Radiology State-of-the-art Review: Endometriosis Imaging Interpretation and Reporting.

Endometriosis is a common condition impacting approximately 190 million individuals and up to 50% of women with infertility globally. The disease is characterized by endometrial-like tissue located outside of the uterine corpus, which causes cyclical hemorrhage, inflammation, and fibrosis. Based on clinical suspicion or findings at routine transvaginal pelvic US or other prior imaging, dedicated imaging for endometriosis may be warranted with MRI or advanced transvaginal US. Deep endometriosis (DE) in the pelvis includes evaluation for stromal and fibrotic components and architectural distortion resulting from fibrosis and tethering. It is a disease requiring a compartment-based, pattern-recognition approach. MRI has the benefit of global assessment of the pelvis and is effective in assessing for features of malignancy and for evaluating extrapelvic locations. Transvaginal US has the advantage of dynamic maneuvers to assess for adhesions and may achieve higher spatial resolution for assessing the depth of bowel wall invasion. T1-weighted MRI evaluation increases the specificity of diagnosis by identifying hemorrhagic components, but the presence of T1 signal hyperintensity is not essential for diagnosing DE. Endometriosis is a disease with a broad spectrum; understanding the mild through advanced manifestations, including malignancy evaluation, is within the scope and breadth of radiologists' interpretation.

Laparoscopic Vecchietti procedure: pearls for success.

OBJECTIVE: To present an effective strategy for optimizing the care of patients with Müllerian agenesis who desire surgical management for the creation of a neovagina with the laparoscopic Vecchietti procedure. DESIGN: This video provides a framework for patient evaluation and selection, surgical strategy, and postoperative care regimen to provide optimal postprocedural outcomes. SETTING: Academic Hospital. PATIENT(S): This is a 22-year-old patient with Müllerian agenesis who was unsuccessful with conservative strategies for vaginal lengthening and sought care for neovagina creation. INTERVENTION(S): The patient underwent preoperative pelvic floor physical therapy and vaginal dilation, both of which were ineffective in producing adequate vaginal lengthening. We then performed a laparoscopic Vecchietti procedure. The procedure occurred at a large academic institution with two obstetrics-gynecology subspecialty surgeons providing perioperative care. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): A vaginal length of 7 cm was achieved, which was sustained at >12 months. RESULT(S): The patient was managed by a multidisciplinary team using our established care regimen, with follow-up demonstrating a sustained positive treatment outcome. The vaginal length at more than 1 year after the procedure measured 7 cm. CONCLUSION(S): Using a methodological, patient-focused approach and an experienced multidisciplinary team can optimize immediate- and long-term surgical outcomes for patients with Müllerian anomalies who do not have acceptable success with conservative methods.

Competencies for Those Who Coach Physicians: A Modified Delphi Study.

The rapidly evolving coaching profession has permeated the health care industry and is gaining ground as a viable solution for addressing physician burnout, turnover, and leadership crises that plague the industry. Although various coach credentialing bodies are established, the profession has no standardized competencies for physician coaching as a specialty practice area, creating a market of aspiring coaches with varying degrees of expertise. To address this gap, we employed a modified Delphi approach to arrive at expert consensus on competencies necessary for coaching physicians and physician leaders. Informed by the National Board of Medical Examiners' practice of rapid blueprinting, a group of 11 expert physician coaches generated an initial list of key thematic areas and specific competencies within them. The competency document was then distributed for agreement rating and comment to over 100 stakeholders involved in physician coaching. Our consensus threshold was defined at 70% agreement, and actual responses ranged from 80.5% to 95.6% agreement. Comments were discussed and addressed by 3 members of the original group, resulting in a final model of 129 specific competencies in the following areas: (1) physician-specific coaching, (2) understanding physician and health care context, culture, and career span, (3) coaching theory and science, (4) diversity, equity, inclusion, and other social dynamics, (5) well-being and burnout, and (6) physician leadership. This consensus on physician coaching competencies represents a critical step toward establishing standards that inform coach education, training, and certification programs, as well as guide the selection of coaches and evaluation of coaching in health care settings.

Endometriosis Is Associated With Higher Healthcare Utilization and Upper Gastrointestinal Symptoms.

Endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting 10%-15% of women, with symptoms including abdominopelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, and menorrhagia. Up to 90% experience gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms including constipation, bloating, and nausea/vomiting.1 Females with endometriosis are at 3-5 times greater risk of developing IBS than healthy women,2,3 with rates of IBS as high as 52%.4 Another study demonstrated 37% of those with IBS also had endometriosis, much higher than the typical prevalence of endometriosis.5 Patients with IBS and endometriosis experience lower pain thresholds and more painful menstrual cycles than those with either condition alone. This amplification of pain experiences can increase health care utilization and decrease quality of life.

