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INTRODUCTION: Steroid-refractory acute graft-versus-host disease (SR-aGVHD) remains a formidable obstacle in the field of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT), significantly contributing to patient morbidity and mortality. The current therapeutic landscape for SR-aGVHD is limited, often yielding suboptimal results, thereby emphasizing the urgent need for innovative and effective treatments. AREAS COVERED: In light of the pivotal REACH2 trial, ruxolitinib phosphate, a Janus kinase inhibitor, has gained prominence as the standard treatment for SR-aGVHD. Nevertheless, a considerable number of patients either do not respond to or cannot tolerate this therapy. This review delves into emerging treatments for SR-aGVHD, including mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), CD3/CD7 blockade, neihulizumab, begelomab, tocilizumab, and vedolizumab. While some of these agents have shown encouraging results in early-phase trials, issues such as treatment-related toxicities and inconsistent responses in larger studies highlight the necessity for ongoing research. EXPERT OPINION: Current trials exploring new agents and combination therapies offer hope for fulfilling the unmet clinical needs in SR-aGVHD, potentially leading to more effective and precise treatment strategies.
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Drogas em Investigação , Doença Enxerto-Hospedeiro , Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas , Humanos , Doença Enxerto-Hospedeiro/tratamento farmacológico , Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas/efeitos adversos , Drogas em Investigação/farmacologia , Drogas em Investigação/administração & dosagem , Doença Aguda , Animais , Desenvolvimento de Medicamentos , Transplante Homólogo , Esteroides/farmacologia , Esteroides/administração & dosagemRESUMO
Exposure to environmental microplastics has been demonstrated to impact health. However, its effect on development remains unclear. This study investigated whether consumption of nanoplastics (NPx) during development affects social and cognitive functions in rodents. In this study, we utilized male Institute of Cancer Research mice; they were divided into five subgroups based on the duration of NPx administration. NPx (100 nm) was orally administered via gavage for 6 days from gestational day (GTD) 7, representing the mid-gestation period, and for 5-6 days from GTD13 to birth, representing the late-gestation period; the male offspring were used for experiments. NPx was orally administered for 15 days starting at postnatal day (PND) 21 as the juvenile, PND38 as the adolescent, and PND56 as adulthood. On PND77, offspring were assessed for locomotion, social behavior, and nest-building tests. We observed that NPx administration altered dopamine system responses in GTD13 and PND56 groups. Social behavior was similarly affected by NPx treatment, with GTD13 and PND56 groups displaying decreased familiarity. Additionally, NPx treatment enhanced local field potentials in the prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, and amygdala of GTD7 group and in the striatum of GTD13 group, while amphetamine treatment induced changes of local field potentials compared to saline treatment in the prefrontal cortex and the ventral tegmental area of CTR, GTD7, PND21, and PND56 groups. Taken together, these results showed that NPx treatment induced changes in social behavior partly depending on developmental stage, and these changes are associated with neural circuits innervated by the dopamine system.
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Dopamina , Comportamento Social , Animais , Masculino , Dopamina/metabolismo , Camundongos , Feminino , Gravidez , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Encéfalo/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Locomoção/efeitos dos fármacos , Locomoção/fisiologia , Anfetamina/farmacologia , Anfetamina/administração & dosagemRESUMO
This study assessed AI-processed low-dose cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images for single-tooth diagnosis. Human-equivalent phantoms were used to evaluate CBCT image quality with a focus on the right mandibular first molar. Two CBCT machines were used for evaluation. The first CBCT machine was used for the experimental group, in which images were acquired using four protocols and enhanced with AI processing to improve quality. The other machine was used for the control group, where images were taken in one protocol without AI processing. The dose-area product (DAP) was measured for each protocol. Subjective clinical image quality was assessed twice by five dentists, with a 2-month interval in between, using 11 parameters and a six-point rating scale. Agreement and statistical significance were assessed with Fleiss' kappa coefficient and intra-class correlation coefficient. The AI-processed protocols exhibited lower DAP/field of view values than non-processed protocols, while demonstrating subjective clinical evaluation results comparable to those of non-processed protocols. The Fleiss' kappa coefficient value revealed statistical significance and substantial agreement. The intra-class correlation coefficient showed statistical significance and almost perfect agreement. These findings highlight the importance of minimizing radiation exposure while maintaining diagnostic quality as the usage of CBCT increases in single-tooth diagnosis.
