RESUMO
PURPOSE: Virtual reality technology has been used to establish a risk-free environment in which students can practice psychiatric nursing. A quasi-experimental study was conducted to examine the effects of a virtual reality (VR) based mental health nursing simulation on practice performance of undergraduate nursing students. METHODS: A quasi-experimental, pre- and post-test design was used. A total of 68 students were randomly assigned to an experimental group (n = 32) and a control group (n = 36). The control group received conventional simulation using text scenario-based role play. The intervention group received VR software consisting of 360° video clips and related quiz questions. RESULTS: The self-reported perceived competency in nursing performance showed no statistically significant improvement in the experimental group, whereas the control group showed a statistically significant improvement in symptom management (t = 2.84, p = 0.007) and nurse-patient interaction (t = 2.10, p = 0.043). Scores from the assessor showed better performance scores in the experimental group in symptom management (t = -2.62, p = 0.011), violence risk management (t = -3.42, p = 0.001), and nurse-patient interaction (t = -3.12, p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study indicate the potential of using VR for optimized mental health nursing simulation. VR technology allowed realistic experiences which may ensure students have a more comprehensive understanding of mentally ill patients and in doing so, overcome barriers of traditional simulation, resulting in better learning outcomes.
Assuntos
Enfermagem Psiquiátrica , Realidade Virtual , Humanos , Enfermagem Psiquiátrica/educação , Enfermagem Psiquiátrica/métodos , Feminino , Masculino , Adulto Jovem , Adulto , Bacharelado em Enfermagem/métodos , Estudantes de Enfermagem/psicologia , Estudantes de Enfermagem/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
Thin-film optical diodes are important elements for miniaturizing photonic systems. However, the design of optical diodes relies on empirical and heuristic approaches. This poses a significant challenge for identifying optimal structural models of optical diodes at given wavelengths. Here, we leverage a quantum annealing-enhanced active learning scheme to automatically identify optimal designs of 130 nm-thick optical diodes. An optical diode is a stratified volume diffractive film discretized into rectangular pixels, where each pixel is assigned to either a metal or dielectric. The proposed scheme identifies the optimal material states of each pixel, maximizing the quality of optical isolation at given wavelengths. Consequently, we successfully identify optimal structures at three specific wavelengths (600, 800, and 1000 nm). In the best-case scenario, when the forward transmissivity is 85%, the backward transmissivity is 0.1%. Electromagnetic field profiles reveal that the designed diode strongly supports surface plasmons coupled across counterintuitive metal-dielectric pixel arrays. Thereby, it yields the transmission of first-order diffracted light with a high amplitude. In contrast, backward transmission has decoupled surface plasmons that redirect Poynting vectors back to the incident medium, resulting in near attenuation of its transmission. In addition, we experimentally verify the optical isolation function of the optical diode.
RESUMO
Maintaining the surface transparency of protective covers using transparent heaters in extreme weather is imperative for enhancing safety in autonomous driving. However, achieving both high transmittance and low sheet resistance, two key performance indicators for transparent heaters, is inherently challenging. Here, inspired by metamaterial design, we report microwave-transparent, low-sheet-resistance heaters for automotive radars. Ultrathin (approximately one ten-thousandth of the wavelength), electrically connected metamaterials on a millimetre-thick dielectric cover provide near-unity transmission at specific frequencies within the W band (75-110 GHz), despite their metal filling ratio exceeding 70 %. These metamaterials yield the desired phase delay to adjust Fabry-Perot resonance at each target frequency. Fabricated microwave-transparent heaters exhibit exceptionally low sheet resistance (0.41 ohm/sq), thereby heating the dielectric cover above 180 °C at a nominal bias of 3 V. Defrosting tests demonstrate their thermal capability to swiftly remove thin ice layers in sub-zero temperatures.