Surgical Considerations in the Management of Adolescent Endometriosis-An Expert Commentary.

Given the complexities and controversies that exist in diagnosing adult endometriosis, as well as optimizing medical and surgical management, it is not surprising that there is even more ambiguity and inconsistency in the optimal surgical care of endometriosis in the adolescent. This collaborative commentary aimed to provide evidence-based recommendations optimizing the role of surgical interventions for endometriosis in the adolescent patient with input from experts in minimally invasive gynecologic surgery, pediatric and adolescent gynecology, and infertility/reproductive medicine.

Evaluation and Management of Endometriosis in the Adolescent.

Endometriosis is a chronic condition, with debilitating symptoms affecting all ages. Dysmenorrhea and pelvic pain often begin in adolescence, affecting school, daily activities, and relationships. Despite the profound burden of endometriosis, many adolescents experience suboptimal management and significant delay in diagnosis. The symptomatology and laparoscopic findings of endometriosis in adolescents are often different than in adults, and the medical and surgical treatments for adolescents may differ from those for adults as well. This Narrative Review summarizes the diagnosis, evaluation, and management of endometriosis in adolescents. Given the unique challenges and complexities associated with diagnosing endometriosis in this age group, it is crucial to maintain a heightened level of suspicion and to remain vigilant for signs and symptoms. By maintaining this lower threshold for consideration, we can ensure timely and accurate diagnosis, enabling early intervention and improved management in our adolescent patients.

Endometriosis with colonic and rectal involvement: surgical approach and outcomes in 142 patients.

PURPOSE: Endometriosis involving the colon and/or rectum (CRE) is operatively managed using various methods. We aimed to determine if a more limited excision is associated with 30-day complications, symptom improvement, and/or recurrence. METHODS: This is a retrospective review of consecutive cases of patients who underwent surgical management of CRE between 2010 and 2018. Primary outcomes were the associations between risk factors and symptom improvement, 30-day complications, and time to recurrence. Multivariable logistic regression assessed the independent risk factors. RESULTS: Of 2681 endometriosis cases, 142 [5.3% of total, mean age 35.4 (31.0; 39.0) years, 73.9% stage IV] underwent CRE excision (superficial partial = 66.9%, segmental = 27.5%, full thickness = 1.41%). Minor complications (14.8%) were associated with blood loss [150 (112; 288) vs. 100 (50.0; 200) mls, p = 0.046], Sigmoid involvement [45.5% vs. 12.2%, HR 5.89 (1.4; 22.5), p = 0.01], stoma formation [52.6% vs. 8.9%, HR 10.9 (3.65; 34.1), p < 0.001], and segmental resection [38.5% vs. 5.8%, HR 9.75 (3.54; 30.4), p < 0.001]. Superficial, partial-thickness resections were associated with decreased risk [(4.2% vs. 36.2%), HR 0.08 (0.02; 0.24), p < 0.001]. Factors associated with major complications (8.5%) were blood loss [250 (100; 400) vs. 100 (50.0; 200) mls, p = 0.03], open surgery [31.6% vs. 4.9%, HR 8.74 (2.36; 32.9), p = 0.001], stoma formation [42% vs. 3.3%, HR 20.3 (5.41; 90.0), p < 0.001], and segmental colectomy [28.2% vs. 0.9%, HR 34.6 (6.25; 876), p < 0.001]. Partial-thickness resection was associated with decreased risk ([.05% vs. 23.4%, HR 8.74 (2.36; 32.9), p < 0.001]. 19.1% experienced recurrence. Open surgery [5.2% vs. 21.3%, HR 0.14 (0.02; 1.05), p = 0.027] and superficial partial thickness excision [23.4% vs. 10.6%, HR 2.86 (1.08; 7.59), p = 0.027] were associated. Segmental resection was associated with decreased recurrence risk [7.6% vs. 23.5%, HR 0.27 (0.08; 0.91), p = 0.024]. CONCLUSION: Limiting resection to partial-thickness or full-thickness disc excision compared to bowel resection may improve complications but increase recurrence risk.

Surgical techniques for mini-laparotomy myomectomy.