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Background: The relationship between weight change and quality of life remains controversial. This study aimed to investigate whether changes in body weight among participants in different baseline body mass index categories are associated with physical and mental health functioning. Methods: We conducted an analysis involving 5,106 adults who participated in the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study, a cohort comprising Korean adults aged 40 to 69 years. We categorized participants into three groups based on body weight change, and physical and mental health were assessed using the 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey in year 4. We employed logistic regression analysis to assess the association between body weight change and poor functioning at year 4. We also utilized a generalized estimating equation to determine the relationship between weight changes and mental component summary (MCS) scores over the study period for each weight group. Results: Weight gain in both the normal weight (odds ratio [OR], 1.88; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.13-3.11; P=0.01) and overweight groups (OR, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.05-2.91; P=0.03) was associated with poor MCS. Normal weight weight-losers were associated with a greater increase (2.69 points; 95% CI, 0.50-4.88) in MCS compared to weightmaintainers. Significant differences in mean MCS were observed for overweight weight-losers, obese weight-gainers, and underweight weight-gainers when compared to weight maintainers in each respective weight group. Conclusion: Different patterns of relationships between weight change and mental health-related quality of life were observed. Hence, it is crucial to focus on the mental health of middle-aged and older adults when assessing body weight changes.
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Objective: Depression among non-smokers at risk of second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure has been a neglected public health concern despite their vulnerability. The objective of this study was to develop high-performance machine-learning (ML) models for the prediction of depression in non-smokers and to identify important predictors of depression for second-hand smokers. Methods: ML algorithms were created using demographic and clinical data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) participants from 2014, 2016, and 2018 (N = 11,463). The Patient Health Questionnaire was used to diagnose depression with a total score of 10 or higher. The final model was selected according to the area under the curve (AUC) or sensitivity. Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) were used to identify influential features. Results: The light gradient boosting machine (LGBM) with the highest positive predictive value (PPV; 0.646) was selected as the best model among the ML algorithms, whereas the support vector machine (SVM) had the highest AUC (0.900). The most influential factors identified using the LGBM were stress perception, followed by subjective health status and quality of life. Among the smoking-related features, urine cotinine levels were the most important, and no linear relationship existed between the smoking-related features and the values of SHAP. Conclusions: Compared with the previously developed ML models, our LGBM models achieved excellent and even superior performance in predicting depression among non-smokers at risk of SHS exposure, suggesting potential goals for depression-preventive interventions for non-smokers during public health crises.
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BACKGROUND: Exposure to noxious particles, including cigarette smoke and fine particulate matter (PM2.5), is a risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and promotes inflammation and cell death in the lungs. We investigated the combined effects of cigarette smoking and PM2.5 exposure in patients with COPD, mice, and human bronchial epithelial cells. METHODS: The relationship between PM2.5 exposure and clinical parameters was investigated in patients with COPD based on smoking status. Alveolar destruction, inflammatory cell infiltration, and pro-inflammatory cytokines were monitored in the smoking-exposed emphysema mouse model. To investigate the mechanisms, cell viability and death and pyroptosis-related changes in BEAS-2B cells were assessed following the exposure to cigarette smoke extract (CSE) and PM2.5. RESULTS: High levels of ambient PM2.5 were more strongly associated with high Saint George's respiratory questionnaire specific for COPD (SGRQ-C) scores in currently smoking patients with COPD. Combined exposure to cigarette smoke and PM2.5 increased mean linear intercept and TUNEL-positive cells in lung tissue, which was associated with increased inflammatory cell infiltration and inflammatory cytokine release in mice. Exposure to a combination of CSE and PM2.5 reduced cell viability and upregulated NLRP3, caspase-1, IL-1ß, and IL-18 transcription in BEAS-2B cells. NLRP3 silencing with siRNA reduced pyroptosis and restored cell viability. CONCLUSIONS: PM2.5 aggravates smoking-induced airway inflammation and cell death via pyroptosis. Clinically, PM2.5 deteriorates quality of life and may worsen prognosis in currently smoking patients with COPD.