RESUMO
Monocytes comprise two major subsets, Ly6Chi classical monocytes and Ly6Clo nonclassical monocytes. Notch2 signaling in Ly6Chi monocytes triggers transition to Ly6Clo monocytes, which require Nr4a1, Bcl6, Irf2, and Cebpb. By comparison, less is known about transcriptional requirements for Ly6Chi monocytes. We find transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (C/EBPα) is highly expressed in Ly6Chi monocytes, but down-regulated in Ly6Clo monocytes. A few previous studies described the requirement of C/EBPα in the development of neutrophils and eosinophils. However, the role of C/EBPα for in vivo monocyte development has not been understood. We deleted the Cebpa +37 kb enhancer in mice, eliminating hematopoietic expression of C/EBPα, reproducing the expected neutrophil defect. Surprisingly, we also found a severe and selective loss of Ly6Chi monocytes, while preserving Ly6Clo monocytes. We find that BM progenitors from Cebpa +37-/- mice rapidly progress through the monocyte progenitor stage to develop directly into Ly6Clo monocytes even in the absence of Notch2 signaling. These results identify a previously unrecognized role for C/EBPα in maintaining Ly6Chi monocyte identity.
Assuntos
Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Monócitos , Animais , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Monócitos/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: In a birth-cohort study, we followed offspring with prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) to investigate longitudinal associations of PCE with self-reported behavioral adjustment from early adolescence to emerging adulthood (EA). Environmental pathways (family functioning, non-kinship care, maltreatment) were specified as potential mediators of PCE. METHODS: Participants were 372 (190 PCE; 47% male), primarily Black, low socioeconomic status, enrolled at birth. Internalizing and externalizing behaviors were assessed using Youth Self-Report at ages 12 and 15 and Adult Self-Report at age 21. Extended random-intercept cross-lagged panel modeling was used to account for potential bidirectional relationships between internalizing and externalizing behaviors over time, examining potential mediators. RESULTS: Adjusting for covariates, significant indirect effects were found for each mediator at different ages. For family functioning, these were both internalizing (ß = 0.83, p = 0.04) and externalizing behaviors (ß = 1.58, p = 0.02) at age 12 and externalizing behaviors at age 15 (ß = 0.51, p = 0.03); for non-kinship care, externalizing behaviors at ages 12 (ß = 0.63, p = 0.02) and 15 (ß = 0.20, p = 0.03); and for maltreatment, both internalizing and externalizing behaviors at ages 15 (ß = 0.64, p = 0.02 for internalizing; ß = 0.50, p = 0.03 for externalizing) and 21 (ß = 1.39, p = 0.01 for internalizing; ß = 1.11, p = 0.01 for externalizing). Direct associations of PCE with internalizing and externalizing behaviors were not observed, nor cross-lagged relationships between internalizing and externalizing behaviors. CONCLUSIONS: Negative associations of PCE with behavioral adjustment persist into EA via environmental pathways, specifying intervention points to disrupt adverse pathways toward healthy development.
Assuntos
Comportamento do Adolescente , Cocaína , Gravidez , Feminino , Adulto , Adolescente , Recém-Nascido , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto Jovem , Criança , Autorrelato , Estudos de Coortes , Estudos Longitudinais , Cocaína/efeitos adversosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: We aimed at evaluating the diagnostic performance of rapid antigen test (RAT) compared to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and the possible transmission of infection to close contacts from patients with negative RAT and positive PCR results. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients/guardians urgently requiring admission to the ward on the same day had been hospitalized with RAT-negative result before the PCR results were available. We performed an epidemiologic investigation of the close contacts of those with negative RAT but positive PCR results after hospitalization. RESULTS: A total of 4,237 RATs were performed from March to August 2022. When the PCR test was used as the reference, RAT had a sensitivity of 28.8% (17/59; 95% confidence interval [CI], 17.8 - 42.1), a specificity of 100% (4,220/4,220; 95% CI, 99.9 - 100.0), a positive predictive value of 100.0% (17/17; 95% CI, 100.0 - 100.0), and a negative predictive value of 99.0% (4,178/4,220; 95% CI, 99.3 - 99.8). The epidemiologic investigation revealed that among the 32 patients with negative RAT and subsequent positive PCR results after admission into multi-patient room, two (6.3%) showed secondary coronavirus disease 2019. CONCLUSION: The secondary transmission rate from patients with negative RAT and positive PCR results was low. Our data suggest that RAT may be useful for rapid exclusion of high transmissible cases. However, further evaluation using whole genome sequencing is needed to determine the potential for transmissibility in cases showing a negative RAT but a positive PCR result.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Sporadic measles outbreaks have continued to occur in Korea, mainly in adults in their 20s and 30s, most notably in 2014 and 2019. We here evaluated the possible causes of a low seroprevalance of measles by testing young healthcare workers (HCWs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was conducted in a 2,743-bed tertiary-care hospital in Seoul between 2020 and 2021. We performed a measles antibody test (chemiluminescence immunoassay), measured the IgM/IgG index ratio, and conducted an avidity test at 1-month after Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR) vaccination in HCWs who had been seronegative for measles. Measles vaccination histories were obtained from the national vaccine registry. RESULTS: Of the 3,173 HCWs newly employed in our hospital during the study period, 54 with a negative measles IgG at commencement were enrolled. Thirty six (67%) of these subjects were female, and the median age was 25 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 24 - 27). Fourty nine (91%) showed seroconversion at 1 month after the first vaccination. Of these individuals, 38 received both measles IgM and IgG test, and all had an IgM/IgG index <1. Of the 49 seroconverters, all HCWs showed a high avidity index. According to the national immunization registry, 45 (83%) received at least 2 doses of an MMR vaccination. CONCLUSION: Secondary vaccine failure may underlie vaccine failure in young Korean adults. HCWs born after 1985 with a negative measles antibody may need only a single dose booster vaccination rather than a 2-dose vaccination regimen.