CONTEXT AND BACKGROUND: The prevalence of uterine fibroids is estimated to be approximately 80%. Fibroids can be associated with abnormal uterine bleeding, pressure symptoms, and infertility. Given this high prevalence, approximately 30,000 myomectomies are performed in the United States per year. Minimally invasive approaches are preferred, if feasible. The minimally invasive techniques include laparoscopic, robot-assisted, hysteroscopic, and mini-laparotomy. OBJECTIVE: To discuss the multiple techniques for optimizing the use of mini-laparotomy in minimally invasive myomectomy. DESIGN: We use intraoperative surgical video to demonstrate techniques that optimize the use of the mini-laparotomy for myomectomy. SETTING: Cleveland Clinic. PATIENT(S): Patient's undergoing fertility preserving, minimally invasive myomectomy at the Cleveland Clinic. The patient(s) included in this video gave consent for publication of the video and posting of the video online, including social media, the journal website, scientific literature websites (such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus), and other applicable sites. INTERVENTION(S): After the surgeon has selected to proceed with mini-laparotomy myomectomy, different techniques can be employed to optimize management. We demonstrate and discuss these techniques to ensure that surgeons have a set of tools to tackle a fibroid uterus. These techniques include direct palpation of the fibroids, use of a uterine manipulator to visualize the endometrial cavity, use of the uterine manipulator to aid in repair of the cavity if entered, suturing technique that avoids the endometrial cavity and therefore limits foreign body exposure and decreases intrauterine adhesion formation, utilization of barbed suture in a layered fashion, in-situ debulking to avoid injury to fallopian tubes and other critical uterine structures, easy identification of the optimal enucleation plane, use of single hysterotomy for multiple fibroids, visualization of the "Tortuga" sign, and evaluation of the abdominal cavity using the mini-laparotomy site as a port site. To limit postoperative adhesion formation, the investigators place cellulose-based adhesion barriers with peritoneum closure. Although the need for prolonged postoperative observation can be made on a case-by-case basis, we consider this as an outpatient surgery and anticipate same-day discharge for our patients. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): In this video, we perform a mini-laparotomy myomectomy optimally and describe the techniques employed. RESULT(S): Specific techniques employed in mini-laparotomy myomectomy make the case safe, effective, and can lead to same-day discharge. CONCLUSION(S): Mini-laparotomy myomectomy is a technique used to perform minimally invasive myomectomy. Following the discussed steps, surgeons can be more confident in performing this method of myomectomy.

Care Delivery for Patients with Leiomyomas: Failures, Real-Life Experiences, Analysis of Barriers, and Proposed Restorative Remedies.

In this narrative review, we describe historical and contemporary influences that prevent patients with fibroids from getting appropriate medical care. Using patient stories as examples, we highlight how misogyny on all levels hurts patients and prevents medical teams from doing their best. Importantly, inequity and disparities result in massive gaps in care delivery. We suggest that we, as gynecologists and surgeons, must join public discourse on this topic to highlight the inadequacies of care delivery and the reasons behind it, suggest potential solutions, and join patients and communities in formulating and implementing remedies.

Bilateral Cornual Resection for Uterine-sparing Removal of Tubal Sterilization Devices.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To describe a uterine-sparing minimally invasive surgical technique for laparoscopic resection of tubal occlusion devices using bilateral cornuectomy. DESIGN: This video reviews the background of the tubal occlusion device known as Essure and the indications and methods for surgical removal with a stepwise demonstration of a minimally invasive technique with narrated video footage. SETTING: The most cited reason for patients' desire for removal of the Essure device is pelvic pain. Both hysteroscopic and laparoscopic methods have been used for removal of these devices. Laparoscopy is indicated if it has been >3 months since insertion, if a coil is noted to be malpositioned, or if the patient desires continued permanent sterilization. Techniques for removal include salpingostomy, salpingectomy, and cornuectomy. Removal of the entire device is essential, given that any remaining coil or polyethylene terephthalate fibers may continue to cause symptoms. The coils of the device can easily be fractured; therefore, in our practice we perform a bilateral cornuectomy when uterine retention is desired Supplemental Videos 1 and 2, because fracture rates are higher with salpingectomy than cornuectomy. We demonstrate the steps of this method and highlight the critical aspects for surgeons to consider during the procedure. INTERVENTIONS: Laparoscopic bilateral cornuectomy approach to a uterine-sparing excision of Essure tubal occlusion devices to reduce the risk of coil retention and fracture: 1) Injection of dilute vasopressin at the uterine cornua for vasoconstriction and hemostasis 2) Circumferential dissection of the uterine cornua using monopolar energy 3) Confirmation of endometrial cavity entry using methylene blue 4) Excision of fallopian tube along mesosalpinx to include the fimbriated end 5) Closure of the myometrial layers using a unidirectional barbed suture in a running fashion CONCLUSION: In patients who desire uterine preservation, we recommend a minimally invasive technique of bilateral cornual resection for removal of tubal sterilization devices to avoid device fracture and inadvertent retention of coils.