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Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is highly curable by surgical excision or radiation. In rare cases, BCC can be locally destructive or difficult to surgically remove. Hedgehog inhibition (HHI) with vismodegib or sonidegib induces a 50-60% response rate. Long-term toxicity includes muscle spasms and weight loss leading to dose decreases. This retrospective chart review also investigates the impact of CoQ10 and calcium supplementation in patients treated with HHI drugs at a single academic medical center from 2012 to 2022. We reviewed the charts of adult patients diagnosed with locally advanced or metastatic BCC treated with vismodegib or sonidegib primarily for progression-free survival (PFS). Secondary objectives included overall survival, BCC-specific survival, time to and reasons for discontinuation, overall response rate, safety and tolerability, use of CoQ10 and calcium supplements, and insurance coverage. Of 55 patients assessable for outcome, 34 (61.8%) had an overall clinical benefit, with 25 (45.4%) having a complete response and 9 (16.3%) a partial response. Stable disease was seen in 14 (25.4%) and 7 (12.7%) progressed. Of the 34 patients who responded to treatment, 9 recurred. Patients who were rechallenged with HHI could respond again. The median overall BCC-specific survival rate at 5 years is 89%. Dose reductions or discontinuations for vismodegib and sonidegib occurred in 59% versus 24% of cases, or 30% versus 9% of cases, respectively. With CoQ10 and calcium supplementation, only 17% required a dose reduction versus 42% without. HHI is highly effective for treating advanced BCC but may require dosing decreases. Sonidegib was better tolerated than vismodegib. CoQ10 and calcium supplementation can effectively prevent muscle spasms.
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Anilidas , Carcinoma Basocelular , Proteínas Hedgehog , Piridinas , Ubiquinona/análogos & derivados , Humanos , Carcinoma Basocelular/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma Basocelular/patologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Piridinas/uso terapêutico , Piridinas/administração & dosagem , Anilidas/uso terapêutico , Anilidas/administração & dosagem , Proteínas Hedgehog/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas Hedgehog/metabolismo , Neoplasias Cutâneas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Cutâneas/patologia , Compostos de Bifenilo/uso terapêutico , Adulto , Ubiquinona/uso terapêutico , Ubiquinona/administração & dosagem , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Metástase NeoplásicaRESUMO
Ridge resorption can result in insufficient bone volume for implant surgery, necessitating bone substitutes to restore the resorption area. Recent advances in computer-aided design and manufacturing enable the use of alloplastic bone graft materials with customizable compositions or shapes. This randomized study evaluated the clinical effectiveness of a customized three-dimensional (3D) printed alloplastic bone material. Sixty patients requiring guided bone regeneration for implant installation following tooth extraction due to alveolar bone resorption were recruited at two institutions. The participants were randomly allocated to either a group that received 3D-printed patient-customized bone graft material or a group that received conventional block bone graft material. Implant installation with bone harvesting was performed approximately 5 months after bone grafting. Histological and radiological assessments of the harvested bone area were performed. The experimental group had a significantly higher percent bone volume and a smaller tissue surface than the control group. Bone volume, bone surface, bone surface/volume ratio, bone surface density (bone surface/total volume), and bone mineral density did not differ significantly between groups. Patient-customized bone graft materials offer convenience and reduce patient discomfort. The findings suggest 3D-printed patient-customized bone graft materials could be used as an alternative for simpler bone grafting procedures.