RESUMO
Multispectral camouflage technologies, especially in the most frequently-used visible and infrared (VIS-IR) bands, are in increasing demand for the ever-growing multispectral detection technologies. Nevertheless, the efficient design of proper materials and structures for VIS-IR camouflage is still challenging because of the stringent requirement for selective spectra in a large VIS-IR wavelength range and the increasing demand for flexible color and infrared signal adaptivity. Here, a material-informatics-based inverse design framework is proposed to efficiently design multilayer germanium (Ge) and zinc sulfide (ZnS) metamaterials by evaluating only ~1% of the total candidates. The designed metamaterials exhibit excellent color matching and infrared camouflage performance from different observation angles and temperatures through both simulations and infrared experiments. The present material informatics inverse design framework is highly efficient and can be applied to other multi-objective optimization problems beyond multispectral camouflage.
RESUMO
Ly6Clo monocytes are a myeloid subset that specializes in the surveillance of vascular endothelium. Ly6Clo monocytes have been shown to derive from Ly6Chi monocytes. NOTCH2 signaling has been implicated as a trigger for Ly6Clo monocyte development, but the basis for this effect is unclear. Here, we examined the impact of NOTCH2 signaling of myeloid progenitors on the development of Ly6Clo monocytes in vitro. NOTCH2 signaling induced by delta-like ligand 1 (DLL1) efficiently induced the transition of Ly6Chi TREML4- monocytes into Ly6Clo TREML4+ monocytes. We further identified two additional transcriptional requirements for development of Ly6Clo monocytes. Deletion of BCL6 from myeloid progenitors abrogated development of Ly6Clo monocytes. IRF2 was also required for Ly6Clo monocyte development in a cell-intrinsic manner. DLL1-induced in vitro transition into Ly6Clo TREML4+ monocytes required IRF2 but unexpectedly could occur in the absence of NUR77 or BCL6. These results imply a transcriptional hierarchy for these factors in controlling Ly6Clo monocyte development.
Assuntos
Endotélio Vascular , Monócitos , Hematopoese , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
Cytokines produced in association with tumors can impair antitumor immune responses by reducing the abundance of type 1 conventional dendritic cells (cDC1), but the mechanism remains unclear. Here, we show that tumor-derived IL-6 generally reduces cDC development but selectively impairs cDC1 development in both murine and human systems through the induction of C/EBPß in the common dendritic cell progenitor (CDP). C/EBPß and NFIL3 compete for binding to sites in the Zeb2 -165 kb enhancer and support or repress Zeb2 expression, respectively. At homeostasis, pre-cDC1 specification occurs upon Nfil3 induction and consequent Zeb2 suppression. However, IL-6 strongly induces C/EBPß expression in CDPs. Importantly, the ability of IL-6 to impair cDC development is dependent on the presence of C/EBPß binding sites in the Zeb2 -165 kb enhancer, as this effect is lost in Δ1+2+3 mutant mice in which these binding sites are mutated. These results explain how tumor-associated IL-6 suppresses cDC1 development and suggest therapeutic approaches preventing abnormal C/EBPß induction in CDPs may help reestablish cDC1 development to enhance antitumor immunity.
