ratio, lung injury score, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) protein amount in the lung tissues up to 70%, 95%, and 99%, respectively. In addition, Pj-EE-CF down-regulated the release of inflammatory cytokines, interleukins (ILs), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interferon (IFN)-γ elevated by UPM 1648a in the lung tissues and lung BALF up to 95%. According to Western blot and luciferase assay, Pj-EE-CF (100 mg/kg in vivo or 50 and 100 µg/mL in vitro) significantly reduced the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signal activated by UPM 1648a. Finally, UPM 1648a increased cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in BEAS-2B cells, while Pj-EE-CF reduced them. These results suggest that Pj-EE-CF alleviates UPM 1648a-induced lung damage via anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities and by suppressing NF-κB signaling. In conclusion, these observations imply that Pj-EE-CF could be a practical component of food supplements to mitigate air pollution-derived lung damage.

Advanced PLGA hybrid scaffold with a bioactive PDRN/BMP2 nanocomplex for angiogenesis and bone regeneration using human fetal MSCs.

Biodegradable polymers have been used with various systems for tissue engineering. Among them, poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) has been widely used as a biomaterial for bone regeneration because of its great biocompatibility and biodegradability properties. However, there remain substantial cruxes that the by-products of PLGA result in an acidic environment at the implanting site, and the polymer has a weak mechanical property. In our previous study, magnesium hydroxide (MH) and bone extracellular matrix are combined with a PLGA scaffold (PME) to improve anti-inflammation and mechanical properties and osteoconductivity. In the present study, the development of a bioactive nanocomplex (NC) formed along with polydeoxyribonucleotide and bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) provides synergistic abilities in angiogenesis and bone regeneration. This PME hybrid scaffold immobilized with NC (PME/NC) achieves outstanding performance in anti-inflammation, angiogenesis, and osteogenesis. Such an advanced PME/NC scaffold suggests an integrated bone graft substitute for bone regeneration.