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Perda do Osso Alveolar , Substitutos Ósseos , Humanos , Transplante Ósseo/métodos , Estudos Prospectivos , Perda do Osso Alveolar/diagnóstico por imagem , Perda do Osso Alveolar/cirurgia , Regeneração Óssea , CerâmicaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: To compare the accuracy of nine intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation formulas, including three traditional formulas (SRK/T, Haigis, and Hoffer Q) and six new-generation formulas (Barrett Universal II [BUII], Hill-Radial Basis Function [RBF] 3.0, Kane, Emmetropia verifying optical [EVO], Ladas Super, and Pearl-DGS) in patients who underwent cataract surgery after acute primary angle closure (APAC). METHODS: In this retrospective cross-sectional study, 44 eyes of 44 patients (APAC) and 60 eyes of 60 patients (control) were included. We compared the mean absolute error, median absolute error (MedAE), and prediction error after surgery. Subgroup analyses were performed on whether axial length (AL) or preoperative laser peripheral iridotomy affected the postoperative refractive outcomes. RESULTS: In the APAC group, all formulas showed higher MedAE and more myopic shift than the control group (all P < 0.05). In APAC eyes with AL ≥ 22 mm, there were no differences in MedAEs according to the IOL formulas; however, in APAC eyes with AL < 22 mm, Haigis (0.49 D) showed lower MedAE than SRK/T (0.82 D) (P = 0.036) and Hill-RBF 3.0 (0.54 D) showed lower MedAE than SRK/T (0.82 D), Hoffer Q (0.75 D) or Kane (0.83 D) (P = 0.045, 0.036 and 0.027, respectively). Pearl-DGS (0.63 D) showed lower MedAE than Hoffer Q (0.75 D) and Kane (0.83 D) (P = 0.045 and 0.036, respectively). Haigis and Hill-RBF 3.0 showed the highest percentage (46.7%) of eyes with PE within ± 0.5 D in APAC eyes with AL < 22 mm. Iridectomized eyes did not show superior precision than the non-iridotomized eyes in the APAC group. CONCLUSIONS: Refractive errors in the APAC group were more myopic than those in the control group. Haigis and Hill-RBF 3.0 showed high precision in the eyes with AL < 22 mm in the APAC group.
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Lentes Intraoculares , Miopia , Facoemulsificação , Humanos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Estudos Transversais , Refração Ocular , Miopia/cirurgia , Óptica e Fotônica , Biometria , Comprimento Axial do OlhoRESUMO
PURPOSE: To evaluate repeatability and agreement of chord mu between Scheimpflug tomography (Pentacam HR) and sweptsource optical coherence tomography-based optical biometer (IOLMaster 700). METHODS: In this retrospective study, 63 eyes from 33 patients were included. Chord mu, X and Y Cartesian distances between the corneal vertex and the pupil center (Px and Py), and the pupil diameter were compared using two instruments. Repeatability was evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), coefficient of variation (CoV), and within-subject standard deviation (Sw). Interdevice agreement was evaluated using paired t-tests and Bland-Altman plots. RESULTS: Although Sw values for all parameters were similar between the two devices, CoV values of chord mu and pupil diameter were lower, and ICC values of those parameters were higher, in the IOLMaster 700 than in the Pentacam HR. Chord mu and pupil diameter values were higher in IOLMaster 700 than Pentacam HR (p < 0.01). The width of the 95% limit of agreement was wide for all parameters. CONCLUSIONS: IOLMaster 700 showed better repeatability than Pentacam HR in chord mu, Px, Py, and pupil diameter values. Because there were statistically significant differences and a low level of agreement in chord mu and pupil diameter values between the two devices, they cannot be used interchangeably.
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Comprimento Axial do Olho , Tomografia de Coerência Óptica , Humanos , Tomografia de Coerência Óptica/métodos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Comprimento Axial do Olho/anatomia & histologia , Biometria , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Estudos Prospectivos , CórneaRESUMO
The interaction between the microbial environment and the host is important for immune homeostasis. Recent research suggests that microbiota dysbiosis can be involved in respiratory diseases. Emphysema is a chronic inflammatory disease, but it is unclear whether dysbiosis caused by antibiotics can affect disease progression. Here, we tried to elucidate the effect of systemic antibiotics on smoking-exposed emphysema models. In this study, the antibiotic mixture caused more alveolar destruction and airspace expansion in the smoking group than in the smoking only or control groups. This emphysema aggravation as a result of antibiotic exposure was associated with increased levels of inflammatory cells, IL-6, IFNγ and protein concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Proteomics analysis indicated that autophagy could be involved in antibiotic-associated emphysema aggravation, and increased protein levels of LC3B, atg3, and atg7 were identified by Western blotting. In microbiome and metabolome analyses, the composition of the gut microbiota was different with smoking and antibiotic exposure, and the levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), including acetate and propionate, were reduced by antibiotic exposure. SCFA administration restored emphysema development with reduced inflammatory cells, IL-6, and IFNγ and decreased LC3B, atg3, and atg7 levels. In conclusion, antibiotics can aggravate emphysema, and inflammation and autophagy may be associated with this aggravation. This study provides important insight into the systemic impact of microbial dysbiosis and the therapeutic potential of utilizing the gut microbiota in emphysema.