Assuntos
Citocinas , Interleucina-6 , Humanos , Animais , Camundongos , Sítios de Ligação , Células Dendríticas , HomeostaseRESUMO
In vitro culture of bone marrow (BM) with Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3L) is widely used to study development and function of type 1 conventional dendritic cells (cDC1). Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and many progenitor populations that possess cDC1 potential in vivo do not express Flt3 and thus may not contribute to Flt3L-mediated cDC1 production in vitro. Here, we present a KitL/Flt3L protocol that recruits such HSCs and progenitors into the production of cDC1. Kit ligand (KitL) is used to expand HSCs and early progenitors lacking Flt3 expression into later stage where Flt3 is expressed. Following this initial KitL phase, a second Flt3L phase is used to support the final production of DCs. With this two-stage culture, we achieved approximately tenfold increased production of both cDC1 and cDC2 compared to Flt3L culture. cDC1 derived from this culture are similar to in vivo cDC1 in their dependence on IRF8, ability to produce IL-12, and induction of tumor regression in cDC1-deficient tumor-bearing mice. This KitL/Flt3L system for cDC1 production will be useful in further analysis of cDC1 that rely on in vitro generation from BM.
Assuntos
Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas , Fator de Células-Tronco , Camundongos , Animais , Medula Óssea , Células da Medula Óssea , Células DendríticasRESUMO
The advent of nanophotonics enables the regulation of thermal emission in the momentum domain as well as in the frequency domain. However, earlier attempts to steer thermal emission in a certain direction were restricted to a narrow spectrum or specific polarization, and thus their average (8-14 µm) emissivity (εav) and angular selectivity were nominal. Therefore, the practical uses of directional thermal emitters have remained unclarified. Here, we report broadband, polarization-irrelevant, amplified directional thermal emission from hollow microcavities covered with deep-subwavelength-thickness oxide shells. A hexagonal array of SiO2/AlOX (100/100 nm) hollow microcavities designed by Bayesian optimization exhibited εav values of 0.51-0.62 at 60°-75° and 0.29-0.32 at 5°-20°, yielding a parabolic antenna-shaped distribution. The angular selectivity peaked at 8, 9.1, 10.9, and 12 µm, which were identified as the epsilon-near-zero (via Berreman modes) and maximum-negative-permittivity (via photon-tunneling modes) wavelengths of SiO2 and AlOX, respectively, thus supporting phonon-polariton resonance mediated broadband side emission. As proof-of-concept experiments, we demonstrated that these exceptional epsilon-based microcavities could provide thermal comfort to users and practical cooling performance to optoelectronic devices.
RESUMO
Translucent Au/graphene hybrid films are shown to be effective in reducing thermal emission from the underlying surfaces when the deposition thickness of Au is close to the percolation threshold. The critical Au deposition thickness for an abrupt change in emissivity is reduced from 15 nm (Si substrate) to a percolation-threshold-limited thickness of 8.5 nm (graphene/Si substrate) because of the chemical inertness of graphene leading to the deposited Au atoms forming a thin, crystalline layer. The effect of the graphene layer on the optical properties of the hybrid film is highlighted by a drastic increase in infrared absorptivity, whereas the visible absorptivity is marginally affected by the presence of a graphene layer. The level of thermal emission from the Au/graphene hybrid films with the percolation-threshold-limited Au thickness is stable even with high background temperatures of up to 300 °C and mechanical strains of ≈4%. As an example of a thermal management application, an anti-counterfeiting device is demonstrated; thermal-camouflage-masked text fabricated with an Au/graphene hybrid film is discernible only using a thermographic camera. Ultrathin metal film assisted by a graphene layer will provide a facile platform for thermal management with semi-transparency, flexibility, and transferability to arbitrary surfaces.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Giardia has been associated with reduced risk of diarrhea in children in low-resource settings, but the mechanism underlying this association is unknown. To assess whether Giardia may shape colonization or infection with other enteric pathogens and impact associations with diarrhea, we examined Giardia and enteric pathogen codetection among children <5 years old in Kenya, The Gambia, and Mali as part of the Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa study. METHODS: We tested for Giardia and other enteric pathogens using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on stool, respectively. We evaluated associations between Giardia and enteric pathogen detection using multivariable logistic regression models separately for children with moderate-to-severe diarrhea (MSD, cases) and free of diarrhea (controls). RESULTS: Among 11 039 enrolled children, Giardia detection was more common among controls (35%) than cases (28%, P < .001). Campylobacter coli/jejuni detection was associated with Giardia in controls in The Gambia (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] [95% confidence interval {CI}]: 1.51 [1.22â1.86]) and cases across all sites (1.16 [1.00â1.33]). Among controls, the odds of astrovirus (1.43 [1.05â1.93]) and Cryptosporidium spp. (1.24 [1.06â1.46]) detection were higher among children with Giardia. Among cases, the odds of rotavirus detection were lower in children with Giardia in Mali (.45 [.30â.66]) and Kenya (.31 [.17â.56]). CONCLUSIONS: Giardia was prevalent in children <5 years old and was associated with detection of other enteric pathogens, with differing associations in cases versus controls and by site. Giardia may affect colonization or infection by certain enteric pathogens associated with MSD, suggesting an indirect mechanism of clinical impact.