Surgical techniques for excision of juvenile cystic adenomyoma.

OBJECTIVE: To review causes of pelvic pain among adolescents and discuss surgical techniques for safe and effective resection of juvenile cystic adenomyomas. DESIGN: Case report. SETTING: Academic medical center. PATIENTS: We present a 16-year-old patient with chronic pelvic pain and ultrasound evidence of a 2.4 cm adenomyoma. The lesion was thought specifically to represent a juvenile cystic adenomyoma, defined as a cystic lesion >1 cm occurring in women younger than 30 years with severe dysmenorrhea that is distinct from the uterine cavity and surrounded by hypertrophic myometrium. INTERVENTION: Given minimal relief from medical therapy and high suspicion for coexistent endometriosis, our patient elected to undergo laparoscopic resection of adenomyoma and excision of pelvic lesions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Preoperative considerations discussed in this video include imaging to identify the location of the lesion and adjacent structures, such as the uterine vessels, discontinuation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist for adequate intraoperative visualization, and the high likelihood of encountering endometriosis at operation. RESULTS: We review the following surgical techniques: maximize visualization with the use of a uterine manipulator and temporary oophoropexy, optimize hemostasis via temporary uterine artery ligation and control of collateral blood vessels, complete ureterolysis, meticulous enucleation of adenomyoma, and excision of coexistent endometriotic lesions. Surgical findings demonstrated a 2 cm lesion along the left lower uterine segment and red-brown lesions along bilateral ovarian fossa, pathologically confirmed as adenomyoma and superficial endometriosis, respectively. CONCLUSION: This video presents strategies for safe and effective adenomyoma resection and treatment of refractory chronic pelvic pain in an adolescent.

Racial and ethnic disparities in surgical care for endometriosis across the United States.

BACKGROUND: Despite an estimated 10% prevalence of endometriosis among reproductive-age women, surgical population-based data are limited. OBJECTIVE: We sought to investigate racial and ethnic disparities in surgical interventions and complications among patients undergoing endometriosis surgery across the United States. STUDY DESIGN: We performed a retrospective cohort study of American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program data from 2010 to 2018 identifying International Classification of Diseases, Ninth/Tenth Revision codes for endometriosis We compared procedures, surgical routes (laparoscopy vs laparotomy), and 30-day postoperative complications by race and ethnicity. RESULTS: We identified 11,936 patients who underwent surgery for endometriosis (65% White, 8.2% Hispanic, 7.3% Black or African American, 6.2% Asian, 1.0% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, 0.6% American Indian or Alaska Native, and 11.5% of unknown race). Perioperative complications occurred in 9.6% of cases. After adjusting for confounders, being Hispanic (adjusted odds ratio, 1.31; 95% confidence interval, 1.06-1.64), Black or African American (adjusted odds ratio, 1.71; confidence interval, 1.39-2.10), Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander (adjusted odds ratio, 2.08; confidence interval, 1.28-3.37), or American Indian or Alaska Native (adjusted odds ratio, 2.34; confidence interval, 1.32-4.17) was associated with surgical complications. Hysterectomies among Hispanic (adjusted odds ratio, 1.68; confidence interval, 1.38-2.06), Black or African American (adjusted odds ratio, 1.77; confidence interval, 1.43-2.18), Asian (adjusted odds ratio, 1.87; confidence interval, 1.43-2.46), Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander (adjusted odds ratio, 4.16; confidence interval, 2.14-8.10), and patients of unknown race or ethnicity (adjusted odds ratio, 2.07; confidence interval, 1.75-2.47) were more likely to be open. Being Hispanic (adjusted odds ratio, 1.64; confidence interval, 1.16-2.30) or Black or African American (adjusted odds ratio, 2.64; confidence interval, 1.95-3.58) was also associated with receipt of laparotomy for nonhysterectomy procedures. The likelihood of undergoing oophorectomy was increased for Hispanic and Black women (adjusted odds ratio, 2.57; confidence interval, 1.96-3.37 and adjusted odds ratio, 2.06; confidence interval, 1.51-2.80, respectively), especially at younger ages. CONCLUSION: Race and ethnicity were independently associated with surgical care for endometriosis, with elevated complication rates experienced by Hispanic, Black or African American, Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, and American Indian or Alaska Native patients.

Surgical coaching in obstetrics and gynecology: an evidence-based strategy to elevate surgical education and promote lifelong learning.