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Enfisema , Enfisema Pulmonar , Humanos , Antibacterianos/efeitos adversos , Disbiose , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Enfisema Pulmonar/tratamento farmacológico , Enfisema Pulmonar/etiologia , Enfisema Pulmonar/metabolismo , Inflamação , AutofagiaRESUMO
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) can convert active oxygen to oxygen or hydrogen peroxide, and recent research has suggested that it can protect against lung damage and fibrosis. Clinical applications based on SOD remain limited however due to costs and low stability. We here investigated a potential new therapeutic delivery system for this enzyme in the form of SOD-overexpressing Bacillus amyloliquefaciens spores which we introduced into a bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis mouse model. This treatment significantly alleviated the disease, as quantified using a hydroxyproline assay, at 107 colony forming unit (CFU) of Bacillus spores per day. Exposure of the mice to the spores was further found to decrease the lung mRNA levels of CTGF, Col1a1, α-SMA, TGF-ß, TNF-α, and IL-6, and the protein levels of TGF-ß, Smad2/3, αSMA and Col1a1, all major indicators of pulmonary fibrosis. Survival benefits, and reduced byproducts of lipid peroxidase such as malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxynen, were also noted in the treated animals. The beneficial effects of these Bacillus spores on pulmonary fibrosis were further found to be greater than the equivalent free SOD concentration. Immunofluorescence staining of primary pulmonary fibroblasts extracted from the bleomycin-induced model showed decreased αSMA expression following the in vivo treatment with SOD-overexpressing Bacillus. Our treatment approach SOD through Bacillus spores shows beneficial effects against pulmonary fibrosis, combined with the suppression of the SMAD/TGF-ß pathway, suggesting that it is an effective novel delivery route for antioxidants.
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Bacillus amyloliquefaciens , Fibrose Pulmonar , Camundongos , Animais , Fibrose Pulmonar/metabolismo , Bacillus amyloliquefaciens/metabolismo , Esporos Bacterianos/metabolismo , Pulmão , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismo , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/metabolismo , Bleomicina/farmacologia , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta1/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Participation in colonoscopies is an essential aspect of endoscopic training. The purpose of this study was to explore the impact of fellow/trainee participation on colonoscopy outcomes. METHODS: This meta-analysis was registered on the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO). From database inception to July 2022, studies investigating fellow involvement and colonoscopy outcomes were searched across Cochrane library, PubMed, and other databases. The random-effects model was applied to generate more conservative estimates. Sensitive analysis was conducted to explore whether the result would depend on a particular study. Egger's test and Begg's test were used to estimate the potential for publication bias. RESULTS: Seventeen studies including 30,062 participants were included. We found that fellow/trainee involvement enhanced the overall rates of adenoma detection and polyp detection (OR = 1.26, 95% CI = 1.14-1.40, p < 0.001; OR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.02-1.63, p = 0.020, respectively). The mean number of adenoma/polyps per colonoscopy was also higher with fellow/trainee participation (MD = 0.12, 95% CI = 0.08-0.17, p < 0.001; MD = 0.15, 95% CI = 0.02-0.28, p = 0.020, respectively). CONCLUSION: In addition to its educational purpose, fellow or trainee involvement is associated with beneficial effects on colonoscopy outcomes.
