Exploring Parental Attitudes and Perceptions Regarding Childhood Vaccinations in Greece: A Study Within the Framework of the National Health Examination Survey (EMENO).

AIM: Vaccinations have reduced illnesses and mortality rates globally, yet negative attitudes and uncertainty about them hinder their acceptability and efficacy. The study aims to document Greek parents' immunization perceptions and risk factors. METHODS: Spanning 2014-2017, 447 parents (68% mothers) who participated in the Greek Health Examination Survey EMENO (National Survey of Morbidity and Risk Factors) completed an interview-delivered questionnaire. Attitudes were categorized into three groups: absolutely positive, positive, and negative. Absolutely positive attitudes included positive responses to all five statements in favor of vaccination and negative responses to the two statements against vaccination. Negative attitudes included positive responses to either one or both statements against vaccination and negative responses to all five statements in favor of vaccination.. All other participants were categorized as having a positive attitude. Skepticism towards vaccinations was classified into skeptical and non-skeptical groups based on responses to five statements implying uncertainty or skepticism. Participants were considered skeptical if they provided positive responses to at least three of these statements, and non-skeptical if they had none or up to two positive responses. The statistical analysis accounted for the study design whereas inverse probability weighting was used to adjust for non-response and multiple imputations were employed to impute missing values. The components of parental attitude and vaccine skepticism were identified using weighted multinomial logistic regression and logistic regression, respectively. RESULTS: In total, 16.6% were classified as having absolutely positive attitudes towards vaccinations whereas 42.1% were skeptical of vaccines. Of all participants, 96.0% agreed that vaccinations are essential for their child's well-being and adhere to scientific recommendations. However, concerns were also mentioned, with 26.2% worrying about potential adverse effects, and 21.6% believing it is better to acquire immunity through illness rather than vaccination. Positive participants, compared to absolutely positive ones, were more likely to be of Greek origin (adjusted relative rate ratio (aRRR): 3.35; 95% CI: 1.53-7.30) and living in semi-urban areas (aRRR: 4.84; 95% CI: 1.77-13.29). Negative participants, in contrast, were more likely to have higher education (aRRR: 2.98; 95% CI: 1.05-8.44) but also to live in semi-urban areas (aRRR: 6.43; 95% CI: 1.69-24.56). Furthermore, parents of Greek origin had significantly higher odds of being skeptical towards vaccination (adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR): 2.86; 95% CI: 1.36-5.98), while married or cohabiting parents had lower odds of being skeptical compared to single parents (aOR: 0.60; 95% CI: 0.35-1.06). CONCLUSIONS: While parents in this study recognize the importance of childhood immunizations, there is a widespread presence of negative attitudes and skepticism that can have a detrimental impact on vaccination rates.

A Rare Case of COVID-19 Related Acute Necrotizing Encephalopathy With the RANBP2 Mutation in a Pediatric Patient.

Acute necrotizing encephalopathy (ANE) is a rare childhood neurological disorder. The familiar type of ANE (ANE1) is associated with a mutation in the RANBP2 gene. Both SARS-CoV-2 and RANBP2 mutations are responsible for the manifestation of a hyper-inflammatory response that invades the central nervous system and plays a key role in the rapid progression of encephalopathy.