The American Board of Medical Specialties, of which the American Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology is a member, released recommendations in 2019 reimagining specialty certification and highlighting the importance of individualized feedback and data-driven advances in clinical practice throughout the physicians' careers. In this article, we presented surgical coaching as an evidence-based strategy for achieving lifelong learning and practice improvement that can help to fulfill the vision of the American Board of Medical Specialties. Surgical coaching involves the development of a partnership between 2 surgeons in which 1 surgeon (the coach) guides the other (the participant) in identifying goals, providing feedback, and facilitating action planning. Previous literature has demonstrated that surgical coaching is viewed as valuable by both coaches and participants. In particular, video-based coaching involves reviewing recorded surgical cases and can be integrated into the physicians' busy schedules as a means of acquiring and advancing both technical and nontechnical skills. Establishing surgical coaching as an option for continuous learning and improvement in practice has the potential to elevate surgical performance and patient care.

Fertility-Preserving Surgical Management of a Cesarean Section Scar Ectopic Pregnancy.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate techniques used for fertility-preserving surgical management of a cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy. DESIGN: A narrated video case report demonstrating techniques and surgical approach. SETTING: With the increasing number of cesarean deliveries being performed, cesarean scar ectopic pregnancies (CSEP) have an increasing incidence affecting approximately 1 in 2000 pregnancies. CSEP can be associated with serious complications, which include maternal hemorrhage, uterine rupture, and even maternal death. This video highlights a case presentation of a 28-year-old G6P4014 with a history of 4 previous cesarean deliveries who presented with a persistent cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy that had failed previous medical management. INTERVENTIONS: This video highlights the techniques that allow for fertility-preservation with restoration of normal anatomy as well as minimizing blood loss with a potentially morbid procedure. Techniques used to allow for fertility preservation with restoration of normal anatomy: 1. Utilization of avascular spaces and identification of critical structures to restore anatomy that is often distorted by the CSEP. 2. Limited use of electrosurgery to allow for adequate postoperative healing. 3. Identification of the endometrial cavity to allow for complete removal of the CSEP and isthmocele repair. Techniques used to minimize blood loss: 1. Intracervical injection of dilute vasopressin. 2. Intrauterine injection of dilute vasopressin (20U in 60 cc of injectable saline). 3. Temporary occlusion of bilateral gonadal vessels using surgical clips. CONCLUSION: The surgical techniques highlighted in this video allow for the surgical removal of a cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy with concurrent repair of the uterine defect, allowing for restoration of normal anatomy. This is a safe and feasible fertility-preserving option that can be performed using a minimally-invasive approach.

Considerations for the Surgical Management of Diaphragmatic Endometriosis.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: The objective of this video is to review relevant surgical anatomy, resection and ablation methods, and techniques to optimize management of diaphragmatic endometriosis. DESIGN: Video footage of surgical anatomy and surgical technique. Institutional review board approval was not required. SETTING: Thoracic endometriosis lesions can involve the pleura, the lung, and the diaphragm. The prevalence of thoracic endometriosis is unknown, but most cases involve the diaphragm. A large percentage of patients are asymptomatic. Those who are symptomatic can present with cyclic shoulder pain, right upper quadrant pain, or catamenial pneumothorax. Symptomatic cases refractory to medical management or recurrence require surgical management [1,2]. Safe and efficient management of these cases depends on an experienced multidisciplinary team. In this video, the experiences and management tools used by our team are described. INTERVENTIONS: Laparoscopic management of primary and recurrent symptomatic diaphragmatic endometriosis. CONCLUSION: A multidisciplinary skilled team approach to the surgical management of diaphragmatic endometriosis to optimize outcomes is preferred.

Brentuximab vedotin in combination with rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and prednisone as frontline treatment for patients with CD30-positive B-cell lymphomas.

We conducted a phase I/II multicenter trial using 6 cycles of brentuximab vedotin (BV) in combination with rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and prednisone (R-CHP) for treatment of patients with CD30-positive (+) B-cell lymphomas. Thirty-one patients were evaluable for toxicity and 29 for efficacy including 22 with primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma (PMBCL), 5 with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), and 2 with gray zone lymphoma (GZL). There were no treatment-related deaths; 32% of patients had non-hematological grade 3/4 toxicities. The overall response rate was 100% (95% CI: 88-100) with 86% (95% CI: 68-96) of patients achieving complete response at the end of systemic treatment. Consolidative radiation following end of treatment response assessment was permissible and used in 52% of all patients including 59% of patients with PMBCL. With a median follow-up of 30 months, the 2-year progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were 85% (95% CI: 66-94) and 100%, respectively. In the PMBCL cohort, 2-year PFS was 86% (95% CI: 62-95). In summary, BV-R-CHP with or without consolidative radiation is a feasible and active frontline regimen for CD30+ B-cell lymphomas (NCT01994850).