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Adenoma , Colonoscopia , Humanos , Animais , Ratos , Revisões Sistemáticas como Assunto , Colonoscopia/educação , Colonoscopia/métodos , Adenoma/diagnóstico , Hospitais de EnsinoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Diet has a crucial role in the gut microbiota, and dysbiosis in the gut and lungs has been suggested to be associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. We compared the diet, microbiome and metabolome between asymptomatic smokers and those with emphysema. METHODS: We enrolled 10 asymptomatic smokers with preserved lung function and 16 smokers with emphysema with severe airflow limitation. Dietary intake information was gathered by a self-reported questionnaire. Sputum and faecal samples were collected for microbial and metabolomics analysis. A murine model of emphysema was used to determine the effect of metabolite supplementation. RESULTS: Despite having a similar smoking history with emphysema patients, asymptomatic smokers had higher values of body mass index, fibre intake and faecal acetate level. Linear discriminant analysis identified 17 microbial taxonomic members that were relatively enriched in the faeces of asymptomatic smokers. Analysis of similarity results showed dissimilarity between the two groups (r=0.287, p=0.003). Higher acetate level was positively associated with forced expiratory volume in one second in the emphysema group (r=0.628, p=0.012). Asymptomatic smokers had a greater number of species associated with acetate and propionate (r>0.6) than did those with emphysema (30 vs 19). In an emphysema mouse model, supplementation of acetate and propionate reduced alveolar destruction and the production of proinflammatory cytokines, and propionate decreased the CD3+CD4+IL-17+ T-cell population in the lung and spleen. CONCLUSION: Smokers with emphysema showed differences in diet, microbiome and short-chain fatty acids compared with asymptomatic smokers. Acetate and propionate showed therapeutic effects in a smoking-induced murine model of emphysema.
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Enfisema , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica , Enfisema Pulmonar , Humanos , Animais , Camundongos , Fumantes , Propionatos , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Volume Expiratório Forçado , Enfisema/complicações , AcetatosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Air pollution has become a significant public health concern. During exercise, many physiological factors are thought to increase the effects of air pollution. Air pollution most affects lung function and respiratory symptoms. We investigated the association between lung function, respiratory symptoms, and air pollutant concentration with meteorological factors in elite sports athletes. METHODS: A total of 59 elite sports athletes from the Korea National Sports University participated in this prospective, observational study from September 2019 to June 2020. At ten visits, lung function and respiratory symptoms were obtained after a training session. We measured six air pollutants, including SO2, CO, O3, NO2, PM10, and PM2.5, and two meteorological factors, including humidity and temperature. Air pollutants and meteorological factors were measured by two nearest depositories of the national air pollution information system in Korea. RESULTS: In a single-pollutant model, PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and CO were inversely associated with both FEV1 and FEV6, 10 µg/m3 in PM2.5 was associated with a 32.31 mL decrease in FEV1 and a 36.93 mL decrease in FEV6. Meanwhile, O3 and temperature had positive associations with both FEV1 (13.00 and 3.15 mL) and FEV6 (16.91 and 4.76 mL) and humidity with FEV6 (11.98 mL). In the multi-pollutant model at lag 0, FEV1 was associated negatively with O3 and NO2 (-50.68 and -6.87 mL) and positively with SO2 and temperature (65.76 and 8.08 mL). In the multi-pollutant model at lag 6, temperature was associated with FEV1 and FEV6 (6.01 and 8.89 mL). PM2.5, PM10, NO2, CO, and temperature were significantly associated with FEV1 and FEV6 through lag 0-6. CONCLUSIONS: Air pollutants and meteorological factors are associated with lung function and respiratory symptoms and have cumulative effects among elite athletes. In the multi-pollutant model, temperature has the most significant effect on lung function.
