Never Underestimate a Concomitant Repairable Inflow Lesion in Buerger's Disease!

A case of Buerger's disease is presented where percutaneous endovascular treatment of a concomitant focal stenosis in the superficial femoral artery led to immediate remission of symptoms and aided wound healing. The existence of such lesions should never be underestimated.

Tips and tricks for facilitating teaching of Doppler waveforms and ankle-brachial index in undergraduate level: A practical guide.

Although the measurement of ankle-brachial index (ABI) is considered a fundamental skill in assessment and diagnosis of peripheral arterial disease and a predictive tool for cardiovascular events, real-world practice shows that the experience of many health professionals is far from ideal. Not only teaching and practice of ABI measurement in undergraduate medical curricula are limited but various mistakes in the process of calculation, estimation, and interpretation of ABI results in the postgraduate practice have also been documented. Because vascular surgery is a core subject in our medical school, we deal with the difficulties and challenges that undergraduate medical students and nurses face to measure and comprehend ABI. We came up with useful tips and maneuvers to overcome these difficulties. Accordingly, this article provides twelve easy-to-follow useful tips to enhance and facilitate the teaching and comprehension of ABI. Moreover, it favors the simultaneous teaching of Doppler arterial waveform examination as a means to facilitate accurate interpretation and validation of ABI results.

Abdominal Pain in the Presence of Small Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms: If in Doubt, Cut It Out!

Although small (<5 cm) abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) have been associated with symptoms and indication for intervention scarcely, the clinicians should never exclude such potential association especially in the absence of other overt pathological findings. In such cases, a surgical exploration with consequent intervention, if feasible, should be justified to prevent a detrimental evolution in a dubious scenario. In this article, we present 2 cases of patients with small AAA presenting with severe abdominal pain. In the absence of other solid clinical and radiological pathological findings, both patients underwent laparotomy where an inflammatory small AAA was identified and subjected either to resection and restoration with a tube graft or secondary endovascular repair because the periaortic fibrosis precluded the open repair. The characteristics and rationale of treatment modalities are exemplified and discussed.

Study of trunk asymmetry in normal children and adolescents.

The scoliometer readings in both standing and sitting position of 2071 children and adolescents (1099 boys and 972 girls) aged from 5 to 18 years old were studied. The angle of trunk rotation (ATR) was measured, in order to quantify the existing trunk asymmetry. Children and adolescents were divided in two groups according to the severity of trunk asymmetry. In the first group asymmetry was 1 to 6 degrees and in the second group was 7 or more degrees. Radiographic and leg length inequality evaluation were also performed in a number of children. The mean frequency of symmetric (ATR = 0 degrees) boys and girls was 67.06% and 65.01% for the standing screening position and 76.5% and 75.1% for the sitting position, respectively. The mean difference of frequency of asymmetry (ATR > 0 degrees) at standing minus sitting forward bending position for boys and girls was 10.22% and 9.37%, respectively. The mean frequency of asymmetry of 7 or more degrees was 3.23% for boys and 3.92% for girls at the standing forward bending position and 1.62% and 2.21% at the sitting, respectively. Girls are found to express higher frequency of asymmetry than boys. Right trunk asymmetry was more common than left. The sitting position is the preferred screening position for examining the rib or loin hump during school screening as it demonstrates the best correlation with the spinal deformity exposing the real trunk asymmetry.

Geographic latitude and prevalence of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.

Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS) prevalence has been reported to be different in various geographic latitudes and demonstrates higher values in northern countries. A study on epidemiological reports from the literature was conducted to record the prevalence of AIS among the general population of boys and girls, aged 10-16 years old, in different geographic latitudes, in order to test the hypothesis that the prevalence of AIS among boys and girls is different in various geographic latitudes and to examine if there is a possible association between them. Seventeen peer-reviewed published papers reporting AIS prevalence in the general population of boys and girls from most geographic areas of the northern hemisphere were retrieved from the literature. The geographic latitude of each centre where a particular study was originated was documented. The statistical analysis included a linear regression forward modeling procedure of the AIS prevalence by latitude, weighted by sample size. According to the modelling of the data, a significant positive association between prevalence of AIS and latitude was found for girls (p<0.001), following a rather curvilinear trend, but not a significant positive association was found for boys (p<0.111). A positive association between prevalence of AIS and geographic latitude is reported only for girls in the present study. Prevalence of AIS in boys is not associated significantly with geographic latitude. This differing significant association implicates the possible role of environmental factors in the pathogenesis of AIS that may act in a different way between boys and girls.

The management of lower extremity soft tissue and tendon trauma.

This article discusses the treatment of soft tissue injuries in the ankle and foot, including rupture of the Achilles tendon, Achilles tendonitis, peroneal tendonitis, peroneal tendon syndromes, and ankle sprain. It also discusses the causes, treatment, and reconstruction of soft tissue defects in the foot.

Midfoot fractures.

Fractures of the midfoot are uncommon because of the constrained configuration of multiple articular surfaces, which is augmented by capsular attachments and strong ligaments and tendons. Injury patterns usually involve more than one structure, although isolated fractures, dislocations, and sprains can occur. The key to optimal treatment of midfoot fractures is a high index of clinical suspicion because of their rareness. The traumatic midfoot injuries described in this article are categorized as Chopart joint injuries, tarsal scaphoid fractures, cuboid fractures, cuneiform fractures, and Lisfranc joint injuries.

Association between adolescent idiopathic scoliosis prevalence and age at menarche in different geographic latitudes.

BACKGROUND: Age at menarche is considered a reliable prognostic factor for idiopathic scoliosis and varies in different geographic latitudes. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis prevalence has also been reported to be different in various latitudes and demonstrates higher values in northern countries. A study on epidemiological reports from the literature was conducted to investigate a possible association between prevalence of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and age at menarche among normal girls in various geographic latitudes. An attempt is also made to implicate a possible role of melatonin in the above association. MATERIAL-METHODS: 20 peer-reviewed published papers reporting adolescent idiopathic scoliosis prevalence and 33 peer-reviewed papers reporting age at menarche in normal girls from most geographic areas of the northern hemisphere were retrieved from the literature. The geographic latitude of each centre where a particular study was originated was documented. The statistical analysis included regression of the adolescent idiopathic scoliosis prevalence and age at menarche by latitude. RESULTS: The regression of prevalence of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and age at menarche by latitude is statistically significant (p < 0.001) and are following a parallel declining course of their regression curves, especially in latitudes northern than 25 degrees. CONCLUSION: Late age at menarche is parallel with higher prevalence of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Pubarche appears later in girls that live in northern latitudes and thus prolongs the period of spine vulnerability while other pre-existing or aetiological factors are contributing to the development of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. A possible role of geography in the pathogenesis of idiopathic scoliosis is discussed, as it appears that latitude which differentiates the sunlight influences melatonin secretion and modifies age at menarche, which is associated to the prevalence of idiopathic scoliosis.