Assuntos
Criptosporidiose , Cryptosporidium , Vacinas , Humanos , Criança , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criptosporidiose/diagnóstico , Criptosporidiose/epidemiologia , Criptosporidiose/prevenção & controle , Giardia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Diarreia/epidemiologia , Diarreia/complicações , Quênia/epidemiologia , FezesRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Pediatric exposures to unsafe sources of water, unsafely managed sanitation, and animals are prevalent in low- and middle-income countries. In the Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa case-control study, we examined associations between these risk factors and moderate-to-severe diarrhea (MSD) in children <5 years old in The Gambia, Kenya, and Mali. METHODS: We enrolled children <5 years old seeking care for MSD at health centers; age-, sex-, and community-matched controls were enrolled at home. Conditional logistic regression models, adjusted for a priori confounders, were used to evaluate associations between MSD and survey-based assessments of water, sanitation, and animals living in the compound. RESULTS: From 2015 to 2018, 4840 cases and 6213 controls were enrolled. In pan-site analyses, children with drinking water sources below "safely managed" (onsite, continuously accessible sources of good water quality) had 1.5-2.0-fold higher odds of MSD (95% confidence intervals [CIs] ranging from 1.0 to 2.5), driven by rural site results (The Gambia and Kenya). In the urban site (Mali), children whose drinking water source was less available (several hours/day vs all the time) had higher odds of MSD (matched odds ratio [mOR]: 1.4, 95% CI: 1.1, 1.7). Associations between MSD and sanitation were site-specific. Goats were associated with slightly increased odds of MSD in pan-site analyses, whereas associations with cows and fowl varied by site. CONCLUSIONS: Poorer types and availability of drinking water sources were consistently associated with MSD, whereas the impacts of sanitation and household animals were context-specific. The association between MSD and access to safely managed drinking water sources post-rotavirus introduction calls for transformational changes in drinking water services to prevent acute child morbidity from MSD.
Assuntos
Água Potável , Saneamento , Feminino , Animais , Bovinos , Quênia/epidemiologia , Saneamento/métodos , Gâmbia/epidemiologia , Mali/epidemiologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Diarreia/epidemiologia , Diarreia/prevenção & controle , Diarreia/etiologia , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The magnitude of pediatric enteric pathogen exposures in low-income settings necessitates substantive water and sanitation interventions, including animal feces management. We assessed associations between pediatric enteric pathogen detection and survey-based water, sanitation, and animal characteristics within the Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa case-control study. METHODS: In The Gambia, Kenya, and Mali, we assessed enteric pathogens in stool of children aged <5 years with moderate-to-severe diarrhea and their matched controls (diarrhea-free in prior 7 days) via the TaqMan Array Card and surveyed caregivers about household drinking water and sanitation conditions and animals living in the compound. Risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using modified Poisson regression models, stratified for cases and controls and adjusted for age, sex, site, and demographics. RESULTS: Bacterial (cases, 93%; controls, 72%), viral (63%, 56%), and protozoal (50%, 38%) pathogens were commonly detected (cycle threshold <35) in the 4840 cases and 6213 controls. In cases, unimproved sanitation (RR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.12-2.17), as well as cows (RR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.16-2.24) and sheep (RR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.11-1.96) living in the compound, were associated with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli. In controls, fowl (RR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.15-1.47) were associated with Campylobacter spp. In controls, surface water sources were associated with Cryptosporidium spp., Shigella spp., heat-stable toxin-producing enterotoxigenic E. coli, and Giardia spp. CONCLUSIONS: Findings underscore the importance of enteric pathogen exposure risks from animals alongside more broadly recognized water and sanitation risk factors in children.