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Poluentes Atmosféricos , Poluição do Ar , Poluentes Ambientais , Humanos , Dióxido de Nitrogênio , Estudos Prospectivos , Poluição do Ar/efeitos adversos , Poluição do Ar/análise , Poluentes Atmosféricos/efeitos adversos , Poluentes Atmosféricos/análise , Material Particulado/efeitos adversos , Material Particulado/análise , Atletas , PulmãoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: We aimed to test whether the current practice of using mpMRI stage might lead to a Will Rogers phenomenon with a stage migration compared to DRE in men undergoing radical prostatectomy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 572 consecutive patients who underwent radical prostatectomy at a single institution (2007-2017) were included. Clinical stage using digital rectal examination was determined on table by the operating surgeon; mpMRI and pathological stage were recorded after tumor board review. Progression-free survival (PFS) was defined as no rising PSA, no adjuvant/salvage treatment, and no metastases or mortality. PFS was compared between groups and a model incorporating mpMRI into the EAU risk groups was created. RESULTS: Median age was 63 years (IQR 58.5-67) and median PSA was 8.9 ng/ml (IQR 6.5-13.2). Using DRE stage, 20% were NCCN low risk, 43% were intermediate, and 37% high. Median follow-up was 48 months (IQR 22-73). Estimated PFS at 1, 3, and 5 years was 75%, 59%, and 54%, respectively. When comparing PFS between DRE and mpMRI stages, patients deemed T1 (P < 0.01) or T3 (Pâ¯=â¯0.03) by mpMRI showed better outcomes than patients staged T1 or T3 by DRE. On univariable analysis lower risk for failure was seen for MRI T1 disease (HR 0.10 95%, CI 0.01-0.73, Pâ¯=â¯0.02) or MRI T3 (HR 0.70, CI 0.51-0.97, Pâ¯=â¯0.03). On multivariable analysis, only MRI T1 remained a significant predictor (HR 0.08, 95% CI 0.01-0.59, Pâ¯=â¯0.01). The subsequent, modified EAU risk model using both DRE and mpMRI performed significantly better than the DRE model. CONCLUSION: PFS based on mpMRI is not the same as DRE staging. Current risk groups which use DRE should be used with caution in whom local stage is based on mpMRI. Our modified EAU-risk categories can provide greater accuracy.
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Antígeno Prostático Específico , Neoplasias da Próstata , Masculino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Exame Retal Digital , Intervalo Livre de Doença , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Neoplasias da Próstata/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias da Próstata/cirurgia , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , ProstatectomiaRESUMO
PURPOSE: Aspirin has been suggested to reduce the risk of cancer. However, previous studies have been inconsistent regarding the relationship between aspirin use and the risk of occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of aspirin on clinical outcomes in patients with HCC in a meta-analysis and to explore the possible dose-response relationship. METHODS: A systematic literature search was conducted in 10 electronic databases and 4 registries. The combined hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated using a random-effects model with 95% confidence interval (CIs) to assess the effect of aspirin on the risk of HCC. Relevant subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses were performed. RESULTS: The results show that aspirin use correlated with lower incidence of HCC (HR: 0.75, 95% CI: 0.71-0.80), decreased risk of HCC recurrence (HR: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.65-0.96), and reduced mortality (HR: 0.72, 95% CI: 0.60-0.87). The results of the subgroup analysis showed that aspirin use was consistently associated with reduced incidence of HCC across different regions, study designs, and populations. A linear relationship was found for both dosage and duration of aspirin use. An increased of bleeding with aspirin use among patients was also observed (HR 1.10, 95% CI: 1.02-1.20). CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis found that aspirin use was independently associated with a reduced risk of HCC incidence, recurrence, and death. Furthermore, aspirin use influenced HCC occurrence in a dose-dependent and duration-dependent manner. However, an increased risk of bleeding with aspirin use was noted.
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Carcinoma Hepatocelular , Neoplasias Hepáticas , Humanos , Aspirina/uso terapêutico , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/epidemiologia , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/prevenção & controle , Incidência , Neoplasias Hepáticas/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/prevenção & controle , Modelos de Riscos ProporcionaisRESUMO
Background: Gastric cancer (GC) is a common cancer with high mortality. This study aimed to identify its differentially expressed genes (DEGs) using bioinformatics methods. Methods: DEGs were screened from four GEO (Gene Expression Omnibus) gene expression profiles. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses were performed. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed. Expression and prognosis were assessed. Meta-analysis was conducted to further validate prognosis. The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was analyzed to identify diagnostic markers, and a nomogram was developed. Exploration of drugs and immune cell infiltration analysis were conducted. Results: Nine up-regulated and three down-regulated hub genes were identified, with close relations to gastric functions, extracellular activities, and structures. Overexpressed Collagen Type VIII Alpha 1 Chain (COL8A1), Collagen Type X Alpha 1 Chain (COL10A1), Collagen Triple Helix Repeat Containing 1 (CTHRC1), and Fibroblast Activation Protein (FAP) correlated with poor prognosis. The area under the curve (AUC) of ADAM Metallopeptidase With Thrombospondin Type 1 Motif 2 (ADAMTS2), COL10A1, Collagen Type XI Alpha 1 Chain (COL11A1), and CTHRC1 was >0.9. A nomogram model based on CTHRC1 was developed. Infiltration of macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells positively correlated with COL8A1, COL10A1, CTHRC1, and FAP. Meta-analysis confirmed poor prognosis of overexpressed CTHRC1. Conclusion: ADAMTS2, COL10A1, COL11A1, and CTHRC1 have diagnostic values in GC. COL8A1, COL10A1, CTHRC1, and FAP correlated with worse prognosis, showing prognostic and therapeutic values. The immune cell infiltration needs further investigations.
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BACKGROUND: Since the era of "thyroid cancer epidemic," many Korean academic societies discouraged the use of ultrasonography in healthy individuals and revised the Korean Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System to address the overscreening and overdiagnosis issues. This study aimed to evaluate the change in the diagnostic effectiveness of thyroid cancer screening over the last decade. METHODS: This single-center, retrospective observational study analyzed the data of 125,962 thyroid nodules obtained during cancer screening at the health promotion center of Seoul National University Bundang Hospital from 2010 to 2019. Only 327 thyroid cancer cases pathologically confirmed by fine-needle aspiration (FNA) were included in the study. The strength of the association between the number of FNA and (1) the number of thyroid cancer diagnoses, (2) the positive predictive values (PPVs), and (3) the difference in PPV from the previous year were evaluated using Pearson's correlation analysis. RESULTS: The number of thyroid FNA biopsies as well as the thyroid cancer diagnoses decreased from 2010 to 2019 (166 to 48 [-71.1%] vs. 43 to 22 [-48.8%]). The PPV of FNA biopsies increased from 25.9% to 45.8% (+76.8%) and was negatively correlated with the number of FNA biopsies performed (R=-0.87, P<0.001). The difference in PPV from the previous year increased similarly but without statistical significance (R=-0.59, P=0.09). CONCLUSION: The diagnostic efficiency of thyroid cancer screening has increased over the last decade, as evidenced by the increasing PPV of FNA biopsies.
RESUMO
Lung cancer is the primary cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Recently, although the microbiome has emerged as the key modulator of the carcinogenesis, it has not been evaluated in lung cancer. Here, we evaluated the microbial composition of lung cancer tissues according to the histologic type and genetic mutation, compared it with that of the adjacent normal lung tissues, and investigated the association between the lung microbiome and clinical parameters. We collected lung tissue samples from 162 patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC, 162 cancer and 54 adjacent normal tissues), surgically resected between January 2018 and December 2019, and analyzed their microbiome using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, the QIIME2 pipeline, and statistical analyses. NSCLC tissues had significantly lower alpha diversity than the normal tissues, and their microbial composition differed according to the histologic type and cancer genetic mutation. The genera Romboutsia, Novosphingobium, Acinetobacter, and Prevotella were significantly overrepresented in NSCLC tissues. Alpha diversity steadily declined from a normal to a more advanced stage, and microbial compositional differences were noted along with recurrence. Stenotrophomonas was the most predominant genus in the NSCLC tissues of patients with recurrence. The pathways related to the tricarboxylic acid cycle and L-glutamate and L-glutamine biosynthesis were predominant in adenocarcinoma, whereas those related to purine and pyrimidine nucleotide degradation and formaldehyde assimilation were predominant in squamous cell carcinoma. Our findings suggest that the altered lung cancer microbial composition might be associated with cancer initiation and/or progression.