Assuntos
Diarreia , Fezes , Saneamento , Abastecimento de Água , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Diarreia/epidemiologia , Diarreia/microbiologia , Diarreia/prevenção & controle , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Fezes/microbiologia , Humanos , Animais , Bovinos , Criança , Vacinas contra Cólera/administração & dosagemRESUMO
We conducted a case-control study to identify risk and protective factors during a cholera outbreak in Jijiga, Ethiopia, in June 2017. A case-patient was defined as anyone > 5 years old with at least three loose stools in 24 hours who was admitted to a cholera treatment center in Jijiga on or after June 16, 2017. Two controls were matched to each case by type of residency (rural or urban) and age group. We enrolled 55 case-patients and 102 controls from June 16 to June 23, 2017. Identified risk factors for cholera were male sex, eating cold food, and eating food outside the home. Eating hot food was protective, as was reported handwashing after defecation; no other reported water, sanitation, and hygiene factors were associated with cholera risk. Recommendations included continuing messaging about safe food handling practices at home, the dangers of consuming meals prepared away from home, and the importance of hand hygiene practices.
Assuntos
Cólera , Epidemias , Humanos , Masculino , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Cólera/epidemiologia , Cólera/etiologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Etiópia/epidemiologia , Surtos de Doenças , Saneamento , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
The events that initiate autoimmune diabetes in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice remain poorly understood. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are both required to develop disease, but their relative roles in initiating disease are unclear. To test whether CD4+ T cell infiltration into islets requires damage to ß cells induced by autoreactive CD8+ T cells, we inactivated Wdfy4 in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice (NOD.Wdfy4-/--) using CRISPR/Cas9 targeting to eliminate cross-presentation by type 1 conventional dendritic cells (cDC1s). Similar to C57BL/6 Wdfy4-/- mice, cDC1 in NOD.Wdfy4-/- mice are unable to cross-present cell-associated antigens to prime CD8+ T cells, while cDC1 from heterozygous NOD.Wdfy4+/- mice cross-present normally. Further, NOD.Wdfy4-/- mice fail to develop diabetes while heterozygous NOD.Wdfy4+/- mice develop diabetes similarly to wild-type NOD mice. NOD.Wdfy4-/- mice remain capable of processing and presenting major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II)-restricted autoantigens and can activate ß cell-specific CD4+ T cells in lymph nodes. However, disease in these mice does not progress beyond peri-islet inflammation. These results indicate that the priming of autoreactive CD8+ T cells in NOD mice requires cross-presentation by cDC1. Further, autoreactive CD8+ T cells appear to be required not only to develop diabetes, but to recruit autoreactive CD4+ T cells into islets of NOD mice, perhaps in response to progressive ß cell damage.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1 , Ilhotas Pancreáticas , Camundongos , Animais , Camundongos Endogâmicos NOD , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidade Classe IIRESUMO
This corrects the article on p. e308 in vol. 37, PMID: 36345254.
RESUMO
The increasing advances in thermal radiation regulators have attracted growing interest, particularly in infrared sources, thermal management, and camouflage. Despite many advances in dynamic thermal emitters with great controllability, sustained external energy is required to maintain the desired emission. In this study, we present a polarization-driven thermal emission regulator based on a two-way control: i) phase change and ii) polarization tuning. Based on a conventional, non-volatile phase change material, i.e., Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST), we newly introduce an anisotropic medium for facile emissivity regulation without heat energy consumption. A rigorous coupled-wave analysis method provides design guidelines for finding optimal structural parameters. We utilized a simple glancing angle deposition process which induces tilted self-aligned nanocolumns with anisotropic properties. The fabricated sample shows polarization-sensitive thermal regulation through thermal imaging spectroscopic measurement. Additionally, we manufactured a multispectral visibly/thermally camouflaged patch that identifies encrypted information at a specific polarization state for a proof-of-concept demonstration.